Canary Islands
Canary Islands
Canarias (Spanish) | |
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15th | |
Website | www |
The Canary Islands (
The seven main islands are (from largest to smallest in area)
In 2023, the Canary Islands had a population of 2.236.013,[11] with a density of 299 inhabitants per km2, making it the seventh most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria.
The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year. This is due to their beaches,
In 1927, the
During the
Etymology
The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", perhaps because monk seals or sea dogs were abundant, a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the island Canaria contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".[24] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms.
Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.[25]
The name of the islands is not derived from the
Physical geography
The islands form the
According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east
As a consequence, the individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct
Climate
The climate is warm
Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.0 (69.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 31.5 (1.24) |
35.4 (1.39) |
37.8 (1.49) |
11.6 (0.46) |
3.6 (0.14) |
0.9 (0.04) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.0 (0.08) |
6.8 (0.27) |
18.7 (0.74) |
34.1 (1.34) |
43.2 (1.70) |
225.7 (8.89) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.0 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 6.1 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 59.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178 | 186 | 221 | 237 | 282 | 306 | 337 | 319 | 253 | 222 | 178 | 168 | 2,887 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[32]
|
Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.2 (70.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25 (1.0) |
24 (0.9) |
13 (0.5) |
6 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
9 (0.4) |
16 (0.6) |
22 (0.9) |
31 (1.2) |
151 (5.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 22 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 184 | 191 | 229 | 228 | 272 | 284 | 308 | 300 | 241 | 220 | 185 | 179 | 2,821 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[34]
|
Climate data for Tenerife North Airport
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 80 (3.1) |
70 (2.8) |
61 (2.4) |
39 (1.5) |
19 (0.7) |
11 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
16 (0.6) |
47 (1.9) |
81 (3.2) |
82 (3.2) |
517 (20.2) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 95 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 150 | 168 | 188 | 203 | 234 | 237 | 262 | 269 | 213 | 194 | 155 | 137 | 2,410 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[35]
|
Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 16.6 (0.65) |
19.9 (0.78) |
14.7 (0.58) |
7.4 (0.29) |
1.1 (0.04) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
1.3 (0.05) |
3.6 (0.14) |
11.9 (0.47) |
26.3 (1.04) |
30.3 (1.19) |
133.3 (5.23) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 15.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 193 | 195 | 226 | 219 | 246 | 259 | 295 | 277 | 213 | 214 | 193 | 195 | 2,725 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[34]
|
Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.3 (74.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.2 (64.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 49 (1.9) |
57 (2.2) |
33 (1.3) |
19 (0.7) |
7 (0.3) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
12 (0.5) |
41 (1.6) |
70 (2.8) |
80 (3.1) |
372 (14.5) |
Average rainy days | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 40 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 141 | 146 | 177 | 174 | 192 | 188 | 222 | 209 | 187 | 175 | 140 | 138 | 2,106 |
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[36]
|
Geology
The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the
The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island.[41] All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery.[42] The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and continued to the present day. The current islands reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division, but are nowadays recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot.[43]
In the summer of 2011 a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast–southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.[44]
The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands:
Mountain | Elevation | Island | |
---|---|---|---|
m | ft | ||
Teide | 3,715 | 12,188 | Tenerife |
Roque de los Muchachos | 2,426 | 7,959 | La Palma |
Pico de las Nieves | 1,949 | 6,394 | Gran Canaria |
Pico de Malpaso | 1,501 | 4,925 | El Hierro |
Garajonay
|
1,487 | 4,879 | La Gomera |
Pico de la Zarza | 812 | 2,664 | Fuerteventura |
Peñas del Chache | 670 | 2,200 | Lanzarote |
Aguja Grande | 266 | 873 | La Graciosa
|
Caldera de Alegranza | 289 | 948 | Alegranza |
Caldera de Lobos | 126 | 413 | Lobos
|
La Mariana | 256 | 840 | Montaña Clara |
Natural symbols
The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird
-
Serinus canaria
National parks
Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Two of these have been declared
Park | Island | Area | Year of Designation | UNESCO Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caldera de Taburiente National Park | La Palma | 46.9 km2 (18.1 sq mi) | 1954 | Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002 |
Garajonay National Park | La Gomera | 39.86 km2 (15.39 sq mi) | 1981 | World Heritage Site since 1986 |
Teide National Park | Tenerife | 189.9 km2 (73.3 sq mi) | 1954 | World Heritage Site since 2007 |
Timanfaya National Park | Lanzarote | 51.07 km2 (19.72 sq mi) | 1974 | Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993 |
Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife, it is the most visited national park in Spain. In 2010, it became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide.[45][46] The park's highlight is the Teide volcano; standing at an altitude of 3,715 metres (12,188 ft),[51] it is the highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. In 2007, the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.
Politics
Governance
The regional executive body, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, is presided over by Fernando Clavijo Batlle (Canarian Coalition), the current President of the Canary Islands. The latter is invested by the members of the regional legislature, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, that consists of 70 elected legislators. The last regional election took place in May 2023.
The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected (3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, and 1 each for Lanzarote (including La Graciosa), Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro) while the other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature.[52]
Political geography
The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two
The international boundary of the Canaries is one subject of dispute in the
Canarian nationalism
There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands, but their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares.[citation needed] According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (53.8%) consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 24% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. Only 6.1% of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian while 7% consider themselves only Spanish.[56]
Defence
The defence of the territory is the responsibility of the
History
Ancient and pre-Hispanic times
Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals including the giant lizard (
Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear, linguistic, genetic, and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2,000 years ago but possibly one thousand years or more before, and that they shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast.[58][59][60] Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats, landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife.[61]
As José Farrujia describes, 'The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves, usually near the coast, 300–500m above sea level. These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements, with burial caves nearby'.
The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed 'a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands, in which inheritance was passed on via the female line. Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual's position in the social pyramid, which consisted of the king, the relatives of the king, the lower nobility, villeins, plebeians, and finally executioners, butchers, embalmers, and prisoners'. Their religion was animist, centring on the sun and moon, as well as natural features such as mountains.[62]
Exploration
The islands may have been visited by the
The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria (Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote), Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera).[68]
From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from
Castilian conquest
In 1402, the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From there, they went on to conquer Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. These invasions were "brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians" lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians.[59] Professor Mohamed Adhikari has defined the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches.[69][70]
Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord. It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) conflicted with those of the states, particularly Castile, which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the Crown against the nobility.[71]
Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands:
Aristocratic conquest (Conquista señorial). This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile, which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown. One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman Conquest, carried out by
Royal conquest (Conquista realenga). This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496, carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the
Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince
The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1496, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. As a result of this 'the native pre-Hispanic population declined quickly due to war, epidemics, and slavery'.[72] The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.
After the conquest and the introduction of slavery
After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480, and Tenerife was conquered in 1496, and each had its own governor. There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Béthencourt during his conquest of the islands. Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes. This includes royal purple colors derived from roccella tinctoria, also known as orseille.[73]
The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force. This was attained through a brutal practice of enslavement, not only of indigenous Canarians but large numbers of Africans who were forcibly taken from North and Sub-Saharan Africa.[74] Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands, it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied.[75]
This agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane and the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production, and the processing and manufacturing of sugar, facilitated by enslaved labourers.
As a result of the huge wealth generated, magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century. Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sánchez-Ochando or Casa Quintana.
The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by
The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the
The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. Three hundred Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.
In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.[79] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.
18th to 19th century
The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's Caribbean colonies. Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, reinvigorating the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira and Havana, among others.[80]
By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as
Romantic period and scientific expeditions
Sirera and Renn (2004)[86] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period":
First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers:
- J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions.
- Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands.
- Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
- the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects.
The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following:
- Alexander von Humboldt (1799)
- Smith(1815)
- Broussonet
- Webb
- Sabin Berthelot.
Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase".
Early 20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new
.30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[87] The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927.[88]
During the time of the
Franco regime
In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe.[89]
During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.[90][Note 1] The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim.[91]
Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the
During the
Self-governance
This section is missing information about the ruling junta in the periode 1978–1982.(July 2023) |
After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement, and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule.[93]
After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won.[94]
Capitals
At present, the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals:
The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century. The first cities founded by the
The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands, although originally de facto, that is, without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy.
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function. This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[96] In May 1661, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, Jerónimo de Benavente y Quiñones, moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife.[97] This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated, productive and with the highest economic expectations.[98] La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago[99] until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century, due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic, political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago.[100]
Already in 1723, the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristóbal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria.[101] It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands (De jure and not of de facto as happened previously).[15][18] Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces: Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city.
Finally, with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed, which is how it remains today.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1768 | 155,763 | — |
1787 | 168,928 | +0.43% |
1797 | 173,865 | +0.29% |
1842 | 241,266 | +0.73% |
1860 | 237,036 | −0.10% |
1887 | 301,983 | +0.90% |
1900 | 364,408 | +1.46% |
1920 | 488,483 | +1.48% |
1940 | 687,937 | +1.73% |
1960 | 966,177 | +1.71% |
1981 | 1,367,646 | +1.67% |
1990 | 1,589,403 | +1.68% |
2000 | 1,716,276 | +0.77% |
2010 | 2,118,519 | +2.13% |
2011[103] | 2,082,655 | −1.69% |
2012 | — | |
2013 | — | |
2014[104] | 2,104,815 | — |
2015[105] | 2,128,647 | +1.13% |
2016 | — | |
2017 | 2,154,905 | — |
2018[106] | 2,127,685 | −1.26% |
2019 | 2,153,387 | +1.21% |
2021 | 2,172,944 | +0.45% |
The Canary Islands have a population of 2,153,389 inhabitants (2019), making it the eighth most populous of Spain's
resulting in a population density of 287.4 inhabitants per square kilometre.The population of the islands according to the 2019 data are:[4]
- Tenerife – 917,841
- Gran Canaria – 851,231
- La Graciosa)
- Fuerteventura – 116,886
- La Palma – 82,671
- La Gomera – 21,503
- El Hierro – 10,968
The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents, mainly coming from Italy, Germany and the UK. Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families, there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela (66,593) or Cuba (41,807). Since the 1990s, many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands, Melilla and Ceuta, using them as entry points to the EU.[108][109][110]
Population of the Canary Islands 2019 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Birthplace | Population | Percent | |
Canary Islands | 1,553,517 | 72.1 | |
Rest of Spain | 176,302 | 8.2 | |
Total, Spain | 1,735,457 | 80.6 | |
Foreign-born | 417,932 | 19.4 | |
Americas | 201,257 | 9.3 | |
Venezuela | 66,573 | – | |
Cuba | 41,792 | – | |
Colombia | 31,361 | – | |
Argentina | 17,429 | – | |
Uruguay | 8,687 | – | |
Rest of Europe | 154,511 | 7.2 | |
Italy | 39,469 | – | |
Germany | 25,921 | – | |
United Kingdom | 25,339 | – | |
Africa | 38,768 | 1.8 | |
Morocco | 24,268 | – | |
Asia | 23,082 | 1.1 | |
China | 9,848 | – | |
Oceania | 314 | 0.0 | |
Total | 2,153,389 | 100.0 | |
Source[109][111] |
Religion
The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands. There are also several other religious communities.
Roman Catholic Church
The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are
The appearance of the
The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:
- Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was later abolished.
- western province: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna(1819–present).
Other religions
Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims.[115] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.[116] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago.
Other religious faiths represented include
Statistics
The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:[117]
- Catholic 84.9%
- Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
- Other religions 1.7%
Population genetics
Islands
Ordered from west to east, the Canary Islands are
El Hierro
El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km2 (103.75 sq mi), making it the second smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,798 inhabitants. The whole island was declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde. Also known as Ferro, it was once believed to be the westernmost land in the world. Ancient European geographers such as Ptolemy recognised the island as the prime meridian of longitude. That remained so until the 19th century when it was displaced by the one passing through Greenwich.[118][119]
Fuerteventura
Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi), is the second largest island of the archipelago. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. It has a population of 113,275. The oldest of the islands, it is more eroded. Its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario.
Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria has 846,717 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (377,203 inhabitants), is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi). Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet) are located in the center of the island. On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria).
La Gomera
La Gomera has an area of 369.76 km2 (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 21,136 inhabitants. Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is
Lanzarote
Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the oldest of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 149,183 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834 inhabitants.
Chinijo Archipelago
The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands
. It has a surface of 40.8 km2 (15.8 sq mi), and only La Graciosa is populated, with 658 inhabitants. With 29 km2 (11 sq mi), La Graciosa, is the largest island of the Chinijo Archipelago but also the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries.La Palma
La Palma, with 81,863 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km2 (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. On September 19, 2021, the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted.[120] It is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as its highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma (known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz") is its capital.
Tenerife
Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. In addition, with 904,713 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage Site). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna. Teide, with its 3,715 metres (12,188 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and also a World Heritage Site. Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.
La Graciosa
Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo). It is administered by the municipality of Teguise. In 2018 La Graciosa officially became the eighth Canary Island.[121][122][123] Before then, La Graciosa had the status of an islet, administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands, with a population of about 700 people.
Data
Flag | Coat of arms | Island | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2010) | Population Density (people/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Hierro | Valverde
|
268.71 | 10,960 | 40.79 | ||
Fuerteventura | Puerto del Rosario | 1,660 | 103,492 | 62.34 | ||
Gran Canaria | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
|
1,560.1 | 845,676 | 542.07 | ||
La Gomera | San Sebastián | 369.76 | 22,776 | 61.6 | ||
Lanzarote | Arrecife | 845.94 | 141,437 | 167.2 | ||
La Palma | Santa Cruz de La Palma | 708.32 | 86,324 | 121.87 | ||
Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | 2,034.38 | 906,854 | 445.76 | ||
– | – | La Graciosa
|
Caleta de Sebo | 29.05 | 658 | 22.65 |
– | – | Alegranza | – | 10.3 | – | – |
– | – | Isla de Lobos | – | 4.5 | – | – |
– | – | Montaña Clara | – | 1.48 | – | – |
– | – | Roque del Este | – | 0.06 | – | – |
– | – | Roque del Oeste | – | 0.015 | – | – |
Economy and environment
Year | Visitors |
---|---|
2009 (Jan–Jun) |
4,002,013 |
2008 | 9,210,509 |
2007 | 9,326,116 |
2006 | 9,530,039 |
2005 | 9,276,963 |
2004 | 9,427,265 |
2003 | 9,836,785 |
2002 | 9,778,512 |
2001 | 10,137,205 |
2000 | 9,975,977 |
1993 | 6,545,396 |
Largest by Country (2008) |
Population |
Germany | 2,498,847 |
United Kingdom | 3,355,942 |
The economy is based primarily on
.Water resources are also being overexploited, due to the high water usage by tourists.
To bring in revenue for environmental protection, innovation, training and water sanitation a
The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds).[citation needed] Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs.[citation needed]
Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs.[128] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped.[129]
Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels, research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago. This, in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward.[130]
The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons, 22% of Spanish (from outside the Canaries), and 21% of Germans). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.[12] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually.[131]
The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the
The islands, as an autonomous region of Spain, are in the
Canarian time is Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the UK, Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round.
Tourism statistics
The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands had been in 2018 16,150,054 and in the year 2019 15,589,290.[133]
Rank | Island | Number of Visitors |
---|---|---|
1 | Tenerife | 5,889,454 |
2 | Gran Canaria | 4,267,385 |
3 | Lanzarote | 3,065,575 |
4 | Fuerteventura | 2,023,196 |
5 | La Palma | 343,680 |
Month | Lanzarote | Fuerteventura | Gran Canaria | Tenerife | La Palma |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 May | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2020 April | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2020 March | 99,407 | 71,988 | 141,692 | 208,696 | 11,531 |
2020 February | 215,054 | 175,618 | 387,432 | 528,873 | 31,996 |
2020 January | 209,769 | 149,140 | 405,208 | 512,153 | 36,618 |
2020 | 524,230 | 396,746 | 934,332 | 1,249,722 | 80,145 |
2019 December | 256,733 | 168,717 | 416,723 | 526,258 | 35,515 |
2019 November | 231,995 | 159,352 | 405,715 | 487,576 | 29,614 |
2019 October | 258,722 | 175,472 | 354,718 | 484,905 | 24,506 |
2019 September | 235,534 | 154,056 | 291,855 | 432,241 | 21,106 |
2019 August | 273,783 | 175,153 | 328,921 | 501,712 | 26,465 |
2019 July | 270,438 | 171,819 | 333,530 | 481,976 | 22,059 |
2019 June | 242,901 | 159,945 | 274,881 | 451,244 | 18,266 |
2019 May | 230,821 | 140,370 | 261,250 | 423,740 | 19,447 |
2019 April | 256,776 | 179,318 | 324,647 | 484,097 | 32,927 |
2019 March | 295,614 | 201,556 | 447,905 | 579,224 | 39,570 |
2019 February | 272,428 | 164,970 | 403,123 | 513,880 | 32,162 |
2019 January | 239,830 | 172,468 | 424,117 | 522,601 | 42,043 |
2019 | 3,065,575 | 2,023,196 | 4,267,385 | 5,889,454 | 343,680 |
2018 December | 258,185 | 171,248 | 420,041 | 519,566 | 34,266 |
2018 November | 256,755 | 163,189 | 410,456 | 513,953 | 40,401 |
2018 October | 265,950 | 207,176 | 397,411 | 541,492 | 27,865 |
2018 September | 249,877 | 181,272 | 326,673 | 451,957 | 22,094 |
2018 August | 260,216 | 206,718 | 370,232 | 516,048 | 28,054 |
2018 July | 258,746 | 208,723 | 374,844 | 485,961 | 23,453 |
2018 June | 233,824 | 181,406 | 301,068 | 448,667 | 19,384 |
2018 May | 245,563 | 159,808 | 285,178 | 421,763 | 22,702 |
2018 April | 266,433 | 184,772 | 347,043 | 488,679 | 30,675 |
2018 March | 299,270 | 223,478 | 441,620 | 572,515 | 35,369 |
2018 February | 246,215 | 181,218 | 396,707 | 484,485 | 40,282 |
2018 January | 222,283 | 184,199 | 438,555 | 503,856 | 50,215 |
2018 | 3,063,317 | 2,253,207 | 4,509,828 | 5,948,942 | 374,760 |
Source (05/2020):[133] |
GDP statistics
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Canary Islands in 2015 was €40,923 million, €19,222 per capita. The figures by island are as follows:[134]
Island | GDP |
---|---|
Tenerife | 17,615 |
Gran Canaria | 15,812 |
Lanzarote | 3,203 |
Fuerteventura | 2,298 |
La Palma | 1,423 |
La Gomera | 394 |
El Hierro | 178 |
Transport
The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap.[135] Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Grand Canaria.[136][137][138]
Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers, cargo, and vehicles. Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph); conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), but are slower than fast ferries.[citation needed] A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour.[139]
The largest airport is the
The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,[144] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay.[145] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[146] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.[146]
The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994. However, the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface.
Rail transport
The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna.
Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands:
Line | Island | Terminus A | Terminus B |
---|---|---|---|
Tren de Gran Canaria[147] | Gran Canaria | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
|
Maspalomas |
Tren del Sur | Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Los Cristianos |
Tren del Norte[148] | Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Los Realejos |
Airports
- Tenerife South Airport – Tenerife
- Tenerife North Airport– Tenerife
- César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport – Lanzarote
- Fuerteventura Airport – Fuerteventura
- Gran Canaria Airport – Gran Canaria
- La Palma Airport – La Palma
- La Gomera Airport – La Gomera
- El Hierro Airport – El Hierro[149]
Ports
- Port of Puerto del Rosario – Fuerteventura
- Port of Arrecife – Lanzarote
- Port of Playa Blanca—Lanzarote
- Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma – La Palma
- Port of San Sebastián de La Gomera – La Gomera
- Port of La Estaca – El Hierro
- Port of Las Palmas – Gran Canaria
- Port of Arinaga – Gran Canaria
- Port of Agaete – Gran Canaria
- Port of Los Cristianos – Tenerife
- Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Tenerife
- Port of Garachico – Tenerife
- Port of Granadilla – Tenerife
Health
The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands. The majority of the archipelago's hospitals belong to this organization:[150]
- Hospital Nuestra Señora de los Reyes – El Hierro
- Hospital General de La Palma – La Palma
- Hospital Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe – La Gomera
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria – Tenerife
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias – Tenerife
- Hospital del Sur de Tenerife – Tenerife
- Hospital del Norte de Tenerife – Tenerife
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín – Gran Canaria
- Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria – Gran Canaria
- Hospital General de Lanzarote Doctor José Molina Orosa – Lanzarote
- Hospital General de Fuerteventura – Fuerteventura
Wildlife
Extinct fauna
The Canary Islands were previously inhabited by a variety of endemic animals, such as extinct giant lizards (Gallotia goliath), giant tortoises (Centrochelys burchardi and C. vulcanica),[151] and Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats (Canariomys bravoi and C. tamarani),[152] among others. Extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail (Coturnix gomerae), Dune shearwater (Puffinus holeae), Lava shearwater (P. olsoni), Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi), Slender-billed greenfinch (C. aurelioi) and the Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri).[153]
Current fauna
The bird life includes European and African species, such as the
.Terrestrial fauna includes the
Marine life
The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.
Fish species found in the islands include many species of
There are a total of five different species of
Marine mammals include the large varieties of
Native flora gallery
-
Gonospermum elegans
-
Lavatera acerifolia var. acerifolia
-
Lavatera phoenicea
-
Pericallis webbii
Holidays
Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is
The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows:[156]
Date | Name | Data |
---|---|---|
1 January | New Year | International festival. |
6 January | Epiphany | Catholic festival. |
March or April | Holy Friday |
Christian festival. |
1 May | International Workers' Day | International festival. |
30 May | Canary Islands Day |
Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands. |
15 August | Assumption of Mary | Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of the Canary Islands) is celebrated.[157][158] |
12 October | Fiesta Nacional de España (Día de la Hispanidad) |
National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas .
|
1 November | All Saints' Day | Catholic festival. |
6 December | Constitution Day | Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978 .
|
8 December | Immaculate Conception | Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain. |
25 December | Christmas | Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth .
|
In addition, each of the islands has an island festival, in which it is a holiday only on that specific island. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are:[159]
Date | Island | Saint/Virgin |
---|---|---|
2 February | Tenerife | Our Lady of Candelaria
|
5 August | La Palma | Our Lady of the Snows
|
8 September | Gran Canaria | Our Lady of the Pine |
15 September | Lanzarote | Our Lady of Dolours |
Third Saturday of the month of September | Fuerteventura | Our Lady of the Peña |
24 September | El Hierro | Our Lady of the Kings |
Monday following the first Saturday of October | La Gomera | Our Lady of Guadalupe |
The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the
Science and technology
In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14
Because of the remote location, a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago, including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria.
Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries). There is also an Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (Antonio González Bio-Organic Institute) at the University of La Laguna. Also at that university are the Instituto de Lingüística Andrés Bello (Andrés Bello Institute of Linguistics), the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa (University Institute of Business), the Instituto de Derecho Regional (Regional Institute of Law), the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (University Institute of Political and Social Sciences) and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales (Institute of Tropical Diseases). The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET, "Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases"), located in various parts of Spain. The Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) is based in Tenerife.[citation needed]
Sports
A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.[164]
Another sport is the "game of the sticks" (palo canario) where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks.[164]
Furthermore, there is the
The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As of the 2023/2024 season, UD Las Palmas plays in La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football. CD Tenerife however plays in The Segunda Divisón. When in the same division, the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby. There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system, most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna, although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight.
The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of
Notable athletes
- Paco Campos, (1916–1995); a footballer who played as a forward. With 127 goals, 120 of which were for Atlético Madrid, he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga.
- 2012 London Olympics, TaekwondoSilver Medalist in Men's Welterweight category (−80 kg).
- Alfredo Cabrera, (1881–1964); shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1913
- Sergio Rodríguez, born in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1986, played point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and New York Knicks.
- Spain national football team
- Juan Carlos Valerón, born in Arguineguín in 1975, played association football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas.
- Spain national football team
- Las Palmas de Gran Canariain 1988, professional tennis player
- Las Palmas de Gran Canariain 1980, synchronized swimmer, who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000, 2004 and 2008. She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team competition category.
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1993, plays association football for Las Palmas.
- Christo Bezuidenhout, born in Tenerife in 1970, played rugby union for Gloucester and South Africa.
- Pedri, born in Tegueste in 2002, plays association football for Barcelona.
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1999, plays association football for Real Madrid Femenino. Member of the 2023 Women's World Cup winning Spain women's national football team.
- Real Madrid.
See also
History
- Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
- First Battle of Acentejo
- Pyramids of Güímar
- Second Battle of Acentejo
- Tanausu
- Tenerife airport disaster; the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history.
Geography
- Cumbre Vieja, a volcano on La Palma
- Guatiza (Lanzarote)
- La Matanza de Acentejo
- Los Llanos de Aridane
- Orotava Valley
- San Andrés
- Islands of Macaronesia
Culture
- Canarian cuisine
- Canarian Spanish
- Religion in Canary Islands
- Isleños
- Military of the Canary Islands
- Music of the Canary Islands
- Silbo Gomero, a whistled language, is an indigenous variant of Spanish
- Tortilla canaria
- Virgin of Candelaria (Patron saint of Canary Islands)
References
Notes
- ^ "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards."
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Further reading
- Borgesen, F. (1973). "Marine Algae from the Canary Islands". Taxon. 22 (1): 150. JSTOR 1218064.
- Børgesen, Frederik; Frémy, Pierre (1925). Marine algae from the Canary Islands, especially from Teneriffe and Gran Canaria. Høst in Komm. OCLC 1070942615.
- Gill, Robin (1994). J.T., Greensmith (ed.). Tenerife, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. OCLC 31214272.
- * Greensmith, Trevor (2000). Lanzarote, Canary Islands. [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-74-2.
- Paegelow, Claus (2009). Bibliografie Kanarische Inseln = Canary Islands bibliography. Bremen: Paegelow. OCLC 551948019.
External links
- Canary Islands Government
- Official tourism website of the Canary Islands. Archived 6 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- Cloud vortices near the Canaries, March 2023. NASA Earth Observatory POTD for April 15, 2023.