Canadian comics
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Canadian comics refers to
In English Canada many cartoonists, from
In French Canada indigenous comics are called BDQ or bande dessinée québécoise (French pronunciation: [bɑ̃d dɛ.si.ne ke.be.kwaz]) Cartoons with speech balloons in Quebec date to the late 1700s. BDQ have alternately flourished and languished throughout Quebec's history as the small domestic market has found it difficult to compete with foreign imports. Many cartoonists from Quebec have made their careers in the United States. Since the Springtime of BDQ in the 1970s native comics magazines, such as Croc and Safarir, and comics albums have become more common, though they account for only 5% of total sales in the province. Since the turn of the 21st century cartoonists such as Michel Rabagliati, Guy Delisle, and the team of Dubuc and Delaf have seen international success in French-speaking Europe and in translation. Éditions Mille-Îles and La Pastèque are amongst the domestic publishers that have become increasingly common.
History
English Canada
Early history (1759–1910s)
Brigadier-General George Townshend's cartoons lampooning General James Wolfe in 1759 are recognized as the first examples of political cartooning in Canadian history.[3] Cartoons did not have a regular forum in Canada until John Henry Walker's short-lived weekly Punch in Canada débuted in Montreal in 1849. The magazine was a Canadian version of Britain's humorous Punch[4] and featured cartoons by Walker. It paved the way for a number of similar short-lived publications, until the success of the more straight-laced Canadian Illustrated News,[5] published by George-Édouard Desbarats[6] beginning in 1869, soon after Canadian Confederation.[5]
In 1873, John Wilson Bengough founded Grip, a humour magazine in the style of Punch and the American Harper's Weekly. It featured a large number of cartoons, especially Bengough's own. The cartoons tended to be political, and Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and Métis rebel leader Louis Riel were favourite targets.[7][8] The Pacific Scandal in the early 1870s gave Bengough much fodder to raise his reputation as a political caricaturist. According to historian John Bell, while Bengough was probably the most significant pre-20th-century Canadian cartoonist, Henri Julien was likely the most accomplished. Published widely both at home and abroad, Julien's cartoons appeared in periodicals such as Harper's Weekly and Le Monde illustré.[5] In 1888, he gained employment at the Montreal Star and became the first full-time newspaper cartoonist in Canada.[8]
Palmer Cox, a Canadian expatriate in the United States, at this time created The Brownies, a popular, widely merchandised phenomenon whose first book collection sold over a million copies.[5] Cox began a Brownies comic strip in 1898 that was one of the earliest English-language strips, and had begun to use speech balloons by the time it ended in 1907.[9]
Age of comic strips (1920s–1930s)
Canadian cartoonists often found it hard to succeed in the field of comic strips without moving to the US, but in 1921,
Two new comic strips appeared on the same day in 1929 in American newspapers and fed the public's desire for escapist entertainment at the dawn of the
The
Golden age: Canadian Whites (1940s)
The
In December 1940, the War Exchange Conservation Act was passed. It restricted the importation of goods from the US that were deemed non-essential to combat the
The driving creative forces behind Anglo-American were Ted McCall, the writer of the Men of the Mounted and Robin Hood strips, and artist Ed Furness. The pair created a number of heroes with such names as Freelance, Purple Rider, Red Rover, and Commander Steel. Anglo-American also published stories based on imported American scripts bought from Fawcett Publications, with fresh artwork by Canadians to bypass trade restrictions. Captain Marvel and Bulletman were amongst the characters that had Canadian adaptations. Anglo-American published a large number of titles, including Freelance, Grand Slam, Three Aces, Whiz, Captain Marvel and Atom Smasher, but relied less on serials, and was less patriotically Canadian than its rival publishers. It employed a number of talented artists, but they were kept to a "house style" of drawing, in the vein of Captain Marvel's C. C. Beck.[22]
In August 1941, three unemployed artists,
In March 1942, Dingle and most of the Hillborough staff moved with Nelvana to Toronto-based Bell Features, which had begun publishing comics in September 1941 with the first issue of the successful Wow Comics—in colour at first, but Bell soon switched to the familiar "White" format.[24] Bell was the most prolific of the Canadian comic-book publishers.[27] Its comics were drawn by a large pool of artists, including freelancers, adolescents, and women, and were unabashedly Canadian. Aside from Nelvana, there were Edmund Legault's Dixon of the Mounted, Jerry Lazare's Phantom Rider, and Fred Kelly's Doc Stearne. Leo Bachle's Johnny Canuck was the second Canadian national hero, and debuted in Bell's Dime Comics in February 1942.[24]
The new Canadian comics were successful; Bell reached accumulated weekly sales of 100,000 by 1943. By this time, Educational Projects of
With the end of World War II in 1945, Canadian comic-book publishing faced competition from American publishers again. Educational and latecomer Feature Publications folded immediately. Maple Leaf tried to compete by switching to colour and by trying to break into the British market. Anglo-American and another newcomer, Al Rucker Publications, tried to compete directly with the Americans, and even achieved distribution in the US.[28] By the end of 1946 it was clear that the remaining publishers could not compete, and for the time being original comic-book publishing came to an end in Canada, although some publishers like Bell Features survived by republishing American books until the War Exchange Conservation Act was officially abolished in 1951.[29] The cartoonists who insisted on drawing for a living faced several choices: some moved across the border to attempt to make it with the American publishers, and some moved into illustration work, as Jerry Lazare, Vernon Miller, Jack Tremblay, and Harold Bennett did. Another avenue was the route Sid Barron followed into political cartooning.[30] By 1949, out of 176 comics titles on the newsstand, only 23 were Canadian.[31]
Post-war (late 1940s–early 1970s)
With the end of most original Canadian comic book publishing in 1947, Canada's superheroes disappeared, and the country entered a phase of foreign comic book domination. In November 1948, a crime comics scare hit the country when a pair of voracious comic book readers in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, shot at a random car while playing highwaymen, fatally wounding a passenger. When authorities discovered their taste for comic books, media attention focused on the emerging crime comics genre as an influence on juvenile delinquency.[32] A bill to amend Section 207 of the Criminal Code was drafted, and passed unanimously, making it an offense to make, print, publish, distribute, sell, or own "any magazine, periodical or book which exclusively or substantially comprises matter depicting pictorially the commission of crimes, real or fictitious",[33] on 10 December 1949. Comics publishers across Canada banded together to create the Comic Magazine Industry Association of Canada (CMIAC), a Canadian industry self-censoring body similar to the American Comics Code Authority that would be formed a few years later in response to a similar crime comics scare in the U.S.[32] Purely by coincidence, the Netherlands had experienced a near-similar comics related incident at almost the exact same time with an equally lethal outcome, and causing a similar popular reaction, but in this case the authorities refrained from taking the drastic legal actions, their Canadian counterparts did.
Superior Publishers, however, defied the ban, while also moving into the U.S. market. Watchdogs turned up the heat, and in 1953 a distributor was found guilty of distributing obscenities. Some of Superior's titles found themselves in
The crackdown was not aimed at comic strips, however, and several notable new ones appeared, like Lew Saw's One-Up, Winslow Mortimer's Larry Brannon and Al Beaton's Ookpik.
To express his anger at the US military's nuclear tests in the Bikini Atoll in 1946 English-born artist Laurence Hyde produced a wordless novel in 1951 called Southern Cross. In 118 silent pages, the book depicts atomic testing by the US military and its effects Polynesian island inhabitants. While it had no direct effect on comics at the time, it has come to be seen as a precursor to the Canadian graphic novel.[36]
Early
In the spring of 1966, Canada saw its first specialty
In the late 1960s, along with the
Humour magazine Fuddle Duddle, named after a famous euphemism by then-Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, was a short lived attempt at a Canadian Mad-style satirical magazine. It was the first comic book of Canadian content to be available on newsstands since 1956. Two of its contributors, Peter Evans and Stanley Berneche, would soon go on to bring superheroes back to Canada for the first time since the demise of Nelvana in 1947, with Captain Canada.[42]
The fan press and fandom grew throughout this period, and was bolstered when Patrick Loubert and Michael Hirsh, the founders of the animation company Nelvana, published The Great Canadian Comic Books in 1971,[43] a book-length study of the Bell Features comics, and the touring of a related exhibition mounted by the National Gallery of Canada, Comic Art Traditions in Canada, 1941-45, which together served to introduce English-Canadian comics creators and fans to their lost heritage.[42]
Towards the middle of the 1970s, comics aimed at children gradually disappeared. The new breed of underground, alternative and independent comics was aimed at a more mature audience, which ran counter to the public's perception, as well as to legal restrictions. The first wave of alternative comics in the seventies was largely made up of science fiction and fantasy comics, made by budding cartoonists like Gene Day, Dave Sim, Augustine Funnell, Jim Craig, Ken Steacy, Dean Motter, and Vincent Marchesano.[42]
New wave (mid-1970s–1980s)
The mid-1970s saw the beginning of a new wave of Canadian comics, one in which the creators chose to remain in Canada, rather than seeking their fortunes south of the border. T. Casey Brennan created the first non-satirical superhero in Canada since the 1940's with his character The Northern Light who appeared in the second issue of Orb Magazine in 1974 only to disappear after his 1977 appearance in Power Comics. Richard Comely's more popular and widely distributed Captain Canuck first appeared in July 1975 and would go on to be sporadically published and rebooted until the 2020's. During the 1950s and 1960s, the idea of native comics seemed unattainable to Canadian kids, and the appearance of Captain Canuck gave these kids the optimism to make their own.[44] This was followed up with James Waley's more professional, newsstand-distributed Orb, which featured a number of talents that would later take part in the North American comics scene.[45]
The comics magazines showing up in Canada at the time suffered from promotion and distribution problems, however, getting most of their support from the fan press.
The world of comic strips saw a number of works pop up.
Editorial cartoonists held considerable sway between the 1950s through the 1970s. Former Prime Minister
Captain Canuck and Orb both folded by 1976, but in
As the content of comics matured throughout the 1980s, they became the subject of increasing scrutiny. In 1986, Calgary comic shop Comic Legends was raided and charged with obscenity. In response, Derek McCulloch and Paul Stockton of Strawberry Jam Comics established the Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund to help retailers, distributors, publishers, and creators fight against obscenity charges. To raise funds, they published two True North anthologies of Canadian talent.[47]
During this time, large numbers of Canadian artists were making waves in the American comic book market as well, such as John Byrne, Gene Day and his brother Dan, Jim Craig, Rand Holmes, Geof Isherwood, Ken Steacy, Dean Motter, George Freeman and Dave Ross.[55] Byrne was particularly popular for his work on X-Men, and also originated Alpha Flight, about a team of Canadian superheroes.[1]
1990s
In 1990,
Drawn & Quarterly was at the forefront of the maturation comic books saw in the 1990s, publishing and promoting the works of adult-oriented Canadian and international artists. The publisher avoided genres like superheroes, which publisher
21st century
At the dawn of the 21st century, the comics industry had changed considerably. The
Foreign comics, especially Japanese, became quite successful in Canada, and stood out for gaining large numbers of female fans, who had traditionally stayed away from comic books.[63] They also had a significant influence on artists such as Bryan Lee O'Malley and his Scott Pilgrim series.[64] Due to differing social norms, the content of these comics are sometimes censored or ran afoul of Canadian customs officials. Incidental nudity could be interpreted by them as child pornography and result in jail terms.[65]
Drawn & Quarterly has become known as a house for art comics, translations of non-English works, like Montrealer
French Canada
The comics of Québec, also known as "BDQ" (bande dessinée québécoise), have followed a different path than those of English Canada. While newspapers tend to populate their funny pages with
Early history (1790s–1960s)
Québec comics have alternately flourished and languished, seeing several brief periods of intense activity followed by long periods of inundation with foreign content. Comics first appeared in the humour pages of newspapers in the 19th century, following the trends coming from Europe. In the late 19th century,
Québécois cartoonists would propose a number of strips to compete with the American strips that dominated the Sundays and dailies. The native Québec presence on those pages would become more dominant after 1940, however, with the introduction of the War Exchange Conservation Act, which restricted the import of foreign strips.
Springtime of BDQ (1970s–present)
The revolutionary 1960s and the Quiet Revolution in Québec saw a new vigour in BDQ. What Georges Raby called the Spring of Québécois comics[1] (printemps de la BD québécoise) is said to have begun in 1968 with the creation of the group Chiendent, who published in La Presse and Dimanche-Magazine. Jacques Hurtubise (Zyx), Réal Godbout, Gilles Thibault, and Jacques Boivin were particularly notable cartoonists, and numerous short-lived publications with strange names appeared, like Ma®de in Québec and L'Hydrocéphale illustré. The comics no longer focused on younger audiences, instead seeking confrontation or experimenting with graphics,[76] drawing influence from French comics for mature audiences like those published in Pilote magazine, as well as translations of American undergrounds, translations of which were published in the journal Mainmise.[1] During the 1970s, BDQ were sometimes called "BDK", bande dessinée kébécoise.[79]
In 1979, Jacques Hurtubise,
In Montreal in the 1980s and 1990s, in parallel to mainstream humour magazines, a healthy underground scene developed, and self-published fanzines proliferated.
In the 21st century,
Around the turn of the century, the government of Québec mandated La Fondation du 9e art ("The
Publication, promotion and distribution
As in the US, large Canadian newspapers typically have a page of comic strips in their daily editions and a full-colour
There are a number of English- and French-language publishers active in Canadian comics.
A number of
Awards
A number of awards for Canadian comics and cartooning have appeared, especially since the beginning of the 21st century.
The National Newspaper Awards was established in 1949[80] with a category for Editorial Cartooning[8] honouring those that "embody an idea made clearly apparent, good drawing, and striking pictorial effect in the public interest". The award's first recipient was Jack Booth of The Globe and Mail.[3]
The Bédélys Prize (French: Prix Bédélys) has been awarded to French-language comics since 2000. It comes with bursaries for the Prix Bédélys Québec (for Best Book from Québec) and Prix Bédélys Fanzine.[81]
Since 2005 the
The
Academia
From the 1990s onward an increasing amount of literature on Canadian comics has appeared, in both official languages. Books such as
Notable Archival and Library Collections, Initiatives
Library and Archives Canada
Library and Archives Canada has one of the largest collections of comic books in the country, including the John Bell Canadian Comic Book Collection, donated by historian and archivist John Bell,[88] and the Bell Features Collection, from the corporate archive of Toronto-based publisher Bell Features.[89][90]
Canada Comics Open Library
The Canada Comics Open Library was incorporated in April 2018 and opened its first branch in Toronto in March 2019.[91] It is an entirely volunteer run non-profit organization that seeks to create a public space to feature Canadian comics, especially work by underrepresented creators. CCOL is a lending library for members, and also hosts the Comics Creators Residency which supports Canadian comics creators[92] through funding from the Toronto Arts Council.[93] The CCOL is notable for its use of an open-source library system customized to emphasize the discoverability of comics.[94] CCOL has also invented a unique cataloguing system intended to display the scope of the comic book medium, in opposition to common library classification systems like Library of Congress Classification or Dewey Decimal Classification, which group comics of all genres together.[95][96]
Canadian Cartoonists Database
The Canadian Cartoonists Database, a project of the Canada Comics Open Library, is a searchable directory of Canadian comics creators, which features over a thousand entries and serves as a tool for "publishers, researchers, and educators."[94]
See also
- List of Canadian comics creators
- Canadian humour
- Culture of Canada
- Comic book collecting
- Comics! was a Canadian television program
- History of Canadian animation
- Prisoners of Gravity
References
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- ^ "Grant Recipients 2004-2022 - Toronto Arts Council". torontoartscouncil.org. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
- ^ a b Jooha, Kim (2023-10-23). "Inside the Canada Comics Open Library with Rotem Anna Diamant & Jordan Reg. Aelick". The Comics Journal. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
- ^ Muratori, Fred. "LibGuides: Comics and Graphic Novels: Find Books". guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
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Works cited
- Adams, Mary Louise (1997). The Trouble with Normal. ISBN 978-0-8020-8057-8.
- Astor, Dave (2007-01-08). "Popular Cartoon Will Stay On—As Old/New Hybrid". Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- Beaty, Bart (2002). "Comic Books and Graphic Novels". In New, William H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 221–223. ISBN 978-0-8020-0761-2.
- Bell, John (2001-07-12). "Superhero Profiles: Nelvana of the Northern Lights". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- Bell, John (2002-06-24). "Beyond the Funnies: History of Comic Books in English Canada". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- Bell, John (2006). Invaders from the North: How Canada Conquered the Comic Book Universe. Toronto: ISBN 978-1-55002-659-7.
- Booker, M. Keith (2010). Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35748-0.
- Braga, Matthew (2011-05-09). "Toronto Comics Fest, Ruining Mother's Day Yet Again". Torontoist. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- Campbell, Eddie (2011-08-07). "A Big Spread-10". Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- Carpentier, André (1975). La Bande dessinée kébécoise (in French). La barre du jour.
- Chung, Andrew (2011-11-25). "Quebec's comic book icon just your average hero". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- Cook, Ramsay (2000). "Bengough, John Wilson". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- Daffern, Ian (November 2011). "Review of Hark! A Vagrant by Kate Beaton/Review of The Great Northern Brotherhood of Canadian Cartoonists by Seth". Quill & Quire. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
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- Grossman, Lev (2011-12-07). "7. Hark! A Vagrant by Kate Beaton". Time. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- Hawthorn, Tom (2008-04-30). "In Memory of Bob Bierman". The Globe and Mail.
- Hustak, Alan; Monet, Don (2012). "Cartoons, Political". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- Lerner, Loren R.; Williamson, Mary F. (1991). Art and architecture in Canada: a bibliography and guide to the literature to 1981. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5856-0.
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Further reading
English
- ISBN 0-662-19347-4.
- ISBN 0-921101-00-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7710-2686-7.
- ISBN 0-88778-065-2.
- Theaker, Dan (1986). An Introduction to Canadian Comic Books: A Bibliography and Price Guide to Canadian Comic Books, 1941–1985. Aurora Books.
French
- Dubois, B. (1996). Bande dessinée québécoise : répertoire bibliographique à suivre (in French). Sillery: éditions D.B.K.
- Falardeau, Mira (1994). La Bande dessinée au Québec (in French). Boréal.
- Falardeau, Mira (2008). Histoire de la bande dessinée au Québec (in French). Montreal: VLB éditeur, collection Études québécoises.
- Giguère, Michel (2005). La bande dessinée, populaire et méconnue (in French). Cahier de référence du programme de perfectionnement professionnel ALQ.
- Viau, Michel (1999). BDQ : Répertoire des publications de bandes dessinées au Québec des origines à nos jours (in French). ISBN 2-920993-38-0.
- Viau, Michel (2007). "Grande presse et petits bonhommes, la naissance de la BDQ". Formule Un (in French). Mécanique Générale.
External links
- Guardians of the North: a history of Canadian superheroes (National Library & Archives of Canada)
- Beyond The Funnies at Library and Archives Canada
- History of Comic Books in English Canada
- Association of Canadian Editorial Cartoonists website
- The Joe Shuster Canadian Comics Awards
- List of links to Canadian webcomics
- Sequential : A Canadian Comics News & Culture Blog
- Golden Age Canadian Comics
- Digital Comic Museum (scans of presumed public domain Canadian comics)