Canadians

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Canadians
Total population
Canada: 39,858,480 (Q2 2023)[1]
Ethnic origins:[2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world
United States1,062,640[5]
Hong Kong300,000[5]
United Kingdom73,000[5]
France60,000[6]
Lebanon45,000[5]
United Arab Emirates40,000[7]
Italy30,000[8]
Pakistan30,000[9]
Australia27,289[5]
China19,990[5]
Germany15,750[10]
South Korea14,210[5]
Japan11,016[5]
Languages
Languages of Canada[11]
  • 54.9% English
  • 19.6% French
  • 3.5% Chinese
  • 1.8% Punjabi
  • 1.5% Spanish
  • 1.4% Arabic
  • 1.3% Tagalog
  • 0.9% Italian
  • 0.7% German
  • 0.7% Portuguese
Religion
Religions of Canada[11]

Canadians (French: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian.

Canada is a multilingual and multicultural society home to people of groups of many different ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. Following the initial period of French and then the much larger British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continue today. Elements of Indigenous, French, British, and more recent immigrant customs, languages, and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic neighbour—the United States.

Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of many years following the formation of the

socioeconomic development
.

Term

The word Canadian originally applied, in its French form, Canadien, to the colonists residing in the northern part of New France[12]— in Quebec, and Ontario—during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The French colonists in Maritime Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), were known as Acadians.

When

French and English settlers in the Canadas.[13][15]

Population

As of 2010, Canadians make up 0.5% of the

2016 Canadian census, numbered at 1,673,780 or 4.9% of the country's 35,151,728 population.[21]

Immigration

While the first contact with Europeans and Indigenous peoples in Canada had occurred a century or more before, the first group of permanent settlers were the French, who founded the New France settlements, in present-day Quebec and Ontario; and Acadia, in present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, during the early part of the 17th century.[22][23]

Approximately 100

Métis, an ethnic group of mixed European and First Nations parentage.[27]

In the wake of the British

Conquest of New France in 1760 and the Expulsion of the Acadians, many families from the British colonies in New England moved over into Nova Scotia and other colonies in Canada, where the British made farmland available to British settlers on easy terms. More settlers arrived during and after the American Revolutionary War, when approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America, a large portion of whom settled in New Brunswick.[28] After the War of 1812, British (including British army regulars), Scottish, and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada.[29]

Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the

Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia.[31] The Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince Edward Island and the Province of Canada, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in Toronto in 1847 and 1848.[32][33] Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are often referred to as Old Stock Canadians.[34][35]

Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the

South Asian immigration into British Columbia during the early 1900s[38] led to the continuous journey regulation act of 1908 which indirectly halted Indian immigration to Canada, as later evidenced by the infamous 1914 Komagata Maru incident
.

Permanent residents admitted in 2021, by top 10 source countries[39]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1  India 127,795 31.5
2  China[b] 30,970 7.6
3  Philippines 17,990 4.4
4  Nigeria 15,580 3.8
5  France 12,685 3.1
6  United States 11,930 2.9
7  Brazil 11,420 2.8
8  Iran 11,285 2.8
9  Afghanistan 8,550 2.1
10  Pakistan 8,410 2.1
Top 10 Total 256,615 63.3
Other 148,715 36.7
Total 405,330 100

The

immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home Children" from Britain.[41] Block settlement communities were established throughout Western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.[42] Canada received mainly European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles, and Ukrainians.[43]
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act, 1923) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.[44] While the 1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants were increasingly Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Jamaican, and Haitian.[45] During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.[46] Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asians, who tended to settle in British Columbia.[47] Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban centres.[48][49] The Canadian public, as well as the major political parties, are tolerant of immigrants.[50]

The majority of

southern provinces of the People's Republic of China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe, Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East.[51] Estimates of numbers of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.[52]

Citizenship and diaspora

Map of the Canadian diaspora in the world (might include people with Canadian citizenship and children of Canadians).[8]
  Canada
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000

Immigration Act, 1976 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.[56] Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship, Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of 1910.[57]

According to

Citizenship and Immigration Canada, there are three main classifications for immigrants: family class (persons closely related to Canadian residents), economic class (admitted on the basis of a point system that accounts for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and refugee class (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee law).[58] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[18] Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world's refugees[59] and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world.[60]

As of a 2010 report by the

dual citizenship, but Passport Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport so that they can access Canadian consular services.[63]

Ethnic ancestry

A map showing the largest ethnic or cultural origins in Canada by census division in 2021.

According to the

Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).[4][64] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.[4][d]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[c] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[68][64]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being "white", representing 69.8 percent of the population.[69][70] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[71] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[70][e] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[69]

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[73] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.[74] The 2021 Census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a

1921 Census previous record of 22.3 percent.[75] In 2021 India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.[76]

Culture

A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada; titled "The next favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.'"

Canadian culture is primarily a Western culture, with influences by First Nations and other cultures. It is a product of its ethnicities, languages, religions, political, and legal system(s). Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature, humour, and music.[77] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation.[78] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture distinct from English Canadian culture.[79] However, as a whole, Canada is a cultural mosaic: a collection of several regional, indigenous, and ethnic subcultures.[80][81]

Canadian government policies such as

American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[84] The Government of Canada has also influenced culture with programs, laws, and institutions. It has created Crown corporations to promote Canadian culture through media, and has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content.[85]

Canadian culture has historically been influenced by

British Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation.[88] The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking habitants, guaranteeing through the Quebec Act of 1774 the right of the Canadiens to practise the Catholic faith and to use French civil law (now Quebec law).[89]

The Constitution Act, 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the Civil War in the United States.[90] The compromises made by the Fathers of Confederation set Canadians on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity.[91][92]

The

African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.[97] The multiple-origins immigration pattern continues today, with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non-British or non-French backgrounds.[98]

Religion

Religion in Canada (2011 National Household Survey)[103]

  
Judaism
(1.0%)
  Other religions (0.6%)

Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs.

official religion, and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political culture.[106][107] With the role of Christianity in decline, it having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[108] commentators have suggested that Canada has come to enter a post-Christian period in a secular state,[109][110] with irreligion on the rise.[111] The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God.[112] The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and within the state.[113]

The

Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7 percent of the population.[103] The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians); followed by Anglicans (5.0%), and Baptists (1.9%).[103] About 23.9% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and other groups.[103] The remaining are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (3.2%), followed by Hinduism (1.5%), Sikhism (1.4%), Buddhism (1.1%), and Judaism (1.0%).[103]

Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly

Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.[118]

The earliest documentation of

Edmonton, in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.[122] Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese immigrated during the late 19th century.[123] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built in Vancouver in 1905.[124] The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century, with Sri Lankan, Japanese, Indian and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Jain, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities.[125]

Languages

Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak English or French (2006)[126]
  English – 56.9%
  English and French (Bilingual) – 16.1%
  French – 21.3%
  Sparsely populated area (<0.4 km2 (0.15 sq mi) per person)

A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians, respectively.[127] As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language speakers), Punjabi (501,680), Spanish (458,850), Tagalog (431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian (375,645).[127] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) can speak an indigenous language. About half this number (129,865) reported using an indigenous language on a daily basis.[128] Additionally, Canadians speak several sign languages; the number of speakers is unknown of the most spoken ones, American Sign Language (ASL) and Quebec Sign Language (LSQ),[129] as it is of Maritime Sign Language and Plains Sign Talk.[130] There are only 47 speakers of the Inuit sign language Inuktitut.[131]

English and French are recognized by the

Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, and Tłįchǫ.[134] Multicultural media are widely accessible across the country and offer specialty television channels, newspapers, and other publications in many minority languages.[135]

In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of

Plains Sign Talk—which functioned originally as a trade language used to communicate internationally and across linguistic borders—reached across Canada, the United States, and into Mexico.[138]

See also

Notes

  1. Lutheran 0.9%, Presbyterian 0.8%, Anabaptist 0.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.4%, Methodist 0.3%, Latter Day Saints 0.2%, Reformed 0.2%, other Christian
    9.7%.
  2. ^ Officially, the People's Republic of China. Excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (listed separately).
  3. ^ a b All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[65] The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage.[66][67]
  4. ^ The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".[4]
  5. ^ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[72]

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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