Candidiasis
Candidiasis | |
---|---|
Other names | Candidosis, moniliasis, oidiomycosis |
Risk factors | Immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS), diabetes, corticosteroids, antibiotic therapy [5] |
Medication | Clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole[6] |
Frequency | 6% of babies (mouth)[7] 75% of women at some time (vaginal)[8] |
Candidiasis is a
More than 20 types of Candida may cause infection with
Efforts to prevent infections of the mouth include the use of
Infections of the mouth occur in about 6% of babies less than a month old.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area affected. are sites of candida infection.
In immunocompromised individuals, Candida infections in the esophagus occur more frequently than in healthy individuals and have a higher potential of becoming systemic, causing a much more serious condition, a fungemia called candidemia.[23][29][30] Symptoms of esophageal candidiasis include difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.[23][31]
Mouth
Infection in the mouth is characterized by white discolorations in the tongue, around the mouth, and in the throat. Irritation may also occur, causing discomfort when swallowing.[32]
Thrush is commonly seen in infants. It is not considered abnormal in infants unless it lasts longer than a few weeks.[33]
Genitals
Infection of the vagina or vulva may cause severe itching, burning, soreness, irritation, and a whitish or whitish-gray cottage cheese-like discharge. Symptoms of infection of the male genitalia (balanitis thrush) include red skin around the head of the penis, swelling, irritation, itchiness and soreness of the head of the penis, thick, lumpy discharge under the foreskin, unpleasant odour, difficulty retracting the foreskin (phimosis), and pain when passing urine or during sex.[34]
Skin
Signs and symptoms of candidiasis in the skin include itching, irritation, and chafing or broken skin.[35]
Invasive infection
Common symptoms of gastrointestinal candidiasis in healthy individuals are
Neurological symptoms
Systemic candidiasis can affect the central nervous system causing a variety of neurological symptoms, with a presentation similar to meningitis.
Causes
Candida yeasts are generally present in healthy humans, frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora, and particularly on the skin; however, their growth is normally limited by the human immune system and by competition of other microorganisms, such as bacteria occupying the same locations in the human body.[41] Candida requires moisture for growth, notably on the skin.[42] For example, wearing wet swimwear for long periods of time is believed to be a risk factor.[43] Candida can also cause diaper rashes in babies.[35] In extreme cases, superficial infections of the skin or mucous membranes may enter the bloodstream and cause systemic Candida infections.[citation needed]
Factors that increase the risk of candidiasis include
C. albicans was isolated from the vaginas of 19% of apparently healthy women, i.e., those who experienced few or no symptoms of infection. External use of detergents or
In penile candidiasis, the causes include sexual intercourse with an infected individual, low immunity, antibiotics, and diabetes. Male genital yeast infections are less common, but a yeast infection on the penis caused from direct contact via sexual intercourse with an infected partner is not uncommon.[52]
Breast-feeding mothers may also develop candidiasis on and around the nipple as a result of moisture created by excessive milk-production.[14]
Vaginal candidiasis can cause congenital candidiasis in newborns.[53]
Diagnosis
In oral candidiasis, simply inspecting the person's mouth for white patches and irritation may make the diagnosis. A sample of the infected area may also be taken to determine what organism is causing the infection.[54]
Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are also present in the more common bacterial vaginosis;[55] aerobic vaginitis is distinct and should be excluded in the differential diagnosis.[56] In a 2002 study, only 33% of women who were self-treating for a yeast infection were found to have such an infection, while most had either bacterial vaginosis or a mixed-type infection.[57]
Diagnosis of a yeast infection is confirmed either via microscopic examination or culturing. For identification by light microscopy, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a
For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then streaked on a culture medium. The culture is incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) for several days, to allow development of yeast or bacterial colonies. The characteristics (such as morphology and colour) of the colonies may allow initial diagnosis of the organism causing disease symptoms.[58] Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and esophageal candidiasis require an
Classification
Candidiasis may be divided into these types:
- Mucosal candidiasis
- Oral candidiasis (thrush, oropharyngeal candidiasis)[23][25]
- Pseudomembranous candidiasis[25]
- Erythematous candidiasis[23][25]
- Hyperplastic candidiasis[25]
- Denture-related stomatitis[23][25] — Candida organisms are involved in about 90% of cases
- Angular cheilitis[23][25] — Candida species are responsible for about 20% of cases, mixed infection of C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus for about 60% of cases.
- Median rhomboid glossitis[25]
- Candidal balanitis — infection of the glans penis,[23] almost exclusively occurring in uncircumcised males[61]
- Esophageal candidiasis (candidal esophagitis)[23][31]
- Gastrointestinal candidiasis[26][27][28]
- Respiratory candidiasis[23][26]
- Oral candidiasis (thrush, oropharyngeal candidiasis)[23][25]
- Cutaneous candidiasis
- Candidal folliculitis[23]
- Candidal intertrigo[23]
- Candidal paronychia[23]
- Perianal candidiasis, may present as pruritus ani[1]: 309
- Candidid
- Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis[23]
- Congenital cutaneous candidiasis[53]
- Diaper candidiasis: an infection of a child's diaper area[1]: 309
- Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
- Candidal onychomycosis (nail infection) caused by Candida[23][62]
- Systemic candidiasis[23]
- Candidemia, a form of fungemia which may lead to sepsis[23]
- Invasive candidiasis (disseminated candidiasis) — organ infection by Candida[23]
- Chronic systemic candidiasis (hepatosplenic candidiasis) — sometimes arises during recovery from neutropenia[23][63]
- Antibiotic candidiasis(iatrogenic candidiasis)
Prevention
A diet that supports the immune system and is not high in simple carbohydrates contributes to a healthy balance of the oral and intestinal flora.[41][49] While yeast infections are associated with diabetes, the level of blood sugar control may not affect the risk.[64] Wearing cotton underwear may help to reduce the risk of developing skin and vaginal yeast infections, along with not wearing wet clothes for long periods of time.[15][43] For women who experience recurrent yeast infections, there is limited evidence that oral or intravaginal probiotics help to prevent future infections.[17][65] This includes either as pills or as yogurt.[17]
Oral hygiene can help prevent oral candidiasis when people have a weakened immune system.[5] For people undergoing cancer treatment, chlorhexidine mouthwash can prevent or reduce thrush.[5] People who use inhaled corticosteroids can reduce the risk of developing oral candidiasis by rinsing the mouth with water or mouthwash after using the inhaler.[5] People with dentures should also disinfect their dentures regularly to prevent oral candidiasis.[54]
Treatment
Candidiasis is treated with
The 2016 revision of the
Localized infection
Mouth and throat candidiasis are treated with antifungal medication. Oral candidiasis usually responds to topical treatments; otherwise, systemic antifungal medication may be needed for oral infections. Candidal skin infections
Vaginal yeast infections are typically treated with topical antifungal agents.[20] Penile yeast infections are also treated with antifungal agents, but while an internal treatment may be used (such as a pessary) for vaginal yeast infections, only external treatments – such as a cream – can be recommended for penile treatment.[67] A one-time dose of fluconazole by mouth is 90% effective in treating a vaginal yeast infection.[68] For severe nonrecurring cases, several doses of fluconazole is recommended.[20] Local treatment may include vaginal suppositories or medicated douches. Other types of yeast infections require different dosing. C. albicans can develop resistance to fluconazole, this being more of an issue in those with HIV/AIDS who are often treated with multiple courses of fluconazole for recurrent oral infections.[69]
For vaginal yeast infection in pregnancy, topical imidazole or triazole antifungals are considered the therapy of choice owing to available safety data.[70] Systemic absorption of these topical formulations is minimal, posing little risk of transplacental transfer.[70] In vaginal yeast infection in pregnancy, treatment with topical azole antifungals is recommended for seven days instead of a shorter duration.[70]
For vaginal yeast infections, many complementary treatments are proposed, however a number have side effects.[71] No benefit from probiotics has been found for active infections.[18]
Blood-borne infection
Prognosis
In hospitalized patients who develop candidemia, age is an important prognostic factor. Mortality following candidemia is 50% in patients aged ≥75 years and 24% in patients aged <75 years.[73] Among individuals being treated in intensive care units, the mortality rate is about 30–50% when systemic candidiasis develops.[74]
Epidemiology
Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth,
It is estimated that 20% of women may be asymptomatically colonized by vaginal yeast.[77] In the United States there are approximately 1.4 million doctor office visits every year for candidiasis.[78] About three-quarters of women have at least one yeast infection at some time during their lives.[8]
Esophageal candidiasis is the most common esophageal infection in persons with AIDS and accounts for about 50% of all esophageal infections, often coexisting with other esophageal diseases. About two-thirds of people with AIDS and esophageal candidiasis also have oral candidiasis.[31]
Candidal sepsis is rare.[79] Candida is the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections among hospital patients in the United States.[80] The incidence of bloodstream candida in intensive care units varies widely between countries.[81]
History
Descriptions of what sounds like oral thrush go back to the time of Hippocrates circa 460–370 BCE.[22]
The first description of a fungus as the causative agent of an oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidosis was by Bernhard von Langenbeck in 1839.[82]
Vulvovaginal candidiasis was first described in 1849 by Wilkinson.[83] In 1875, Haussmann demonstrated the causative organism in both vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis is the same.[83]
With the advent of antibiotics following World War II, the rates of candidiasis increased. The rates then decreased in the 1950s following the development of nystatin.[84]
The colloquial term "thrush" refers to the resemblance of the white flecks present in some forms of candidiasis (e.g., pseudomembranous candidiasis) with the breast of the bird of the same name.[85] The term candidosis is largely used in British English, and candidiasis in American English.[83] Candida is also pronounced differently; in American English, the stress is on the "i", whereas in British English the stress is on the first syllable.[citation needed]
The
The genus Candida includes about 150 different species. However, only a few are known to cause human infections. C. albicans is the most significant pathogenic species. Other species pathogenic in humans include C. auris, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis, and C. lusitaniae.
The name Candida was proposed by Berkhout. It is from the Latin word toga candida, referring to the white toga (robe) worn by candidates for the Senate of the ancient Roman republic.[83] The specific epithet albicans also comes from Latin, albicare meaning "to whiten".[83] These names refer to the generally white appearance of Candida species when cultured.
Alternative medicine
A 2005 publication noted that "a large pseudoscientific cult"[87] has developed around the topic of Candida, with claims stating that up to one in three people are affected by yeast-related illness, particularly a condition called "Candidiasis hypersensitivity".[88] Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted these purported conditions and sold dietary supplements as supposed cures; a number of them have been prosecuted.[88][89] In 1990, alternative health vendor Nature's Way signed an FTC consent agreement not to misrepresent in advertising any self-diagnostic test concerning yeast conditions or to make any unsubstantiated representation concerning any food or supplement's ability to control yeast conditions, with a fine of $30,000 payable to the National Institutes of Health for research in genuine candidiasis.[89]
Research
High level Candida colonization is linked to several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including Crohn's disease.[90][91]
There has been an increase in resistance to antifungals worldwide over the past 30–40 years.[92][93]
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{{cite book}}
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External links
- Candidiasis at Curlie
- "Yeast Infections". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.