Canada jay

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Whisky jack" redirects here. For the Cree mythological figure, see Wisakedjak. For other uses, see Whiskeyjack (disambiguation).

Canada jay
In Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, Quebec

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Perisoreus
Species:
P. canadensis
Binomial name
Perisoreus canadensis
Subspecies

9 subspecies; see text

Canada jay range (note: map lacks distribution in New York state)
Synonyms
  • Corvus canadensis Linnaeus, 1766
  • Dysornithia brachyrhyncha Swainson, 1831

The Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis), also known as the gray jay, grey jay, camp robber, or whisky jack, is a passerine bird of the family Corvidae. It is found in boreal forests of North America north to the tree line, and in the Rocky Mountains subalpine zone south to New Mexico and Arizona. A fairly large songbird, the Canada jay has pale grey underparts, darker grey upperparts, and a grey-white head with a darker grey nape. It is one of three members of the genus Perisoreus, a genus more closely related to the magpie genus Cyanopica than to other birds known as jays. The Canada jay itself has nine recognized subspecies.

Canada jays live year-round on permanent

global warming
.

The species is associated with

national bird
of Canada, although the designation is not formally recognized.

Taxonomy

Subspecies P. c. capitalis, Grand Tetons, Wyoming

In 1760 the French zoologist

binomial name Corvus canadensis and cited Brisson's work.[4]

William John Swainson named it Dysornithia brachyrhyncha in 1831.[5] French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte assigned the Canada jay to the genus Perisoreus in 1838 in A geographical and comparative list of the birds of Europe and North America, along with the Siberian jay, P. infaustus.[6] The Canada jay belongs to the crow and jay family Corvidae. However, it and the other members of its genus are not closely related to other birds known as jays; they are instead close to the genus Cyanopica, which contains the azure-winged magpie.[7] Its relatives are native to Eurasia, and ancestors of the Canada jay are thought to have diverged from their Old World relatives and crossed Beringia into North America.[8]

Subspecies P. c. capitalis (left) and P. c. obscurus (right); illustration by Keulemans, 1877

A 2012 genetic study revealed four

Newfoundland and ranging south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, Wyoming and Utah in the west and New England in the east, a "transcascade" clade in eastern Washington and Oregon and ranging into Alberta and Montana, a "Rocky Mountains (Colorado)" clade from the southern Rocky Mountains, and a "Pacific" clade from coastal British Columbia, Washington, and southwestern Oregon. There was also a population of the boreal clade in the central Rocky Mountains between the Colorado and transcascade clades. Genetic dating suggests the Pacific clade diverged from the common ancestor of the other clades around three million years ago in the Late Pliocene.[8]

The boreal clade is genetically diverse, suggesting that Canada jays retreated to multiple areas of milder climate during previous ice ages and recolonized the region in warmer times.[8]

In 2018 the common name was changed from grey jay to Canada jay by the American Ornithological Society in a supplement to their Check-list of North American Birds.[9] This change was also made in the online list of world birds maintained on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union by Frank Gill and David Donsker.[10]

Nine subspecies are recognized:[11][10]

  • Perisoreus canadensis albescens, also known as the Alberta jay, was described by American ornithologist James L. Peters in 1920. It ranges from northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta southeastward, east of the Rocky Mountains to the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is an occasional visitor to northwestern Nebraska.[12]
  • P. c. bicolor, described by American zoologist Alden H. Miller in 1933, is found in southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, northern and central Idaho, and western Montana.[12] Miller noted that the subspecies appeared to be a stable intermediate form between canadensis and capitalis. It was a similar size to subspecies canadensis, and had a wholly white head with a black nape. Its body markings resembled those of capitalis but its coloration resembled canadensis.[13]
  • P. c. canadensis, the nominate subspecies, breeds from northern British Columbia east to Prince Edward Island, and south to the northern reaches of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Vermont, and New Hampshire, as well as northeastern New York and Maine. It winters at lower altitudes within the breeding range and south to southern Ontario and Massachusetts, and is an occasional visitor to central Minnesota, southeastern Wisconsin, northwestern Pennsylvania, and central New York. P. c. canadensis is also a vagrant to northeastern Pennsylvania (Philadelphia).[12]
  • P. c. capitalis is found in the southern Rocky Mountains from eastern Idaho, south-central Montana, and western and southern Wyoming south through eastern Utah, and western and central Colorado, to east-central Arizona and north-central New Mexico.[12] American naturalist Spencer Fullerton Baird described this subspecies in 1873. It has a wholly whitish head with a pale band on the back of the neck, and overall more ashy grey plumage.[14] It is also generally larger than the nominate subspecies canadensis.[13]
  • P. c. griseus occurs from southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island south through central Washington and central Oregon to the mountains of north-central and northeastern California. It was described by Robert Ridgway in 1899.[12]
  • P. c. nigricapillus, also known as the Labrador jay,
    Blanc-Sablon). It was described by Ridgway in 1882.[12]
  • P. c. obscurus, described by Ridgway in 1874, is native to the coastal strip from Washington (Crescent Lake, Seattle, and Columbia River) through western Oregon to northwestern California (Humboldt County).[12] Also known as the Oregon jay,[16] this subspecies has more dark brown than grey upperparts.[14]
  • P. c. pacificus ranges from central Alaska to northwestern Canada, including the Yukon and along the Mackenzie River. It was described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788.[10]
  • P. c. sanfordi is found in Newfoundland.[10] Harry C. Oberholser described it in 1914 from a specimen collected by a Dr. Sanford, whom he named it after. Oberholser reported that it was smaller and darker than the nominate race P. c. canadensis and more closely resembled P. c. nigricapillus.[17]

Two additional subspecies were formerly recognized:

  • P. c. arcus was the name given to populations that are found in the Rainbow Mountains area and headwaters of the Dean and Bella Coola Rivers of the central Coast Ranges, British Columbia.[12] Described by Miller in 1950, it is often recognized as P. c. obscurus.[10]
  • P. c. barbouri was described by Allan Brooks in 1920.[12] Abundant on Anticosti Island in eastern Quebec, this subspecies is significantly heavier but not larger than other Canada jay subspecies in Quebec, and does not appear to be genetically distinct from P. c. nigricapillus[10] or other populations in Quebec.[18]

Description

The Canada jay is a relatively large

moult in July or August.[22] The average lifespan of territory-owning Canada jays is eight years;[21] the oldest known Canada jay banded and recaptured in the wild was at least 17 years old.[22]

A variety of vocalizations are used and, like other corvids, Canada jays may mimic other bird species, especially predators. Calls include a whistled quee-oo, and various clicks and chuckles. When predators are spotted, the bird announces a series of harsh clicks to signal a threat on the ground, or a series of repeated whistles to indicate a predator in the air.[21]

Distribution and habitat

Perisoreus canadensis obscurus in Mount Rainier National Park

The Canada jay's range spans across northern North America, from northern Alaska east to Newfoundland and Labrador, and south to northern California, Idaho, Utah, east-central Arizona, north-central New Mexico, central Colorado, and southwestern South Dakota. It is also found in the northern reaches of the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, the

last ice age.[24]

The vast majority of Canada jays live where there is a strong presence of

antibacterial properties of the bark and foliage of boreal tree species. An exception to this general picture may be the well-marked subspecies P. c. obscurus. It lives right down to the coast from Washington to northern California in the absence of cold temperatures or the putatively necessary tree species.[23]

Behaviour

Mating

The Canada jay typically

breeds at two years of age. Monogamous pairs remain together for life, though a bird will pair up with a new partner if it is widowed.[23] Breeding takes place during March and April, depending on latitude,[23][25][26] in permanent, all-purpose territories.[23][25][26][27] Second broods are not attempted, perhaps allowing greater time for food storage.[23][25]

Grey, sooty plumage of a juvenile

Breeding is

fledgling period.[26][28][29] Until then, parents will drive the other birds away from the nest. This may reduce the frequency of predator-attracting visits to the nest when young are most vulnerable. The benefits of juveniles participating in subsequent brood care may include "lightening the load" for the breeding pair, which may possibly increase longevity, reducing the probability of starvation of nestlings, and detecting and mobbing predators near the nest.[28] Dominant juveniles may eventually inherit the natal territory and breed, while unrelated juveniles may eventually fill a vacancy nearby or form a new breeding pair on previously unoccupied ground.[26]

Nesting

Female incubating her eggs

Breeding Canada jays build nests and lay eggs in March or even February, when snow is deep in the

forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) filling the interstitial spaces of the nest, and feathers used to line the cup.[22][23] Nests are usually built on the southwestern side of a tree for solar warming and are usually less than one nest diameter from the trunk.[25] Nest height is typically 8 to 30 ft (2.4 to 9.1 m) above the ground.[25] The average height of 264 nests surveyed in Algonquin Provincial Park was 16 ± 9.2 ft (4.9 ± 2.8 m) above ground.[25]

A clutch consists of 2 to 5 light green-grey eggs with darker spots.[20] The mean clutch sizes of Canada jays in Algonquin Provincial Park and La Verendrye Provincial Park were 3.03 and 3.18 eggs, respectively. Incubation is performed only by the female[25] and lasts an average of 18.5 days.[23] The female is fed on the nest by her partner, rarely moving from the nest during incubation and for several days after hatching.[25]

Fledging

A hatchling

Canada jay young are

altricial. For the first three to four days after hatching, the female remains on the nest; when the male arrives with food, both parents help in feeding the nestlings.[25] Nestling growth is most rapid from the fourth through the tenth day following hatching, during which time the female begins to participate in foraging. The parents carry food to the nest in their throats.[23][25] The accompanying nonbreeding third bird does not help with feeding during this period but is driven away by the parents if it approaches the nest.[28][29] Food is a dark brown, viscous paste containing primarily arthropods.[23][25] Young Canada jays leave the nest between 22 and 24 days after hatching, after which the third bird begins to participate in foraging and feeding.[23] Natal dispersal distance for the Canada jay is a median of 0.0 km for males, 2.8 km (1.7 mi) for females, and a maximum distance of 11.3 km (7.0 mi) for males and females.[26]

After 55 to 65 days, juveniles reach full adult measurements and battle among themselves until a dominant juvenile forces its siblings to leave the natal area.[30] The dominant bird remains with its parents until the following season, while its siblings leave the natal territory to join an unrelated pair who failed to breed. In a study by Dan Strickland, two-thirds of dominant juveniles were male.[26]

Survival

In studies conducted in Ontario and Quebec, the mortality rate for dominant juveniles was 52%, and mortality was 85% for juveniles who left the parents' territory between fledging in June to approximately mid-October. From fall to the following breeding season in March, further juvenile mortality was 50%. Territory-holding adult Canada jays experienced low mortality rates (15.1 and 18.2% for males and females, respectively).[26] The oldest known Canada jay recaptured in the wild was at least 17 years old.[22]

Feeding

Canada jays are omnivorous.[23][25] They hunt such prey as arthropods,[23] small mammals including rodents,[31] and nestling birds,[32][33][34] and have even been recorded taking a magnolia warbler (Dendroica magnolia) in flight.[35] They have been reported to opportunistically hunt young amphibians such as the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata) in Chambers Lake, Colorado,[36] and the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Whitehorse Bluff in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.[37] Canada jays have been seen landing on moose (Alces alces) to remove and eat engorged winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) during April and May in Algonquin Provincial Park. Researchers also found a Canada jay nest containing a brooding female, three hatchlings, and three warm, engorged winter deer ticks. Because the ticks were too large for the hatchlings to eat, it was hypothesized that the ticks may have served as "hot water bottles", keeping hatchlings warm when parents were away from the nest.[38]

Nestling birds are common prey,[34][39] being taken more often from nests in trees rather than on the ground.[32] Canada jays find them by moving from perch to perch and scanning surroundings.[23] Avian nest predation by Canada jays is not necessarily higher in fragmented versus unfragmented forest.[32][33][34] Evidence from studies in the Pacific Northwest suggest a moderate increase in nest predation in logged plots adjacent to mature conifer forest, which is the Canada jay's preferred habitat.[23][25] Studies of nest predation by Canada jays in Quebec have shown that the birds prefer preying on nests in open forest with high prominence of jack pine,[32] and greater rates of predation in riparian forest strips and green-tree retention stands versus clearcuts.[40] This may be due to increased availability of perch sites for avian predators such as the Canada jay.[34] Canada jays are suspected but not proven to prey on nests of the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest.[39]

Carrion,[23][25] fungi,[23] fruits such as chokecherry (Prunus virginiana),[25] and seeds[25] are also eaten. Two Canada jays were seen eating slime mold (Fuligo septica) near Kennedy Hot Springs in the Glacier Peak Wilderness, Washington. This was the first report of any bird consuming slime mold in the field.[41] Risk and energy expenditure are factors in food selection for the Canada jay, which selects food on the basis of profitability to maximize caloric intake. Increased handling, searching, or recognition times for a preferred food item lowers its profitability.[42] Canada jays wrench, twist, and tug food apart, unlike other birds known as jays (such as the blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata), which grasp and hammer their food.[22] Canada jays commonly carry large food items to nearby trees to eat or process for storage, possibly as defense against large scavengers.[23]

Caching

Pair of jays feeding their nestlings

The Canada jay is a "scatterhoarder",

needles. Cached items can be anything from carrion to bread crumbs.[25] A single Canada jay may hide thousands of pieces of food per year, to later recover them by memory, sometimes months after hiding them.[25] Cached food is sometimes used to feed nestlings and fledglings.[25]

When exploiting distant food sources found in clearings, Canada jays were observed temporarily concentrating their caches in an arboreal site along the edge of a black spruce forest in interior Alaska. This allowed a high rate of caching in the short term and reduced the jay's risk of predation. A subsequent recaching stage occurred, and food items were transferred to widely scattered sites to reduce theft.[44]

Caching is inhibited by the presence of Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri)[45] and Canada jays from adjacent territories,[46][47] which follow resident Canada jays to steal cached food.[45] Canada jays carry large food items to distant cache sites for storage more often than small food items. To prevent theft, they also tend to carry valuable food items further from the source when caching in the company of one or more Canada jays.[47] Scatterhoarding discourages pilferage by competitors, while increased cache density leads to increased thievery.[46] In southern portions of the Canada jay's range, food is not cached during summer because of the chance of spoilage and the reduced need for winter stores.[23]

Predators

Several bird species prey on Canada jays, including

Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida).[49] Canada jay remains have been recovered from the lairs of fisher (Pekania pennanti) and American marten (Martes americana).[50] Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) eat Canada jay eggs.[25] Canada jays alert each other to threats by whistling alarm notes, screaming, chattering, or imitating and/or mobbing predators.[23]

Relationship with humans

Cultural significance

A bold Canada jay, typical of those individuals accustomed to humans

Found throughout Canada, the bird is popularly known by several colloquial names. One is "whisky jack",

Eta Ursae Majoris in the night sky was a Canada jay, Mikjaqoqwej.[54] In anishinaabemowin, or the Ojibwe language, the bird is known as gwiingwiishi.[55] "... the whisky jack is revered by indigenous peoples as an omen of good fortune and a warning of danger. Niigaanwewidam Sinclair, an associate professor and acting head of the department of native studies at the University of Manitoba, explained why the mischievous yet wise grey jay is important to the Anishinaabe people. "To my people, the Anishinaabe, she is Gwiingwiishi", Sinclair said in a post published by Canadian Geographic magazine. "Gwiingwiishi is a great, wise teacher, and there is an old story that tells of her abilities to give gifts... Her lesson? That it is only in our bravery, resilience and commitments to one another that we can find growth", Sinclair said.[56]

The Canada jay readily capitalizes on novel food sources, including taking advantage of man-made sources of food. To the frustration of

northern English "fledgling bird".[58]
Superstition in Maine and New Brunswick relates how woodsmen would not harm gorbeys, believing that whatever they inflicted on the bird would be done to them. A folk tale circulated about a man who plucked a gorbey of its feathers and woke up the next morning having lost all his hair. Although the story was widespread in the early to mid-20th century, it does not appear to have been extant in 1902.[58]

In January 2015,

sesquicentennial celebrations in 2017; the Department of Canadian Heritage responded that no new official symbol proposals were being considered at the time.[64]

Conservation

Canada jays are classified as

climate warming. Canada jays at the northern edges of their range may benefit from the extension of spruce stands out onto formerly treeless tundra. A study of a declining population at the southern end of the Canada jay's range linked the decline in reproductive success to warmer temperatures in preceding autumns.[65] Such warm temperatures may trigger spoilage of the perishable food items stored by Canada jays upon which success of late winter nesting partly depends.[66]

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Perisoreus canadensis. United States Department of Agriculture.

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Further reading

  • Madge, S. and H. Burn (1994). Crows and Jays: A Guide to the Crows, Jays and Magpies of the World. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_jay&oldid=1212349146"