Campania

Coordinates: 40°54′38″N 14°55′14″E / 40.91056°N 14.92056°E / 40.91056; 14.92056
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Campania (disambiguation).

Campania
Region
ISO 3166 code
IT-72
HDI (2021)0.856[3]
very high · 19th of 21
NUTS RegionITF
Websitewww.regione.campania.it Edit this at Wikidata

Campania

Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri. The capital of the Campania region is Naples.[6] As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region,[7] and, with an area of 13,590 km2 (5,247 sq mi), its most densely populated region. Based on its GDP, Campania is also the most economically productive region in southern Italy and the 7th most productive in the whole country. Naples' urban area, which is in Campania, is the eighth most populous in the European Union.[8] The region is home to 10 of the 58 UNESCO sites in Italy, including Pompeii and Herculaneum, the Royal Palace of Caserta, the Amalfi Coast, the Longobardian Church of Santa Sofia in Benevento and the Historic Centre of Naples. In addition, Campania's Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[9]

The Campania's hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the

ancient Greeks (Magna Graecia). At that time, Capua was Campania's leading city, while Naples was an anomaly, being predominantly Greek-speaking.[10]

Campania is rich in culture, especially with regard to food, music, architecture, and archaeological and ancient sites—such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis, Paestum, Aeclanum, Stabiae, and Velia. The name "Campania" is derived from Latin; the Romans knew the region as Campania felix ("fertile countryside" or "happy countryside"). The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to the tourism industry: the city of Naples, the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius, and the islands of Capri and Ischia have long been major attractions.[11]

History

See also: Ancient Campania

Pre-Roman period

See also:
Magna Græcia
Ancient Greek Temple of Hera, Paestum, built in the Doric order around 460–450 BC

The region known today as Campania was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several

Italic tribes: the Osci, the Opici, the Aurunci, the Ausones, the Sidicini, the Hirpini, the Caudini, the Oenotrians, the Campanians (after whom the region is named) and the Lucanians (who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania, known in ancient times as Lucania, roughly where modern-day Salerno is).[12][13] Many of these tribes lived in simple agro-towns. Not much is known about the pre-Indo-European tribes
that had lived in the region earlier; they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as the Oscans, and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC.

Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the Etruscans from Central Italy established colonies in the Campanian Plains (the inland territories that today are the provinces of Caserta and Naples), as well as in the regions of Agro Nocerino Sarnese and Agro Picentino (which today are in the province of Salerno). There, they essentially replicated their Dodecapolis (twelve cities) political model, founding the cities of Hyria (modern-day Nola), Irnthi or Marcina (modern-day Salerno), Amina (modern-day Pontecagnano Faiano), Velcha, Velsu and Uri. In addition to assimilating into their urban-political domains, the Etruscans also incorporated the pre-existing tribal Oscan agro-towns of Capua (modern-day Santa Maria Capua Vetere), Nuceria (modern-day comuni of Nocera Superiore and Nocera Inferiore), Suessula, Acerra, Ercolano, Pompeii, Stabiae and Sorrento.[14][15][16]

Meanwhile, during the 8th century BC,

Greek-speaking people from Euboea (in Central Greece), known as Cumaeans, began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern-day province of Naples and in the nearby islands founding, among others, the cities of Cumae, Pithekoūsai (modern-day Ischia), Paestum, Herculaneum and Dicaearchia, later 'Puteoli', in Latin (modern-day Pozzuoli). The city of Naples began as a small commercial port called Parthenope (Παρθενόπη, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in Greek mythology), which was established by Greek colonial sailors from Rhodes.[17] The region thus became one of the centers of Magna Graecia
.

Ruins of Aeclanum, a Roman town in Irpinia district

At one point in history, a distinct group of Oscan-speaking tribes from Samnium (in south-central Italy), the Samnites, moved down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than the other Oscan populations, they easily took over the cities of Capua and Cumae, in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the Italian Peninsula at the time.[18] During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaged in a war with the Roman Republic in a dispute known as the Samnite Wars, with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the First Samnite War.[19] The First Samnite War was initiated when the Etruscan-influenced Oscan city of Capua (in Etruscan Capeva) was being attacked by the Samnites, and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help.

As the majority of

Second Samnite War.[18] The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a civitas foederata while strongly aligned with Rome.[20] The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to the south, such as parts of Lucania.[19]

Roman period

See also:
Italia (Roman Empire)

Campania was a full-fledged part of the

Roman retaking of 211 BC, and the Romans were victorious.[23]

Karl Briullov

With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted

Romulus Augustus, was put in a manor house prison near Castel dell'Ovo, Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of the Middle Ages and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area.[21]

Feudalism in the Middle Ages

See also:
Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

The area had many

Saracens were made in 836, and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of Lombard troops coming from the neighbouring Duchy of Benevento.[31][32]

The Kingdom

Norman to Angevin

See also: Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Naples, and List of monarchs of Naples
Early kings ruled from Castel Nuovo

After a period as a Norman kingdom, the

Charles I as the king.[35] Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the Castel Nuovo.[36] During this period, much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral, the main church of the city.[37]

In 1281, with the advent of the

René, and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.[40]

Aragonese to Bourbon

See also:
List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies
Revolutionary Masaniello

Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the Inquisition.[44]

Caserta Palace
, inside

During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after

Neapolitan Republic, though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.[43] Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna, similarly, with viceroys.[46]
However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, which in the Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons in 1738 under Charles VII.[47]

Ferdinand, Bourbon king

During the time of

counter-revolutionary religious army of lazzaroni under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon.[48]

Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years

railway in 1839,[50] there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.[51]

World War II

In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of

Operation Avalanche and suffered a great deal of damage. From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio. In those months Salerno was the temporary "Capital of the Kingdom of Italy", and the King Victor Emmanuel III lived in a mansion in its outskirts. Salerno received the first "Tricolore" in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier Mario Monti
, to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Campania

Campania has an area of 13,590 km2 (5,247 sq mi) and a coastline of 500 km (311 mi) on the Tyrrhenian Sea.[52] Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands (Capri, Ischia and Procida).

Four other regions border Campania; Lazio to the northwest, Molise to the north, Apulia (Puglia) to the northeast and Basilicata to the east.

The mountainous interior is fragmented into several

Campi Flegrei
.

The climate is typically Mediterranean along the coast with warm, sunny and sultry summers and mild, rainy winters, whereas in the inner zones it is more continental, with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers. Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level. 51% of the total area is hilly, 34% mountainous and the remaining 15% is made up of plains.[55] There is a high seismic risk across the region.

Economy

The GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions, surpassing only Sicily and Calabria.[56] It is only 66.7% of the Italian average. It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region's economy with the rest of Italy, while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to the developed central areas of Europe.[57]

Overall, Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential, which is partly held back by organized crime (Camorra) and the resulting corruption.[58] The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008,[59] but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to, above all, industry, but also tourism and tertiary.[60]

Tourism

Vesuvius
in the distance

Tourism is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year. Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point (through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015), in fact, according to 2018 studies done by Eurostat, Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after Lombardy, Lazio, Veneto and Tuscany (in order), as well as first among the southern regions.[61]

The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the

Vesuvius and the Sorrento coast; a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the Port of Naples.[64]

Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide. Among these above all the data relating to Capri (which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought-after in the world),[65] the Amalfi Coast (which is among the most visited sites in Italy)[66] and finally Vesuvius (the most visited and well-known volcano in the world).[67][68] There is also a growing influx of tourists to Cilento (Paestum and Certosa di Padula.[69]

Campania has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[70] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[71] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[72]

Decline of heavy industry

Bagnoli derelict steelworks (2016)

Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy, particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of the 20th century, preceded only by the provinces of the so-called "industrial triangle" (Milan, Turin and Genoa).[73]

In recent decades, the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be, given that southern regions such as Apulia and Abruzzo have grown considerably economically, while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de-industrialisation. The symbol of this phenomenon is the reclamation process of the area in Bagnoli where the former Italsider and Eternit operated promoted by the region.[74]

Food and agriculture

Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables, but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses, becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy.[75] In 2021 the value added of this sector represents around 2.34% of the total value added of the region, equalling €2.2 billion.[76] Campania produces over 50% of Italy's nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes.[77]

Typical products are:

A distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of buffalos. The milk is used to produce mozzarella di bufala.

Olive trees, mainly of the varieties Carpellese (PDO designated),[78] Cornia (Val di Cornia DOC), Frantoio, Leccino, Ogliarola Barese, Olivella, Ortice, Pisciottana (Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell'Ascea),[79] Ravece (also known as Rotondello),[80] and Salella,[81] covers over 74,604 hectares (184,350 acres).

Vineyards cover 41,129 ha, but only ca. 5,100 ha using to produce quality wine of DOC and DOCG types. There are 4 DOCG wines: Aglianico del Taburno (red and rose), Fiano di Avellino (white), Greco di Tufo (white and sparkling) and Taurasi (red). Wine production has increased as well as the quality of the wine.[82]

There is a problem with

dioxine.[87] In Naples-Bagnoli is an asbestos contamination from former Eternit cement plant.[88] Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania, not only in the Triangle of death, a region once celebrated for the fertility of its soil, but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste. This includes highly dangerous materials such as asbestos, zinc, lead, germanium, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, dioxin and uranium. Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins.[89]

Automotive

Fiat Panda III

Campania had a massive

Irisbus
).

Aerospace and rail

There is also a significant

aerospace industry
:

Hitachi Rail Italy has headquarters, manufacturing plant and service facilities in Naples. Here it produces the metro trains Meneghino and Driverless Metro.[95]

Fashion

Luxury brands like Kiton, Cesare Attolini, Isaia, Rubinacci, Harmont & Blaine, E. Marinella are also located in Campania. All of them are relative small-sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each.

Other industrial districts

There are other industrial districts in Campania:

Leather Shop

Transport

Alstom AGV

The region has a dense network of roads and motorways, a system of maritime connections and an international airport (

Naples Airport). The port of Naples connects the region with the Mediterranean basin, and brings tourists to the archaeological sites
, the cities of art (Naples and Caserta), to the coastal areas and to the islands.

Rail

There are high-speed rail lines:

There is a maintenance and service centre for high-speed trains

Alstom AGV in Nola
.

Maritime

Fincantieri shipyard Castellammare di Stabia

Sea-based activity accounts for about 3.9% of the economy, which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation, as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy. In Castellammare di Stabia there is a big Fincantieri shipyard. Shipping companies Grimaldi and Tirrenia both headquarter in Naples.

Service

The services sector makes up for 78% of the region's gross domestic product.[82]

Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 17.4% in 2022 and was one of the highest in Italy.[96]

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
unemployment rate
(in %) 		12.8% 11.2% 12.5% 12.9% 13.9% 15.4% 19.2% 21.5% 21.7% 19.8% 20.4% 20.9% 20.4% 20.0% 17.9% 19.3% 17.4%

Demographics

Main article:
ISTAT

The region, with a population of over 5.8 million inhabitants, is divided into five provinces: Naples, Benevento, Avellino, Caserta and Salerno. Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples, where there is a population density of 2,626 inhabitants per km2. Within the province, the highest density can be found along the coast, where it reaches 13,000 inhabitants per km2 in the city of Portici. The region, which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas, has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino. At the same time, the provinces of Naples, Caserta and in part Salerno, have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services.[97]

Immigration and ethnicity

The largest resident foreign-born groups on 31 December 2021[98]
Nationality Population
 Ukraine 37,834
 Romania 33,334
 Morocco 23,252
 Sri Lanka 16,506
China 11,896
 Nigeria 8,648
 India 8,147
 Albania 7,966
 Pakistan 7,689
 Poland 6,855

Unlike central and

ISTAT estimated in Dicember 2022 that 241,008 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to 4.32% of the total regional population.[99] Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the Southern Italian
regions.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Campania

The

Legislative power
is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.

The Regional Council of Campania (Consiglio Regionale della Campania) is composed of 60 members, of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with proportional representation, 12 from the so-called "regional list" of the elected president and the last one is for the candidate for president who comes second, who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the council. If a coalition wins more than 55% of the vote, only 6 candidates from the "regional list" will be elected and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 53.[100]

Provinces in Campania.
Provinces in Campania.

Administrative divisions

Campania is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan city:

Province Area (km2) Population Density (inhabitants/km2)
Province of Avellino 2,792 427,310 153
Province of Benevento 2,071 283,393 136.83
Province of Caserta 2,639 906,596 343.54
Province of Salerno 4,923 1,092,349 222.11
Metropolitan City of Naples 1,171 3,052,763 2,606.97

Culture

See also: List of museums in Campania

Cuisine

Main article: Neapolitan cuisine
An authentic Neapolitan pizza

Campanian cuisine varies within the region. While Neapolitan dishes centre on seafood, Casertan and Aversan ones rely more on fresh vegetables and cheeses. The cuisine from Sorrento combines the culinary traditions from both Naples and Salerno. Pizza was conceived in Naples.[101] Spaghetti is also a well-known dish from southern Italy and Campania.

capers

Campania produces wines including

Buffalo are bred in the provinces of Salerno and Caserta
.

Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania.

Zeppole, traditionally eaten on Saint Joseph's day. Struffoli, little balls fried dough dipped in honey
, are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays.

Dried red peppers and lemons hanging from a shop in Amalfi

Another Campanian dish is the so-called

octopus soup), and "zuppa di cozze" (mussel soup). Other regional seafood dishes include "frittelle di mare" (fritters with seaweed), made with edible poseidonia algae, "triglie al cartoccio" (red mullet in the bag), and "alici marinate" (fresh anchovies in olive oil). The island of Ischia is known for its fish dishes, as well as for cooked rabbit. Campania is also home to the lemons of Sorrento. Rapini (or Broccoli rabe), known locally as friarielli, are often used in regional cooking. Campania also produces many nuts, especially in the area of Avellino, Salerno and Benevento. Hazelnut production is especially relevant in the province of Avellino – in Spanish, in Portuguese and in Occitan the hazelnut is respectively called avellana, avelã and avelano,[102] after the city of Avella
. That is also the case of ancient Italian avellana, which is however not in use anymore.

Ancient, medieval, and early arts

The grand gardens of the baroque Royal Palace of Caserta

The region of Campania is rich with a vast array of culture and history. Since the

Vergil (70 BC–19 BC) settled in Naples in his late-life: parts of his epic poem Aeneid are located in Campania. The ancient scientist Pliny the Elder
studied Mount Vesuvius and died after being poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the 79 AD eruption.

Romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, died as a prisoner of the German general Odoacer at Naples around 500. In the Middle Ages, the artist Giotto made some frescoes in Castel Nuovo
. These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake.

By the end of the Middle Ages, the

Greek medicine with Arab medicine, was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent. Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe. Boccaccio, the Tuscan poet, visited Naples on various occasions, and in the Decameron
described it as a dissolute city. He also wrote a love story involving a noblewoman close to the King of Naples.

In 1570, the Spanish writer

Magiae Naturalis
.

Philosopher Giordano Bruno was born in Nola. He was the first to theorize infinite suns and infinite worlds in the universe. He was burnt in Rome by the Spanish Inquisition in 1600. Later, in c. 1606, the Baroque painter Caravaggio established his studio in Naples. Italian Baroque architect Cosimo Fanzago from Bergamo also decided to move to Naples.

In the 18th century, Naples was the last city to be visited by philosophers who created the "Grand Tour" which was the big touring voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent. Italian architect Luigi Vanvitelli son of Dutch architect Caspar van Wittel built the Royal Palace in Caserta in c. 1750. He contributed to the construction of many neoclassic-style palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays. These palaces are now known worldwide as "Ville Vesuviane".[103]

The island of Capri, often seen as a cultural symbol of Campania

Goethe visited Campania and Naples. German archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann also visited Naples, Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later, studying how archaeological surveys were conducted in the kingdom of Naples. He was one of the first to study drawings, statues, stones, and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of the city of Herculaneum. Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748. He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect, defend and preserve archaeological sites. Neapolitan musicians of that period include Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli and Giovanni Paisiello
.

Musician

Italian poet and writer Giacomo Leopardi established his home in Naples and Torre del Greco, remaining there at the end of his brief young life. He died at Naples in 1837. The first volcano observatory, the Vesuvius Observatory, was founded in Naples in 1841. Geologist Giuseppe Mercalli, born in Milan
in 1850, was a director of the Vesuvius Observatory.

In February 1851, British statesman William Ewart Gladstone was allowed to visit the prison where Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, along with other political dissidents.[104] He deplored their condition, and in April and July, he published two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen against the Neapolitan government, followed by An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government in 1852.[105] His pamphlets may have contributed to the cause of the unification of Italy in 1861.

French writer

Francesco de Sanctis, writer, politician and twice Minister of Instruction after the reunification of Italy in 1861, was born in Morra De Sanctis
near Avellino.

German scientist Anton Dohrn founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory for the study of the sea, known as Maritime Zoological Station. The Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte was founded by King Joachim Murat, in 1816. The observatory now hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophysics. Doctors and surgeons Antonio Cardarelli and Giuseppe Moscati were representatives of medical studies in Naples.

Contemporary and modern arts

The so-called "

Saverio Altamura, Giuseppe De Nittis, Vincenzo Gemito, Antonio Mancini, and Raffaello Pagliaccetti
.

Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools, are

Neapolitan song became popular worldwide, with songs such as "'O sole mio", "Funiculì, Funiculà", "'O surdato 'nnammurato", "Torna a Surriento", "Santa Lucia", "Malafemmena", "'A vucchella", and "Passione
".

Mathematician

President of the Italian Republic in 1946 (with a pro-tempore mandate of six months) was Enrico De Nicola from Torre del Greco. Campania is also home to the former Prime Minister and 6th President of the Republic Giovanni Leone, as well as the 11th President, Giorgio Napolitano
.

Late Baroque art inside the Palace of Caserta

The 20th century's best known philosopher and literate in Naples was Benedetto Croce, known for his studies in aesthetics, ethics, logic, economy, history, politics.

Neapolitan artists, actors, playwrights, and showmen included Eduardo De Filippo and Peppino De Filippo, and their sister Titina De Filippo. Totò (byname of Antonio de Curtis) was one of the most important comedians in Naples in the 20th century. He is also known for the song "Malafemmena".

Pop artist Andy Warhol created two famous paintings of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake: Fate presto and Vesuvius 365. Both originals are hosted in the exhibit Terrae Motus in the Palace of Caserta.

Oscar–winning actress Sophia Loren grew up in Pozzuoli
.

Oscar and David-winning[106] film producer Dino De Laurentiis was born in Torre Annunziata. One of his grandchildren is Food Network personality Giada De Laurentiis.

Contemporary Campanian writers include Curzio Malaparte and Roberto Saviano.

20th- and 21st-century Campanian actors and directors include Francesco Rosi, Iaia Forte, Pappi Corsicato, Teresa De Sio, Lello Arena, Massimo Troisi and director Gabriele Salvatores.

Modern Italian singers and musicians from Campania include Peppino di Capri, Renato Carosone, Edoardo Bennato, Eugenio Bennato, Mario Merola, Sergio Bruni, Aurelio Fierro, Roberto Murolo, Tony Tammaro, Teresa De Sio, Eduardo De Crescenzo, Alan Sorrenti, Tullio De Piscopo, Massimo Ranieri, Pino Daniele, James Senese and his group Napoli Centrale, Enzo Avitabile, Enzo Gragnaniello, Nino D'Angelo, Gigi D'Alessio, 99 Posse, and Almamegretta.

Artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played in movies in Campania, or interpreted Neapolitans on-screen, include

Maccheroni" (which co-starred Marcello Mastroianni) and "Avanti!
".

The international Giffoni Film Festival, established in 1971, is the first and most important festival for a young public.

Sports

The Stadio Diego Armando Maradona is the home ground of SSC Napoli of Serie A.

Campania is home to several national football, futsal, water polo, volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs.

The fencing school in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only school in Italy in which a swordsman can acquire the title "master of swords", which allows him or her to teach the art of fencing.

The "Circolo Savoia" and "Circolo Canottieri Napoli" sailing clubs are among the oldest in Italy and are known for their regattas. These are also home of the main water polo teams in the city. Many sailors from Naples and Campania participate as crew in the America's Cup sailing competition.

Rowers Giuseppe Abbagnale and Carmine Abbagnale were born in Castellammare di Stabia: they were four times rowing world champions and Olympic gold medalists.

Across the top 3 levels of Italian football, the clubs in Campania include:

Notes

  1. ^ /kæmˈpeɪniə/ kam-PAY-nee-ə, UK also /kæmˈpæniə/ kam-PAN-ee-ə, US also /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ kahm-PAH-nee-ə,[4][5] Italian: [kamˈpaːnja], Neapolitan: [kamˈbɑːnjə].

References

  1. ^ Campania in Geonames.org (cc-by)
  2. ^ "Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region", www.ec.europa.eu, archived from the original on 25 December 2023, retrieved 29 December 2023
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Campania". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  5. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7
    .
  6. ^ "Campania, Italy". Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  7. ^ demo.istat.it (ed.). "Bilancio demografico Anno 2018 (dati provvisori)". Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  8. ^ "Statistics on European cities - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  9. ^ "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". www.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  10. ^ Gradogna, Sergio (10 February 2010). "Non solo greci e romani, la Campania degli altri popoli". Charme (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Campania: Gateway to Southern Italy". LifeInItaly.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  12. ^ (Giacomo Devoto, Gli antichi italici, Firenze, Vallecchi, 1931, p.118).
  13. ^ "Italia Antiqua – XV, Campania". InStoria.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  14. ^ "Etruria campana". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  15. ^ Strabo, Geographica, V (Italia), 4.3.
  16. ^ Francesco Belsito (2013). Storia di Nocera. Monumenti, personaggi, leggende. Angri, Gaia.
  17. ^ "Campania: History". Interteam.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2005.
  18. ^ a b "The Samnite Wars". UNRV.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  19. ^ a b "Ancient Times – 1st millennium B.C." Michael Vigorita. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  20. ^ "Roman Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.du. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  21. ^ a b c d "Antic Naples". Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  22. ISBN 0-19-927143-7
    .
  23. ^ a b "Second Punic War: Second Period, From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus – b.C. 215-207". Roman-Empire.info. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  24. ^ Freeman, Philip (1999). The Survival of Etruscan Archived 8 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Page 82: "Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non-Latin languages could thrive in urban locations in Italy well into the 1st century A.D."
  25. ^ McDonald, K. L. (2017). "Fragmentary ancient languages as "bad data": towards a methodology for investigating multilingualism in epigraphic sources." Archived 20 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine Pages 4-6
  26. ^ Schrijver, Peter. Oscan love of Rome. Page 2.
  27. ^ Lomas, Kathryn, "The Hellenization of Italy", in Powell, Anton. The Greek World Archived 18 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Page 354.
  28. ^ a b "Campania: A Little History". Emmeti.it. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  29. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Naples" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  30. ^ "Secrets of the Dead: Pompeii and Herculaneum". Channel4.com. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  31. ^ Magnusson & Goring 1990
  32. ^ Hilmar C. Krueger. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095" in A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Vol.I. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin (eds., 1955). University of Pennsylvania Press. p.48.
  33. ^ "Swabian Naples". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  34. ^ "Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II". ScholarshipNet.info. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  35. ^ a b c "Sicilian History". Dieli.net. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  36. ^ "Naples – Castel Nuovo". PlanetWare.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  37. JSTOR 990664
    .
  38. ISBN 1-58829-171-5
    .
  39. ^ "Angioino Castle, Naples". Naples-City.info. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  40. ^ "Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282–1479". Zum.de. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  41. ^ "Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince". 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.
  42. ^ "Naples Middle-Ages". Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  43. ^ a b c "Spanish acquisition of Naples". Britannica.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  44. ^ "Don Pedro de Toledo". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  45. ^ "Naples Through the Ages". Fodors.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  46. ^ "Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor". Bartleby.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007.
  47. ^ "Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples". RealCasaDiBorbone.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  48. ^ a b c d "The Parthenopean Republic". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  49. ^ a b c "Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815". Onwar.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2001. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  50. ^ "La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914". 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011.
  51. ^ "Why Neo-Bourbons". NeoBorbonici.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
  52. ^ "Km di costa in Italia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  53. ^ "Da Campitello Matese a Monte Miletto" (in Italian). 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  54. ^ "Vesuvio" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  55. ^ "Campania" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  56. ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" (Press release). ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  57. ^ "Campania", Microsoft Encarta 2008. "Econimia della Campania". www.voyagesphotosmanu.com. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Senza la mafia il Sud raggiunge il Nord, CENSIS Archived 2014-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ "Campania, imprese vitali nonostante la crisi". 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  60. ^ "Rapporto Svimez, segnali di ripresa per l'economia campana". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  61. ^ Dario Raffaele. "Turismo: Sicilia fuori dalla top 20 europea". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  62. ^ "Turismo, a Napoli e in provincia +8,5% visitatori nel 2011". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  63. ^ "Pompei, niente bagni in fuga dagli scavi". Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  64. ^ "Seatrade di Napoli: Crociere +22% nel 2007". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2013..
  65. ^ "Turismo di Capri". Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  66. ^ "CostieraAmalfitana.it". Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  67. ^ "comune sommavesuviana". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  68. ^ "mondoviaggio.com". Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  69. ^ "corrieredelmezzogiorno". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  70. ^ "Campania" (in Italian). 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  71. ^ "Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria" (in Italian). 16 January 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  72. ^ "I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  73. ^ aspetti provinciali della crescita industriale nell'Italia postunitaria Archived 2010-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ^ "Bagnolifutura". Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
  75. ^ "Floricoltura in Campania" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  76. ^ "L'AGRICOLTURA ITALIANA IN NUMERI" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  77. ^ "Pubblicata sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale la proposta di riconoscimento della IGP "Pomodoro pelato di Napoli"" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  78. ^ Carpellese olive oil Archived 8 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 13 July 2018
  79. ^ Pisciottana Archived 4 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  80. ^ Ravece olive oil Archived 12 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  81. ^ Italian olives Archived 2 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine- Retrieved 3 July 2018
  82. ^ a b "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  83. ^ "Italy discovers biggest illegal waste dump in Europe". Euronews. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  84. ^ Day, Michael (17 June 2015). "Europe's largest illegal toxic dumping site discovered in southern Italy – an area with cancer rates 80% higher than national average". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  85. ^
    PMID 16434450
    .
  86. ^ a b "Mafia toxic waste dumping poisons Italy farmlands". The Hindu. Associated Press. 20 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  87. Corriere della sera. 26 March 2008. Archived
    from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  88. ^ "Osservatorio Amianto" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  89. ^ "Cammora illegal waste dumping in Campania". Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  90. ^ "Fine di un'epoca" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  91. ^ "Stellantis production report" (in Italian). 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  92. PMID 26983519
    .
  93. ^ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  94. ^ a b c "Leonardo locations in Italy". Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  95. ^ "Hitachi Rail: Lo stabilimento di Napoli". YouTube (in Italian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2021.
  96. ^ "Tasso di disoccupazione : Dati provinciali". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  97. ^ "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  98. National Institute of Statistics. Archived
    from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  99. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  100. ^ "Home – Consiglio Regionale della Lombardia" (PDF). Consiglio.regione.lombardia.it. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  101. ISBN 978-1-86189-391-8
    .
  102. ^ "Avella" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  103. ^ "Ville Vesuviane". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  104. ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874 (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 80-81.
  105. ^ Gladstone, William Ewart (15 June 1859). "Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen: On the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government". J. Murray. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2015 – via Google Books.
  106. ^ "Dino De Laurentiis: Awards". IMDb. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

See also

  • HMS Campania – two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Campania after the region of Campania.

Bibliography

  • Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    ISBN 0-521-39518-6
    .

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Campania.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campania.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campania&oldid=1220307950"