Canadians
Total population | |
---|---|
Canada: 39,858,480 (Q2 2023)[1] Ethnic origins:[2][3]
| |
Regions with significant populations | |
Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world
| |
United States | 1,062,640[5] |
Hong Kong | 300,000[5] |
United Kingdom | 73,000[5] |
France | 60,000[6] |
Lebanon | 45,000[5] |
United Arab Emirates | 40,000[7] |
Italy | 30,000[8] |
Pakistan | 30,000[9] |
Australia | 27,289[5] |
China | 19,990[5] |
Germany | 15,750[10] |
South Korea | 14,210[5] |
Japan | 11,016[5] |
Languages | |
Religion | |
Canadians (French: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian.
Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society home to people of groups of many different ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. Following the initial period of French and then the much larger British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continue today. Elements of Indigenous, French, British, and more recent immigrant customs, languages, and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic neighbour—the United States.
Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of many years following the formation of the
Term
The word Canadian originally applied, in its French form, Canadien, to the colonists residing in the northern part of New France[12]— in Quebec, and Ontario—during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The French colonists in Maritime Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), were known as Acadians.
When
Population
As of 2010, Canadians make up 0.5% of the
Immigration
While the first contact with Europeans and Indigenous peoples in Canada had occurred a century or more before, the first group of permanent settlers were the French, who founded the New France settlements, in present-day Quebec and Ontario; and Acadia, in present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, during the early part of the 17th century.[22][23]
Approximately 100
In the wake of the British
Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the
Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the
Rank | Country | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | India | 127,795 | 31.5 |
2 | China[b] | 30,970 | 7.6 |
3 | Philippines | 17,990 | 4.4 |
4 | Nigeria | 15,580 | 3.8 |
5 | France | 12,685 | 3.1 |
6 | United States | 11,930 | 2.9 |
7 | Brazil | 11,420 | 2.8 |
8 | Iran | 11,285 | 2.8 |
9 | Afghanistan | 8,550 | 2.1 |
10 | Pakistan | 8,410 | 2.1 |
Top 10 Total | 256,615 | 63.3 | |
Other | 148,715 | 36.7 | |
Total | 405,330 | 100 |
The
The majority of
Citizenship and diaspora
According to
As of a 2010 report by the
Ethnic ancestry
English Irish Scottish French German Chinese Indian Ukrainian | Métis Acadian Mennonite Inuit Cree Ojibway Dene Heiltsuk |
According to the
The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[c] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[68][64]
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being "white", representing 69.8 percent of the population.[69][70] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[71] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[70][e] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[69]
Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[73] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.[74] The 2021 Census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a
Culture
Canadian culture is primarily a Western culture, with influences by First Nations and other cultures. It is a product of its ethnicities, languages, religions, political, and legal system(s). Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature, humour, and music.[77] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation.[78] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture distinct from English Canadian culture.[79] However, as a whole, Canada is a cultural mosaic: a collection of several regional, indigenous, and ethnic subcultures.[80][81]
Canadian government policies such as
Canadian culture has historically been influenced by
The Constitution Act, 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the Civil War in the United States.[90] The compromises made by the Fathers of Confederation set Canadians on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity.[91][92]
The
Religion
Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs.
The
Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly
The earliest documentation of
Languages
A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians, respectively.[127] As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language speakers), Punjabi (501,680), Spanish (458,850), Tagalog (431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian (375,645).[127] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) can speak an indigenous language. About half this number (129,865) reported using an indigenous language on a daily basis.[128] Additionally, Canadians speak several sign languages; the number of speakers is unknown of the most spoken ones, American Sign Language (ASL) and Quebec Sign Language (LSQ),[129] as it is of Maritime Sign Language and Plains Sign Talk.[130] There are only 47 speakers of the Inuit sign language Inuktitut.[131]
English and French are recognized by the
In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of
See also
- Canuck
- List of Canadians
- Persons of National Historic Significance
- List of prime ministers of Canada
Notes
- Lutheran 0.9%, Presbyterian 0.8%, Anabaptist 0.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.4%, Methodist 0.3%, Latter Day Saints 0.2%, Reformed 0.2%, other Christian9.7%.
- ^ Officially, the People's Republic of China. Excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (listed separately).
- ^ a b All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[65] The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage.[66][67]
- ^ The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".[4]
- ^ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[72]
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Further reading
- Beaty, Bart; Briton, Derek; Filax, Gloria (2010). How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture. Athabasca University Press. ISBN 978-1-897425-59-6.
- Bumsted, J. M. (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-672-9.
- Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-7455-7.
- Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2286-9.
- Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History. Vol. 1. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3324-7.
- Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre; Michaud, Achille (2002). CBC (ed.). Canada: A People's History. Vol. 2. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3336-0.
- Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2009). The Big Book of Canadian Trivia. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-77070-614-9.
- Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, M. J. (2010). The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
- Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots of Canadian Identity. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
- Richard, Madeline A. (1992). Ethnic Groups and Marital Choices: Ethnic History and Marital Assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0431-8.
- Simpson, Jeffrey (2000). Star-Spangled Canadians: Canadians Living the American Dream. Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255767-2.
- Studin, Irvin (2006). What Is a Canadian?: Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-8321-1.
External links
- Canada Year Book 2010 – Statistics Canada
- Canada: A People's History – Teacher Resources – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada[permanent dead link] – Parks Canada
- Multicultural Canada – Department of Canadian Heritage
- The Canadian Immigrant Experience – Library and Archives Canada
- The Dictionary of Canadian Biography – Library and Archives Canada
- Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada – Library and Archives Canada