Canellaceae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Canellaceae
Canella winterana[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Canellales
Family: Canellaceae
Mart.[1]
Genera

The Canellaceae are a

native to the Afrotropical and Neotropical realms. They are small to medium trees, rarely shrubs, evergreen and aromatic.[5]
The flowers and fruit are often red.

Several

Canella winterana is the only species known in cultivation.[6]

The family is divided into five

ranges. As of 2008, five of the species were newly recognized and not yet named.[8]

Description

Some common properties include:[7][8][9]

Synapomorphies for Canellaceae include monadelphous stamens, parietal placentation, and campylotropous ovules.[8]

Other notable traits include the conspicuous lenticels, the aromatic bark, the peppery taste of the leaves, the three (rarely two) fleshy sepals, and the berry with reniform seeds.[8]

Some sources indicate Cinnamodendron has 20-40 stamens, contrary to the sources that are regarded here as reliable. The very large stamen numbers (20 to 40), are probably counts of thecae or microsporangia.

Ecology

Canellaceae has species in both

xeric and wet forests
.

In

dipterans
.

Phytochemistry

Pointe des Châteaux, Guadeloupe
, October 2008
Flowers of C. winterana, at Pointe des Châteaux, Guadeloupe, October 2008

flavonols, saponins, sapogenins, and ellagic acid are absent.[citation needed
]

Uses

The saro, or green sandalwood, (also known locally as mandravasarotra), Cinnamosma fragrans, is native to Madagascar and is exported from there to India to be burned in ceremonies. It is not related to the true sandalwoods, which are in the family Santalaceae.[citation needed]

Most species of Canellaceae produce bark that is similar in odor and flavor to cinnamon, but they are closer related to the family Piperaceae including black pepper (Piper nigrum) than to true cinnamons, which are in the family Lauraceae (still within Magnoliids).

The white cinnamon,

Canella winterana, a native of Florida and the Antilles, is used as a condiment, with tonic properties.[citation needed
]

Commercial production of "white cinnamon" from C. winterana has ceased,[11] but small-scale, local production continues. The Canellaceae have long had local use as aromatic plants and as herbal medicines.

The bark of the red cinnamon or false Winter's bark,

glue.[citation needed
]

Fossils

Fossil leaves of Canella are known from the Pliocene of Bahia (Brazil).[citation needed] Pollen of Pleodendron is known from the Oligocene of Puerto Rico.[citation needed]

Systematic position

Depending on the

sister to another small order, the Piperales.[12] These two orders combined with another two sister-orders Laurales and Magnoliales form together the clade Magnoliids.[13]

Included taxa

Theoretical introduction to Taxonomy

In this article, the genus Capsicodendron is maintained in

studies separate Capsicodendron from Cinnamodendron and place Capsicodendron closer to Cinnamosma and Warburgia than to Cinnamodendron. This placement is not corroborated by morphology. The currently recognized genera in Canellaeae can be distinguished as follows:[8]

Canellaceae
  • Petals fused into a tube to the middle of their length
Cinnamosma Baill., 1867, Madagascar
  • Petals free or slightly connate at the base
* Petals 5, slightly connate at the base, inflorescence a terminal panicle
Canella P. Browne, 1757, Florida, Antilles, northern South America
* Petals 6-12, free, flowers solitary, terminal or axillary, or in axillary inflorescences
* Petals 12, in 3-4 whorls, stamens 12, carpels 6
Tiegh.
, 1899, Greater Antilles, Costa Rica
* Petals 6-10, in two whorls, stamens 6-10, carpels 2-5(-6)
* Petals 6-10, stamens 6-10, carpels 2-4(-6), leaves elliptic to obovate, ripe fruit up to 2 cm in length
Endl., 1840 (including Capsicodendron Hoehne
, 1933), Greater Antilles to southern Brazil
* Petals 10, stamens 10, carpels 5, leaves oblanceolate-spatulate to elongate, ripe fruit 3-6 cm long
Engl.
, 1895, eastern and southern Africa

History

Canella winterana was an important

Europeans, as well. Dr. Diego Álvarez Chanca accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage, after which he wrote of a cinnamon (canela in Spanish) which was unlike any of the species of cinnamon used in Europe.[14] He had probably reported the use of C. winterana.[8]

In 1737, in his

broadly defined Laurus
.

In 1756,

generic name is derived from canela, the Spanish word for cinnamon, but the Spanish word is derived from the Latin canna, meaning "a reed", or from the related Greek kanna, which refers to a piece of rolled bark.[19]

The genus Canella was not adopted by Linnaeus, who resurrected Winterania in the second edition of Species Plantarum in 1762.[20] He assigned to Winterania a single species, Winterania canella, which was equivalent to the species he had previously called Laurus winterana.

In 1784,

validated by Murray in 1784,[17] but it had long been in use. Linnaeus attributed the name to Samuel Dale, who used it in his Pharmacologia,[15] the first edition of which was published in 1693.[22] Patrick Browne mentions its use by Mark Catesby.[18] Canella alba was renamed as Canella winterana by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his classic work De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (The Fruits and Seeds of Plants).[23] The name change was required by the rules of botanical nomenclature. Wintera aromatica is now known as Drimys winteri and is in the family Winteraceae
.

The family Canellaceae was established by

Stephan Endlicher divided Canella in 1840, creating the new genus Cinnamodendron. Cinnamosma was erected in 1867, Warburgia in 1895, and Pleodendron in 1899. Capsicodendron was erected in 1933. Some authors accept Capsicodendron and assign to it two species, Capsicodendron pimenteira and Capsicodendron dinisii.[11] Other authors subsume Capsicodendron into Cinnamodendron and C. pimenteira into C. dinisii.[8]

ranges
do not overlap.

One of these groups is

paraphyletic over them. It consists of eight species, one of which was named in 2005.[26] Two other species in this group have not been formally named and described in the scientific literature.[8] This group is restricted to South America. Since it includes the type species, Cinnamodendron axillare
, it will retain the name Cinnamodendron.

The other group of Cinnamodendron species is

invalid because it was not effectively published.[27]

References

  1. hdl:10654/18083
    .
  2. ^ 1813 illustration, Tab. 71 from Adolphus Ypey, Vervolg ob de Avbeeldingen der artseny-gewassen met derzelver Nederduitsche en Latynsche beschryvingen, Eersde Deel, 1813 Canella winteriana (syn. C. alba), Canellaceae published by Kurt Stüber
  3. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2
  4. ^ Stevens, P. F. (July 2017) [2001], "Canellaceae", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2023-06-16.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5
    (set).
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-387-55509-6
    (New York)
  8. ^
    doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9002-z
  9. ^
    doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9
    (see External links below)
  10. ^ Friedrich Ehrendorfer and Maria Lambrou. 2000. "Chromosomes of Takhtajania, other Winteraceae, and Canellaceae: phylogenetic implications". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87(3):407-413.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-0-691-11694-5
    .
  12. ISSN 0024-4074
    .
  13. ^ Stevens, P. F. (July 2017) [2001], "Main Tree", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2023-06-16.
  14. ^ Andrew Dalby. 2001. "Christopher Columbus, Gonzalo Pizarro, and the Search for Cinnamon". Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture 1(2):40-49. (See external links below).
  15. ^ a b Carolus Linnaeus. 1737. Hortus Cliffortianus:488. Lubrecht and Cramer. Amsterdam, Netherlands. (See External links below).
  16. ^ Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. Species Plantarum, 1st edition, vol. 1, page 371. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957).
  17. ^ a b Canella. In: International Plant Names Index.
  18. ^ a b Patrick Browne. 1756. The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica:275. T.Osborne & J. Shipton: London, UK.
  19. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2
    (vol. I). (see External links below).
  20. ^ Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1762. Species Plantarum, 2nd edition, vol. 1, page 636. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius).
  21. ^ Johan Andreas Murray. 1784. pages 443 and 507. In: Caroli a Linné eqvitis Systema vegetabilivm : secvndvm classes ordines genera species cvm characteribvs et differentiis, 14th edition. Johann Christian Dieterich: Gottingen, Germany.
  22. ^ George Simonds Boulger. date?. "Samuel Dale", entry 385. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 13.
  23. ISBN 978-1-147-85791-7
    ).
  24. ^ James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants. At: Home Page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (See External links below).
  25. ^ Carl von Martius (1832). Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 168, 170. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ^ Barry E. Hammel and Nelson A. Zamora. 2005. "Pleodendron costaricense (Canellaceae), a new species for Costa Rica". Lankesteriana 5(3):211-218.
  27. ^ Antillodendron In: Tropicos At: Missouri Botanical Garden. (See External links below).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canellaceae.
Wikispecies has information related to Canellaceae.

Pictures

Words

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canellaceae&oldid=1217831701"