Cambridge
Cambridge | ||
---|---|---|
Great St Mary's Church | ||
County Cambridgeshire | | |
Founded | c. 1209 as Granta Brygg | |
City status | 1951 | |
Government | ||
• Type | Non-metropolitan district council | |
• Local Authority | Cambridge City Council | |
Area | ||
• Urban | 15.7 sq mi (40.7 km2) | |
Population (2021) | ||
• City | 144,714 (ranked 150th) | |
• Urban | 181,137.[2] | |
Demonym | Cantabrigian | |
Ethnicity (2021) | ||
• Ethnic groups | ||
Religion (2021) | ||
• Religion | List
| |
Stansted Airport | ||
Police | Cambridgeshire Constabulary | |
Fire and Rescue | Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service | |
Ambulance | East of England | |
Website | cambridge |
Cambridge (
The city is most famous as the home of the University of Cambridge, which was founded in 1209 and consistently ranks among the best universities in the world.[6][7] The buildings of the university include King's College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city's skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.
Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology
Cambridge is also famous for producing the first ever 'Laws of the Game' for association football and then for the first ever game taking place at Parker's Piece. The Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fair are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads. Cambridge station is less than an hour from London King's Cross railway station.
History
Prehistory
Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since
Roman
The principal
Medieval
Following the
The
In 1068, two years after the
Cambridge's first town charter was granted by
Cambridge had a significant Jewish community in the middle ages, centred on what is now known as All Saints Passage, then known as the Jewry. A synagogue stood nearby. In January 1275, Eleanor of Provence expelled Jews from all of the towns within her dower lands, and the Jews of Cambridge were ordered to relocate to Norwich.[29]
In 1349, Cambridge was affected by the
In 1382, a revised town charter effected a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the Peasants' Revolt. This charter transferred supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and forestalling and regrating, from the town to the university.[24]
Early modern
Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century,[35] sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of Hobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of the Gog Magog Hills to the southeast of Cambridge, into the centre of the town.[36]
Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the
Early-industrial era
In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly, due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.[39] The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington.[37]
The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.[40] With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such as Romsey Town.[41] The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt.[39]
20th and 21st centuries
From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large
During
Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[37] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. In 1962, Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[44] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[45]
The city gained its second university in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin.
Governance
Local government
Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district – one of six districts within the county of Cambridgeshire – and is administered by Cambridge City Council. The district covers most of the city's urban area, although some suburbs extend into the surrounding South Cambridgeshire district. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a mayor,[46] although the first recorded mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[47] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.
For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey,
Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council, which is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways.[49]
Since 2017, Cambridge has also been within the area of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority,[50] which is led by a directly elected Mayor. The city is represented on the authority by the leader of the City Council.
Westminster
The
The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons; Sir
Geography and environment
Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (153 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of
The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of
The
Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1
The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.[59]
Climate
The city has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).[60] Cambridge has an official weather observing station, at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, about one mile (1.6 km) south of the city centre. In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the university's Department of Computer Science and Technology[61] maintains a weather station on the West Cambridge site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an app, and also an archive dating back to 1995.[62]
The city, like most of the UK, has a
Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB[70] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[71] are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.[72] The absolute maximum stands at 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.[73] Before this date, Cambridge held the record for the all-time maximum temperature in the UK, after recording 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,[74] with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)[75] over the same period.
The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,[76] although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[77] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,[78] −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013[79] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)[80] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[81] to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[82] per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[83] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.
Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.9 (103.8) |
36.9 (98.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
39.9 (103.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
5.2 (41.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.1 (3.0) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.2 (1.86) |
35.9 (1.41) |
32.2 (1.27) |
36.2 (1.43) |
43.9 (1.73) |
52.3 (2.06) |
53.2 (2.09) |
57.6 (2.27) |
49.3 (1.94) |
56.5 (2.22) |
54.4 (2.14) |
49.8 (1.96) |
568.4 (22.38) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.7 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 107.3 |
Source: ECA&D[84] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
39.9 (103.8) |
36.1 (97.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
39.9 (103.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.4 (68.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
1.8 (35.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.9 (46.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48.6 (1.91) |
35.7 (1.41) |
32.9 (1.30) |
37.6 (1.48) |
43.2 (1.70) |
49.1 (1.93) |
48.3 (1.90) |
55.9 (2.20) |
47.6 (1.87) |
58.7 (2.31) |
52.6 (2.07) |
49.2 (1.94) |
559.4 (22.02) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.4 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 107.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.2 | 77.8 | 118.4 | 157.2 | 182.7 | 182.5 | 190.0 | 181.3 | 144.0 | 110.3 | 67.6 | 53.7 | 1,522.7 |
Source 1: Met Office[85] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[86][87] |
Ecology
The city contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,[88] and ten Local Nature Reserves (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen, Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.[89]
Green belt
Cambridge is completely enclosed by green belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.[90][91] While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire[92] and nearby East Cambridgeshire[93] districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.[94]
Demography
At the 2011 census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,[95] while that of the City Council area was 123,867.[96]
In the
Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[99] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[99] In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).[100]
Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and a Gini coefficient of 0.460 in 2018.[101][102]
Historical population
Year | Population | Year | Population | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1749 | 6,131 | 1901 | 38,379 | |||
⋮ | 1911 | 40,027 | ||||
1801 | 10,087 | 1921 | 59,212 | |||
1811 | 11,108 | 1931 | 66,789 | |||
1821 | 14,142 | 1951 | 81,500 | |||
1831 | 20,917 | 1961 | 95,527 | |||
1841 | 24,453 | 1971 | 99,168 | |||
1851 | 27,815 | 1981 | 87,209 | |||
1861 | 26,361 | 1991 | 107,496 | |||
1871 | 30,078 | 2001 | 108,863 | |||
1891 | 36,983 | 2011 | 123,900 |
Local census 1749[103] Census: Regional District 1801–1901[104] Civil Parish 1911–1961[105] District 1971–2011[106]
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991[107] | 2001[108] | 2011[109] | 2021[110] | |||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 86,519 | 94.1% | 97,365 | 89.4% | 102,205 | 82.5% | 108,570 | 74.6% |
White: British | – | – | 85,472 | 78.5% | 81,742 | 66.0% | 77,195 | 53.0% |
White: Irish | – | – | 1,708 | 1.6% | 1,767 | 1.4% | 1,885 | 1.3% |
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
|
– | – | 109 | 0.1% | 110 | 0.1% | ||
White: Roma | 885 | 0.6% | ||||||
White: Other | – | – | 10,185 | 9.4% | 18,587 | 15.0% | 28,495 | 19.6% |
Asian or Asian British : Total
|
3,371 | 3.7% | 6,410, | 5.9% | 13,618, | 11% | 21,626 | 14.9% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | 906 | 1.0% | 1,952 | 1.8% | 3,413 | 2.8% | 5916 | 4.1% |
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 248 | 0.3% | 513 | 0.5% | 742 | 0.7% | 1500 | 1.0% |
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 438 | 0.4% | 976 | 0.9% | 1,849 | 1.7% | 2874 | 2.0% |
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 909 | 1.0% | 2,325 | 2.1% | 4,454 | 3.6% | 6362 | 4.4% |
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 870 | 0.9% | 644 | 0.6% | 3,160 | 2.6% | 4974 | 3.4% |
Black or Black British: Total | 1,080 | 1.2% | 1,461 | 1.3% | 2,097 | 1.7% | 3,561 | 2.4% |
Black or Black British: African | 315 | 786 | 1,300 | 2519 | 1.7% | |||
Black or Black British: Caribbean | 454 | 547 | 598 | 639 | 0.4% | |||
Black or Black British: Other Black | 311 | 128 | 199 | 403 | 0.3% | |||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | 2,141 | 2% | 3,944 | 3.2% | 7,410 | 5.2% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | 454 | 728 | 1152 | 0.8% | ||
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | 214 | 470 | 1010 | 0.7% | ||
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | 735 | 1,501 | 2987 | 2.1% | ||
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | 738 | 1,245 | 2261 | 1.6% | ||
Other: Total | 963 | 1% | 1,486 | 1.4% | 2,003 | 1.6% | 4,507 | 3.1% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | 908 | 1,141 | 0.8% | |
Other: Any other ethnic group | 963 | 1% | 1,486 | 1.4% | 1,095 | 3,366 | 2.3% | |
Total | 91,933 | 100% | 108,863 | 100% | 123,867 | 100% | 145,674 | 100% |
Religion
Religion | 2001[111] | 2011[112] | 2021[113] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Holds religious beliefs | 69,433 | 63.8 | 65,828 | 53.1 | 66,225 | 45.5 |
Christian | 62,764 | 57.7 | 55,514 | 44.8 | 51,335 | 35.2 |
Buddhist | 1,139 | 1.0 | 1,573 | 1.3 | 1,668 | 1.1 |
Hindu | 1,293 | 1.2 | 2,058 | 1.7 | 3,301 | 2.3 |
Jewish | 850 | 0.8 | 870 | 0.7 | 1,057 | 0.7 |
Muslim
|
2,651 | 2.4 | 4,897 | 4.0 | 7,392 | 5.1 |
Sikh | 205 | 0.2 | 213 | 0.2 | 322 | 0.2 |
Other religion | 531 | 0.5 | 703 | 0.6 | 1,122 | 0.8 |
No religion | 28,965 | 26.6 | 46,839 | 37.8 | 65,160 | 44.7 |
Religion not stated | 10,465 | 9.6 | 11,200 | 9.0 | 14,315 | 9.8 |
Total population | 108,863 | 100.0 | 123,867 | 100.0 | 145,700 | 100.0 |
Economy
The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King
Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.
Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as
Cambridge was also the home of
Transport
Air
Cycling
The city lies on fairly flat land and has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[126] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[127]
Railway
The station has direct rail links to London with termini at
A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017; it was originally planned to open in March 2015.[130][131][132] A third railway station, Cambridge South, near Addenbrooke's Hospital is now under construction;[133] it is expected to open in 2025.[134] The former station of Cherryhinton, for Cherry Hinton, operated when it was separate village to Cambridge.
Several railway lines were closed during the 1960s, including the Cambridge and St Ives branch line, the Stour Valley Railway, the Cambridge to Mildenhall railway and the Varsity Line to Oxford.
Road
Areas outside the centre are car dependent causing
Buses
Cambridge has five
Service 905 provides a connection with Oxford, although passengers wishing to continue beyond Bedford have to change to service X5; both services are operated by Stagecoach East and run daily.
Future plans
In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as the
Education
Cambridge's two universities,
Both state and
Sport
Football
Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern
The city is home to
Cricket
Parker's Piece was used for
Rugby
The city is represented in both codes of
Watersports
The
Cambridge Swimming Club, Cambridge Dive team and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool.[162]
Parkour/freerunning
Home and training ground to many influential traceurs, Cambridge is well known for its vibrant, and at times high-profile, parkour and freerunning scene.[163][164]
Other sports
Cambridge is home to two real tennis courts (out of about 50 in the world) at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.[165][166] Cambridgeshire Cats play American football at Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals are members of the British Baseball Federation's Triple-A South Division.[167] Cambridge has two cycling clubs: Team Cambridge[168] and Cambridge Cycling Club.[169] Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club[170] is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track. Cambridge Triathlon Club is based at Impington Village College.[171] Cambridge Handball Club compete in the men's England Handball National Super 8 League and the women's England Handball National Super 7 League. There are three field hockey clubs; Cambridge City Hockey Club, Cambridge South Hockey Club and Cambridge Nomads. The city is also represented in polo by Cambridge Polo Club, based in Barton, just outside the city. The Romsey Town Rollerbillies play roller derby in Cambridge.[172] Cambridge Parnells GAA represent the area in Gaelic football, playing out of Coldham's Common and participating in the Hertfordshire GAA Championship.[173] Speedway racing was formerly staged at a greyhound stadium in Coldhams Lane.[174]
Varsity sports
Cambridge is known for the sporting events between the
Culture
Theatre
Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the
Museums
Within the city there are several notable museums, some run by the University of Cambridge Museums consortium and others independent of it.
The
The
Music
Popular music
Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the Cambridge Corn Exchange, Cambridge Junction, the Portland Arms, and The Blue Moon.[191][192]
Classical music
Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.[193] The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July.[194]
Contemporary art
Cambridge contains Kettle's Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and the Heong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 at Downing College.[195] Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.[196] Wysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.[197] Artist-run organisations including Aid & Abet,[191] Cambridge Art Salon, Changing Spaces[198] and Motion Sickness[199] also run exhibitions, events and artists' studios in the city, often in short-term or temporary spaces.
Festivals and events
Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer.
Launched in 1977 Cambridge Film Festival is the third-longest-running film festival in the UK. Presented annually each autumn by the Cambridge Film Trust, the Festival showcases a selection of around 100, predominantly independent and specialised, films and embeds them within a programme of special events, Q&As, and talks.
Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the university's colleges and chapels.[202] The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[203]
The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.[204] The Cambridge Literary Festival, which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non-fiction, is held bi-annually in April and November.[205] Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.[206] Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,[207] the E-luminate Festival, which took place every February from 2013 to 2018,[208][209] and The Big Weekend, a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.[210]
Three Cambridge Free Festivals held in 1969, 1970, and 1971 that featured artists including David Bowie, King Crimson, Roy Harper, Spontaneous Combustion, UFO and others are believed by the festival organiser to have been the first free multiple-day rock music festivals held in the UK.[211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219]
Literature and film
The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including
Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional college in Porterhouse Blue.[227]
ITV TV series Granchester was partly filmed in Cambridge.[228]
Television
News and television programmes are broadcast from the BBC Look East (West) studio in Cambridge.[229]
Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cambridgeshire on 96.0 FM, Heart East on 103.0 FM, Cambridge 105 on 105 FM, Star Radio on 100.7 FM and Cam FM on 97.2 is a student run-radio station at the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.
Newspapers
The city's local newspapers are
Public services
Cambridge is served by
Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[239] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[239] and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[240] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[240][241] As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.[242]
The Cambridge City Cemetery is located to the north of Newmarket Road.
Religion
Cambridge has a
Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic
There is a
There are two Methodist churches in the city. Wesley Methodist Church was built in 1913, and is located next to Christ's Pieces. The Castle Street Methodist Church is the oldest of the two, having been built in 1823, and was formerly a Primitive Methodist church.
There are three
An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish Students.[251][252] The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school,[253] opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.[254] There is also a student-led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday evenings.
Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.[255][256] Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque[257] and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.[258][259][260]
Cambridge Buddhist Centre, which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community, was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[261] There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society.[262] A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road.[263][264]
A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982, and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013.[265][266]
Twinned cities
Cambridge is
Panoramic gallery
See also
- List of bridges in Cambridge
- List of churches in Cambridge
- Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies
- Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge
- Category:Organisations based in Cambridge
- Category:People from Cambridge
Explanatory notes
References
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Further reading
- Bowes, Robert (1894). A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. OL 23284674M.
- ISBN 978-0-9572867-2-6.
External links
- Cambridge City Council
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. IV (9th ed.). 1878. p. 728. .
- Greater Cambridge Partnership
- Cambridgeshire Association for Local History
- Cambridgeshire Community Archives
- Visit Cambridge: the official tourism website for Cambridge