Cana

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This article is about a place mentioned in the New Testament. For other uses, see Cana (disambiguation).
Possible locations of Cana
Kafr Kanna described as "Cana of Galilee". Holy Land Photographed by Daniel B. Shepp. 1894

Cana of

Arabic: قانا الجليل, romanized: Qana al-Jalil, lit. 'Qana of the Galilee') is the location of the Wedding at Cana, at which the miracle of turning water into wine took place in the Gospel of John
.

The location is disputed, with the four primary locations being Kafr Kanna, Khirbet Qana and Reineh in Lower Galilee and Qana in Upper Galilee. The Arabic name "Qana al-Jalil" has been said to apply to a number of sites, but is of doubtful authenticity.[1] The name possibly derives from the Hebrew or Aramaic word for reeds.[2]

Written references to Cana

Biblical references

Main article: Wedding at Cana
Cana is very positively located in Shepherd's Historical Atlas, 1923: modern scholars are less sure.

Among Christians and other students of the

synoptic gospels record the event, mainstream Christian tradition holds that this is the first public miracle of Jesus.[3]

The other biblical references to Cana are also in John:

Nathanael (sometimes identified with the Bartholomew included in the synoptic gospels' lists of apostles) comes from Cana.[4]

The Book of Joshua mentions one city (19:28) and one brook (16:8; 17:9) named Kanah (Cana) – neither is likely to be the Cana of Galilee.[4]

Other references

In secular history, the annals of Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III, who conquered the Galilee in a 733 BC campaign, contain a badly preserved list of cities[5] that had been thought to mention a certain Kana.[6][7] It relates that six hundred fifty captives were taken there. However, a revised transliteration revealed the one well-preserved syllable to be Ku, not Ka.[8]

Flavius Josephus mentions more than one place named Cana.[2][9] In the context of the Galilee, there are two mentions in his Life: one is a place on the road from Iulias,[10] and the other is a place where he resided, about a day's walk from Tiberias.[2][11]

Locating Cana

Map of the Lower Galilee with possible locations of Cana:
Kafr Kanna, blue; Khirbet Qana, red.

There has been much speculation about where Cana might be. In his Gospel, the author makes no claim to have been at the wedding. Many would regard the story of the wedding at Cana as of theological rather than historical or topographical significance;[according to whom?] it is the first of the seven miraculous "signs" by which Jesus's divine status is attested, and around which the gospel is structured.

The consensus of modern scholarship[

Judea province; so it is unlikely that the evangelist would have mentioned a place that did not exist.[citation needed] There is a minority view that the gospel was written for a gentile audience, and those who take this view assert that the description in the passage about the marriage at Cana of "six stone water jars there for the Jewish rites of purification", which does not reflect good knowledge of the actual ritual washing habits among Jews at the time, is specifically for a gentile audience, who would not know the topography of the Holy Land. On this hypothesis, the name "Cana" might have some purely symbolic significance.[citation needed
]

There are four primary locations which have been under consideration as the New Testament Cana:[12]

Qana, Lebanon

The village of

Onomasticon.[2][14][15] It is a popular tourist site commemorating the miracle.[16]

Kafr Kanna and Karm er-Ras

The first time this site is associated with New Testament Cana is in a mid-17th century report to the Pope by

Arab town of Kafr Kanna, at the foot of the Nazareth range, about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of Nazareth
.

Some scholars believe, according to archaeological evidence, that the identification of Kafr Kanna was the result of the decline of Khirbet Qana beginning in the Mamluk period. They note that it was a common practice for new and more affluent and easily accessible sites to be established in place of old ones to accommodate increases in pilgrim traffic, particularly in the late Medieval and Ottoman periods.[17]

Karm er-Ras, the western part of Kafr Kanna, was recently excavated by Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre.[13] The excavation revealed evidence of a substantial Roman village with a Jewish population which declined considerably in the Late Roman period, and which was finally abandoned in the Byzantine Period, explaining why the pilgrim route was shifted to Kafr Kanna. Alexandre believes the site is precisely identified by Josephus, but other scholars disagree.[16]

Khirbet Kana, Israel

Another possible candidate is the ruined village of Khirbet Qana, meaning "the ruins of Cana." Overlooking the Beit Netofa Valley from the north, it is located about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Kafr Kanna and has been noticed by pilgrims since the 12th century or earlier.[19] However, this could either be an ancient retention, as Edward Robinson maintained,[19] or may have been attached to the place in conversation with querying pilgrims.[2]

This site is located on a limestone outcropping that rises 330 feet (100 m) above the floor of the Bet Netofa Valley, 8 miles (13 km) from

numismatic remains demonstrating that the site contained a modest-sized village from the Hellenistic period onward (c. 200 BCE–650 CE), including a structure that bears similarities to Roman-period synagogues, and several mikveh pools for Jewish ceremonial bathing.[20] Most importantly, they uncovered a cave complex on the south slope of the site that showed indications of use as a center for worship, including a sarcophagus lid or altar and a shelf that held two stone vessels in situ, and space for another four vessels, suggesting that Khirbet Kana was regarded as New Testament Cana from a very early time. Remains of an Arab village and a church or monastery were also uncovered immediately south of the cave complex.[citation needed
]

Other historical evidence from the Byzantine and Medieval periods show that Khirbet Kana was regarded as the true site of New Testament Cana from a very early period. A guidebook written by Theodosius between 517 and 527 CE titled The Layout of the Holy Land identifies Khirbet Kana and indicates that two of the vessels were still at the location. A pilgrim account written by

Petrus Vesconte in 1321 CE. Burchard of Mount Sion describes a cave complex located there that was used as a veneration site: "the place is shown at this day where the six water pots stood, and the dining-room where the tables were placed."[20]

'Ain Kanah, Reineh, Israel

C. R. Conder as a good candidate for biblical Cana.[21]

Just about 1.5 miles northeast from Nazareth is the Arab town of Reineh, and on the way out of it toward Mount Tabor there is a small spring named 'Ain Kânah, which was identified by Claude Reignier Conder his Tent Work in Palestine (1878) as the better candidate for the location of Cana, based on etymological grounds.[21] Some early Christian pilgrim reports mention a spring in association with the Cana of Galilee, but no excavations have been conducted there yet.[16]

References

  1. ^ Masterman 1910, p. 80-81: "This Khurbet Kana was reidentified by the late Dr. Robinson as Cana of Galilee, but he unfortunately reported that it was called by the natives Kana el Jalil = Cana of Galilee. Were this the universal custom it would no doubt be an important confirmation of this view, but this is far from being the case; indeed, such a name is unknown to the unsophisticated fellahin. On my recent visit there I had as guide a very intelligent native of Reineh who told me he had never heard any other name than Khurbet Kana, and whose answer to my question as to where was Kana el Jalil was "In the gospel." Far more important is the testimony of the late Rev. T. Zeller of the Church Missionary Society, who passed many years in Nazareth, that he never heard such a name. In any argument regarding this site it is better to neglect the name Kana el Jalil as of altogether doubtful authenticity. Unfortunately the discrediting of this name has been used as an argument against the site."
  2. ^ a b c d e Ewing, W (1915). "Cana". In Orr, James (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  3. ^ Towner, W. S. (1996), Wedding, in P. J. Achtermeier (Ed.), Harper Collins Bible dictionary (pp. 1205–1206). San Francisco: Harper
  4. ^ a b Ewing, W. (1915). "Kanah". In Orr, James (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  5. ISBN 978-1-57506-220-4
    , p. 61ff.
  6. OCLC 7858680
    . Retrieved 2014-05-15. In Digital Library for International Research Archive, Item #1599.
  7. ^ The translations of the inscription by Smith, Rost and Oppenheim all sport the same name.
  8. OCLC 19147471
    .
  9. Perseus Project
    .
  10. ^ Mason, Steve (ed.). "The Life of Flavius Josephus, Niese sec. 395". Brill/PACE.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Mason, Steve (ed.). "The Life of Flavius Josephus, Niese sec. 84-87". Brill/PACE.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ McCollough 2015, p. 32.
  13. ^ a b Alexandre, Y. (2017). Karm er-Ras (Areas AB, AC): Final Report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel / חדשות ארכיאולוגיות: חפירות וסקרים בישראל, 129. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26693775
  14. ^ Eusebius, of Caesarea (2006) [manuscript, 1971]. "Kappa, in Joshua". In Wolf, Carl Umhau (ed.). The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili, Compared with the Version of Jerome and Annotated. tertullian.org. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  15. OCLC 490976390
    . Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  16. ^ a b c McCollough 2015, p. 39.
  17. ^ a b McCollough 2015, p. 38.
  18. ^ Ward, B. (1908). "Cana". CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cana. Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  19. ^
    OCLC 586068890
    . Retrieved 2014-06-21. pp. 204-208.
  20. ^ a b McCollough 2015.
  21. ^ a b Conder, Claude Reignier (1878). Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure. Vol. 1. R. Bentley & Son for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 154. Retrieved 14 August 2022.

External links

American Cyclopædia article Cana
.
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