Campbell albatross
Campbell albatross | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Procellariiformes |
Family: | Diomedeidae |
Genus: | Thalassarche |
Species: | T. impavida
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Binomial name | |
Thalassarche impavida | |
Synonyms | |
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The Campbell albatross (Thalassarche impavida) or Campbell mollymawk, is a medium-sized
Taxonomy
Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to family
In 1998, Robertson and Nunn suggested the species be split off of the
Description
It weighs 3.21 kg (7.1 lb) and is 88 cm (35 in) long.[4] The adult is very similar to the black-browed albatross, differing in eye color. It has a white head, neck, rump, and underparts, with a black upperwing, back, and tail. The underwing is white with broad black edging. It has a black triangle around the eye that reaches the bill, which is yellow with an orange tip. They also have a pale yellow iris. The juveniles have a brown-grey bill with a black tip, dark eyes and less black on the underwing. The average life expectancy is given as 28 years, though this is likely due to lack of study as most albatross can live to well beyond 50 years.[4]
Range and habitat
Location | Population | Date | Trend |
---|---|---|---|
Campbell Island & Jeanette Marie, Campbell Islands |
24,600 pairs | 1997 | Increasing 1.8% yr |
Total | 49,000 | 1997 | Increasing 1.8% per yr |
The Campbell albatross breeds on the northern and western coastline of Campbell Island and the islet Jeanette Marie, part of the Campbell Islands group, one of New Zealand's five subantarctic island groups.[11] When breeding they forage from South Island and the Chatham Rise to the Ross Sea.[12][13] Juveniles and non-breeders will go only through south Australian water, the Tasman Sea, and southwestern Pacific Ocean.[14][15]
Behavior
Feeding
The Cambell albatross feeds on fish,
Reproduction
Breeding birds like to nest on ledges and steep slopes covered with low grass, tussock, or mud.
Conservation
The
The largest threat to this species are fisheries, both longline[14][18][19] and trawlers.[18][20]
The feral sheep that existed on Campbell Island were fully eradicated by 1991, and rats and cats were eradicated by 2001.[21] Finally, studies are ongoing.[19]
Footnotes
- ^ . Retrieved 29 August 2021.
- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). "Thalassarche melanophris impavida. Australian Black-Browed Mollymawk". The Birds of Australia. Vol. 2. London: Witherby. pp. 267–272.
- ^ a b c d e f g h BirdLife International (2008)
- ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn (1998)
- ^ a b c Brooke, M. (2004)
- ^ Clements, J. (2007)
- ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
- ^ "Campbell Island". New Zealand Government Department of Conservation. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
- ^ Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999a)
- ^ BirdLife International (2004)
- ^ a b Croxall, J. P. and Gales, R. (1998)
- ^ a b Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999)
- ^ Cherel, Y., et al. (1999)
- ^ a b Moore, P. J. (2004)
- ^ a b Heather, B. D. & Robertson, H. A. (1997)
- ^ a b Taylor, G. A. (2000)
- ^ Baird, S. J. & Smith, M. H. (2007)
- ^ Moore, P. J. (2003)
References
- Baird, S. J.; Smith, M. H. (2007). "Incidental capture of seabirds species in commercial fisheries in New Zealand waters, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005". New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report (9).
- BirdLife International (2004). Threatened birds of the world 2004 (CD-ROM). Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.
- BirdLife International (2008). "Campbell Albatross – BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophris –". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- Cherel, Y.; Waugh, S.; Hanchet, S. (1999). "Albatross predation of juvenile southern blue whiting (Micromesicus australis) on the Campbell Plateau". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 33 (3): 437. .
- ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. (1998). "Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. (1997). The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Moore, P. J. (2003) in litt
- Moore, P. J. (2004). "Abundance and population trends of mollymawks on Campbell Island". Science for Conservation (242). Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). "A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19.
- Taylor, G. A. (2000). Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Threatened Species Occasional Publication. Vol. 16. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
- Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Cherel, Y.; Shankar, U.; Prince, P. A.; Sagar, P. M. (1999). "Exploitation of the marine environment by two sympatric albatrosses in the Pacific Southern Ocean". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 177: 243–254. .
- Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Moore, P. J.; Sagar, P. M. (1999a). "Population dynamics of Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses Diomedea melanophrys and D. chrysostoma at Campbell Island, New Zealand, 1942–96". Ibis. 141 (2): 216–225. .
External links
- Species factsheet - BirdLife International