Calostoma cinnabarinum

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Calostoma cinnabarinum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Sclerodermataceae
Genus: Calostoma
Species:
C. cinnabarinum
Binomial name
Calostoma cinnabarinum
Desv. (1809)[1]
Synonyms
  • Fungus pulverulentus Pluk. (1692)
  • Scleroderma callostoma Pers. (1809)
  • Lycoperdon heterogeneum Bosc (1811)
  • Lycoperdon callostoma (Pers.) Poir. (1817)
  • Mitremyces heterogeneus (Bosc) Nees (1817)
  • Gyropodium coccineum E.Hitchc. (1825)
  • Mitremyces lutescens Schwein. (1822)
  • Mitremyces cinnabarinum (Desv.) Schwein. (1832)
Calostoma cinnabarinum
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Glebal hymenium
Stipe is bare
Spore print is yellow to buff
Ecology is
mycorrhizal
Edibility is inedible

Calostoma cinnabarinum, commonly known as the stalked puffball-in-aspic, gelatinous stalked-puffball, or red slimy-stalked puffball,

mycorrhizal associations with oaks
.

Despite its appearance and common name, C. cinnabarinum is not related to the true

folk medicine
in some areas, it is typically considered inedible.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Plukenet's 1692 illustration

Calostoma cinnabarinum has a long taxonomic history. Leonard Plukenet illustrated a "dusty fungus from Virginia, an elegant twisted work with a coral-red stipe"[Note 1] in his 1692 Phytographia[3] that was later recognized as this species.[4] In 1809, Christiaan Persoon provided the first modern scientific description, as Scleroderma callostoma, and suggested that the species might be distinctive enough to warrant the creation of a new genus.[5] Later that year, Nicaise Desvaux did just that, creating the genus Calostoma.[6] To avoid a tautonymous name, he renamed the type species C. cinnabarinum.[1]

In 1811, Louis Bosc did not mention the earlier works when describing it as Lycoperdon heterogeneum, although he also suggested it should be placed in its own genus.[7] Jean Poiret transferred Persoon's S. callostoma to Lycoperdon in 1817, while including Bosc's L. heterogeneum separately.[8] In the same year, Nees von Esenbeck noted Bosc's belief that the species deserved its own genus and created Mitremyces, without referencing Desvaux's prior assignment to Calostoma.[9] An 1825 paper by Edward Hitchcock referred to the species with the entirely novel binomial name Gyropodium coccineum; although Hitchcock claimed this name was established by Lewis Schweinitz, he admitted that no such description had been previously published,[10] and the name and its claimed origin are considered doubtful.[11]

Schweinitz assigned Bosc's Lycoperdon heterogeneum to Mitremyces under the name M. lutescens in 1822.[12] He revisited the genus a decade later, describing M. cinnabarinum as a novel species,[13] but incomplete descriptions and mislabelled specimens caused confusion.[14] August Corda separated them more clearly, providing new descriptions, and assigning cinnabarinum to Calostoma based on the descriptions of Desvaux and Persoon, while maintaining lutescens in Mitremyces.[15] George Massee's 1888 monograph of Calostoma discounted the distinction entirely, arguing that Schweinitz's two species were actually the same species at different stages of development.[16] In 1897, Charles Edward Burnap published a new description of C. lutescens, making a clear division between the two similar species[14] that has not been substantially revised since. References to this species as "C. cinnabarina" are common but incorrect.[17]

The specific epithet cinnabarinum is derived from the Ancient Greek word kinnábari (κιννάβαρι), and refers to its "cinnabar-red"[18] color, like that of dragon's blood.[19] Its names in the English vernacular include "stalked puffball-in-aspic",[17][20][21] "red slimy-stalked puffball",[22] "aspic puffball",[23] "gelatinous-stalked puffball",[18][24] and "hot lips".[18] In central Mexico, it is known as "orchid fungus" in both Spanish (hongo orquídea) and Nahuatl (huang noono).[25]

Phylogenetics

phylogeny and relationships of Calostoma cinnabarinum within Sclerodermatineae[26]

The relationships and evolutionary origins of Calostoma were a matter of considerable historical debate. Based on various

true puffballs, stinkhorns, most earthstars, or gasteroid agarics such as Tulostoma or Podaxis, but instead belonged within the Boletales.[24] Further research organized a group of mostly gasteroid fungi, including Calostoma, into the newly named suborder Sclerodermatineae. This analysis confirmed that C. cinnabarinum and C. ravenelii are distinct species, and identified their closest relatives outside the genus as Gyroporus, Astraeus, and Scleroderma.[29] A subsequent multigene (nuc-ssu, nuc-lsu, 5.8S, atp6, and mt-lsu) study redrew the Sclerodermatineae cladogram slightly, making Pisolithus the closest relatives of Calostoma.[26]

Calostoma cinnabarinum's physical dissimilarity to many other species in Boletales corresponds to a higher rate of genetic drift than average for the order.[24] This trait is shared with other members of the Sclerodermatineae, which as a group have undergone more rapid evolutionary change than the order as a whole.[29]

Chemotaxonomy

The assignment of Calostoma to the Boletales placed it in an order whose

pigments.[31][32]
Gertraud Gruber and Wolfgang Steglich were not able to detect these compounds in C. cinnabarinum, but isolated a novel polyene pigment. This compound, named calostomal, is responsible for the orange-red color of the fruit bodies. The methyl ester of calostomal was subjected to NMR spectroscopy and was identified as all-trans-16-oxohexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenoic acid.[20] Chemically related pigments, the boletocrocins, had been isolated from the brightly colored Boletus laetissimus and B. rufoaureus.[33] It is not yet clear if the results of this chemotaxonomic investigation will mandate changes to Boletales cladistics.[20]

Skeletal structure of calostomal

Description

Calostoma cinnabarinum, showing the gelatinous layer and amphibian egg-like appearance

The appearance of the fruit bodies has been compared to amphibian eggs

hypogeous,[22] but emerge from the ground as the stipe continues to expand.[34]

The head is up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter and typically nearly round,[17][36] although in some populations, it is visibly oval and may be slightly smaller[37] or larger.[38] The internal structure of the head is complex, sometimes described as an exoperidium and endoperidium that each possess sublayers,[22] and sometimes as distinct layers.[14] The outermost is a yellowish, translucent coating of jelly-like material 4 to 9 millimetres (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick,[38] somewhat similar to a gelatinous universal veil.[14][22] Below this coating is a thin, cinnabar-red membrane.[22][38] As the mushroom ages, these outer layers break down and fall away from the head. Pieces of the red membrane become embedded in the remaining gelatinous material, giving them the appearance of small red seeds.[36][37] This process reveals the endoperidium, a tough, non-gelatinous layer that does not break apart. When first revealed, it has a powdery, bright red surface that weathers to orange or pale yellow as the powder wears away.[22][38] Bright red apical ridges or rays form a peristome. North American specimens typically have four to five such ridges,[22][37] but Asian populations have been described with as many as seven.[38] Contained inside the endoperidium is the gleba, or spore mass, which is white when young but buff or yellow in older specimens.[17]

Like the head, the

anastomosing gelatinous strands,[18] giving the structure a reticulate[17] or spongy[36] appearance. These strands vary in color from red to yellow-brown, and fade with age.[22] The stipe is 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) thick and 1.5 to 4 cm (0.6 to 2 in) long, although some or all of this length may remain buried.[17][36]

Microscopic features

When viewed in mass, as in a

clamp connections.[14] The capillitium formed by these connections[38] is present only when the mushroom is young and disintegrates thereafter.[22]

Similar species

Calostoma lutescens (above) is taller, and has a yellow spore case. C. ravenelii (below) lacks the red color and gelatinous coating of C. cinnabarinum.

At least in North America, Calostoma cinnabarinum is distinctive and easily recognizable.[17] Two other species of Calostoma also occur in the eastern United States. C. lutescens has a thinner gelatinous layer and a predominately yellow middle layer, or mesoperidium, with the red color confined to the peristome.[11] It also possesses a well-defined collar at the base of the spore case,[18] a longer stipe, and globose, pitted spores.[17] C. ravenelii is not gelatinous, but instead has warts adorning the spore case,[11] and is smaller than C. cinnabarinum.[18] It also has a reddish peristome but is otherwise clay-colored.[41] Unlike C. lutescens, the spores of C. ravenelii cannot be distinguished from those of C. cinnabarinum except through the use of atomic force microscopy.[40]

More representatives of the genus are present in Asia. At least nine species have been recorded from mainland India, some of which also overlap C. cinnabarinum's range in Indonesia, Taiwan, or Japan.[42] Many of these species can be readily distinguished by macroscopic features. C. japonicum is pinkish orange and lacks a gelatinous outer layer,[38] while both C. jiangii[43] and C. junghuhnii[39] are brown. However, others require microscopic features of spore shape and ornamentation for identification. Unlike the uniformly elongated spores of C. cinnabarinum, C. guizhouense possesses both elliptical and globose spores.[43] C. pengii differs primarily in the pattern of ornamentation on its spore surface.[44]

Distribution, habitat, and ecology

Widely

El Quiché[50] in Guatemala, and Panama.[51] The species is also recorded in South America, from Colombia[52] as far southeast as Brazil, where it is described as rare.[53] It has also been collected from a disjunct population in Asia, where it has been recorded from seven provinces in mainland China, mostly in the southeast,[38] including Taiwan,[39] as well as from Indonesia,[54] Japan,[55] and Jirisan in South Korea.[40]

Calostoma cinnabarinum was thought to be

Quercus oaks, although related members of Calostoma have been observed to associate with other trees in the family Fagaceae, such as beech.[59][61]

In addition to its required association with oaks, C. cinnabarinum appears to be restricted to wetter forests.[61] Early descriptions of its habitat found it in "rather moist situations"[14] and in "damp woods",[62] and David Arora has more recently described its preference for the humid forests of the southern Appalachians.[22] In contrast, it has not been detected in the dry oak forests of California[63][64] and is likely also absent from the dry tropical forests of western Costa Rica.[61] In Brazil it has been observed in the sandy soil and drier conditions of the Caatinga and cerrado, although only after periods of heavy rainfall.[53] Its outer layer may provide protection from desiccation.[65] Fruit bodies are most common in the late summer and fall,[22][36] although spring occurrences are known.[18]

Squirrels have been known to feed on C. cinnabarinum,[66] although its gelatinous coating deters insect predation.[40][41]

Uses

As with all members of its genus, C. cinnabarinum is generally considered inedible by field guides.

Otomi people in Tenango de Doria, Mexico, reported that immature specimens of C. cinnabarinum, known locally as yemitas, were frequently eaten raw in the past, especially by children. Consumption of the species was no longer commonplace, with only five of the 450 locals interviewed familiar with the practice.[66] The gleba of C. cinnabarinum has been described as having a mild taste[38] and, despite a local recollection to the contrary, is not sweet.[66] C. cinnabarinum has also been used in traditional medicine. A 1986 ethnomycological study of native traditions in Veracruz identified this use of huang noono, which locals roasted, then consumed as a powder with mineral water to treat gastrointestinal distress.[25] Unlike these Mexican traditions, Hunan folk beliefs hold that the mushroom is poisonous on account of its bright color.[68]

Notes

  1. ^ In Latin: Fungus pulverulentus virginianus caudice coralline topiario opere contorto

References

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External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calostoma_cinnabarinum&oldid=1209480560"