Cangin languages
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2013) |
Cangin | |
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Ethnicity | Serer |
Geographic distribution | Senegal, the Gambia |
Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | cang1245 |
The Cangin languages
Languages
The Cangin languages are:
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Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.
Reconstruction
Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.[1]
gloss | Proto-Cangin | Noon | Lehar | Safen | Ndut | Palor |
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eye | *ɣi̟d/ɣad | has | kuu-koas | has | i̟l | ’i̟l |
tongue | *pe-ɗem | peɗim p- | pi̟ri̟m | peɗem | pereem | pereem |
eat | *ñam | ñam | ñam | ñaam | ñam | ñam |
breast | *ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ | (w)ɓip | ɓi̟iɓ | ɓi̟iɓ |
four | *nixiid | nikiis | nikis | iniil | iniil | |
dog | *ɓuh | ɓu̟u | ɓuh f- | ɓuh f- | ɓux f- | |
intestine | *loox | look | look | rook | loo | loo |
wing | *paɓ | paɓ | paɓ | (d)pab | pap | |
cow | *-noɣ | enoh f- | enoh | ’inoh | fana f- | fana’ f- |
blow = nose | *ñii̟nd | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d-uk | ñii̟d~ñii̟n | ||
pound | *hoɗ | oɗ | oɗ | ’oɗ | xoɗ | |
jaw | *kaɓaɓ ? | kaaɓ ‘cheek’ | kaɓaɓ k- | kabaap | ||
new | *has | as | as | ’as | has | xas |
see | *ɣot | hot | hot | hot | ot~ol- | od~ol- |
swallow | *hon | on | on | ’on | (d)hon | xon |
bury | *hac | ac | ac | ’ac | hac | xac |
bear child | *li̟m | li̟m | li̟m | (w)rim | li̟m | |
dance | *ɣam | ham | ham | |||
hold in teeth | *ŋaɓ | ŋaaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | ŋaɓ | |
year | *kV-(h)id̟ | kii̟s k- | kii̟s | kiis k- | kii̟l | kii̟l |
tree | *ki-rik | kedik k- | kedek | kiɗig k- | kilik | kilik k- |
bird | *sel | sel | sel | sel | ||
bury | *hu̟umb | u̟ub~u̟um | uumb | |||
be able | *mi̟n | mi̟n | min | mi̟n | min | |
resemble | *mand | mad~man | man | mad~man | mad~man | |
be short | *luH- | looƴ (lohoƴ) | looƴ | (s)rohoƴ | (d)luh | lux |
leaf/bark | *huɓ | to̟oɓ t-, oɓ | po̟o | (w)’op | huɓ | |
sun | *noɣ | noh | noh | noh | (d)na’ | na’ |
ear | *nuf | nof | nof | (w)noef | nuf | nuf |
head | *ɣaf | haf | haf | haf | ’af | ’af |
liver | *keeñ | keeñ | keeñ | keeñ k- | (d)keeñ | |
star | *Hul | hol | ol | hor | hul | xul |
rain | *toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | toɓ | tooɓ | |
pestle | *kuɗ | koɗ k- | koɗ | kuɗ k- | kuɗ k- | |
goat | *pe | pe’ f- | peɗ | peh f- | pe f- | pe f- |
cloth/rag | *lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | lii̟l | |
baobab | *ɓoɣ | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓoh | ɓa | ɓa’ |
finger | *kun | jokun j- | jokon | ndukun | kun | kun |
sneeze | *ti̟s | tes | ti̟s | (s)tisoh | (d)ti̟s | ti̟s |
ant | *ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñii̟ñ | ñiñoh f- | (d)ñii̟ñ f- | ñii̟n f- |
rear/raise | *koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | koɗ | kod | |
honey | *kV-(C)u̟m | ku̟um k- | ku̟um | (d)ku̟um k- | ku̟um k- | |
horse | *panis̟ | pen̟is̟ f- | pan̟is̟ | panis | pan̟is̟ f- | |
causative | *-iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ | -iɗ̟ | -iɗ̟ |
anticausative | *-ox | -uk | -ok | -uk | -oh | -ox |
reversive | *-i̟s | -i̟s | -i̟s | -is | -i̟s | -i̟s |
negative | *-ɗii | -ɗii | -ɗi |
See also
- Serer language
- List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Footnotes
- ^ Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
References
- Walter Pichl, The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal, Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20
- Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4