Canonical hours

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the specific manifestation of the canonical hours in the public prayer of the Roman rite of the Catholic Church, see Liturgy of the Hours.

Opening versicle Domine labia mea aperies et os meum annuntiabit laudem tuam from a book of hours, ca. a 1520

In the practice of Christianity, canonical hours mark the divisions of the day in terms of fixed times of prayer at regular intervals. A book of hours, chiefly a breviary, normally contains a version of, or selection from, such prayers.[1][2]

In the

Latin
: liturgia horarum) or divine office.

In Lutheranism and Anglicanism, they are often known as the daily office or divine office, to distinguish them from the other "offices" of the Church (e.g. the administration of the sacraments).[3]

In the

divine services, and the book of hours is called the horologion (Greek
: Ὡρολόγιον). Despite numerous small differences in practice according to local custom, the overall order is the same among Byzantine Rite monasteries, although parish and cathedral customs vary rather more so by locale.

The usage in

Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and their Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran counterparts all differ from each other and from other rites.[citation needed
]

Development

Judaism and the early church

The canonical hours stemmed from Jewish prayer. In the Old Testament, God commanded the Israelite priests to offer sacrifices of animals in the morning and afternoon (Exodus 29:38–39). Eventually, these sacrifices moved from the Tabernacle to Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.

During the

Torah readings, psalms, and hymns began to evolve. This "sacrifice of praise" began to be substituted for the sacrifices of animals. After the people returned to Judea
, the prayer services were incorporated into Temple worship as well.

The miraculous healing of the crippled beggar described in Acts of the Apostles 3:1, took place as Peter and John went to the Temple for the three o'clock hour of prayer. The practice of daily prayers grew from the Jewish practice of reciting prayers at set times of the day known as zmanim: for example, in the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Peter and John the Evangelist visit the Temple in Jerusalem for the afternoon prayers.[4]

Psalm 119:164 states: "Seven times a day I praise you for your righteous laws" (of this, Symeon of Thessalonica writes that "the times of prayer and the services are seven in number, like the number of gifts of the Spirit, since the holy prayers are from the Spirit").[5] In Act 10: 9, the decision to include Gentiles among the community of believers, arose from a vision Peter had while praying about noontime.

Early Christians prayed the Psalms (Acts 4:23–30), which have remained the principal part of the canonical hours. By 60 AD, the Didache, recommends disciples to pray the Lord's Prayer three times a day; this practice found its way into the canonical hours as well. By the second and third centuries, such Church Fathers as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian wrote of the practice of Morning and Evening Prayer, and of the prayers at the third, sixth and ninth hours.

From the time of the early Church, the practice of seven fixed prayer times, being attached to Psalm 119:164, have been taught; in Apostolic Tradition, Hippolytus instructed Christians to pray seven times a day "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion."[6][7][8][9]

In the early church, during the night before every feast, a vigil was kept. The word "Vigils", at first applied to the Night Office, comes from a Latin source, namely the Vigiliae or nocturnal watches or guards of the soldiers. The night from six o'clock in the evening to six o'clock in the morning was divided into four watches or vigils of three hours each, the first, the second, the third, and the fourth vigil.[10] The Night Office is linked to Psalm 119:62: "At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee because of thy righteous judgments."[11]

Christians attended two

Lovefeast)[17] This vigil was a regular institution of Christian life and was defended and highly recommended by St. Augustine and St. Jerome.[18]

The Office of the Vigils was a single Office, recited without interruption at midnight. Probably in the fourth century, in order to break the monotony of this long night prayer the custom of dividing it into three parts or Nocturns was introduced. John Cassian in speaking of the solemn Vigils mentions three divisions of this Office.[19]

Around the year 484, the Greek-Cappadocian monk Sabbas the Sanctified began the process of recording the liturgical practices around Jerusalem, while the cathedral and parish rites in the Patriarchate of Constantinople evolved in an entirely different manner.[20] The two major practices were synthesized, commencing in the 8th century, to yield an office of great complexity.[21]

In 525,

Order of Saint Benedict, with Cluny Abbey
at their head.

Middle Ages

As the form of fixed-hour prayer developed in the

Christian monastic communities in the East and West, the Offices grew both more elaborate and more complex, but the basic cycle of prayer still provided the structure for daily life in monasteries
. By the fourth century, the elements of the canonical hours were more or less established. For secular (non-monastic) clergy and lay people, the fixed-hour prayers were by necessity much shorter, though in many churches, the form of the fixed-hour prayers became a hybrid of secular and monastic practice (sometimes referred to as 'cathedral' and 'monastic' models).

Byzantine Rite

In the Byzantine Empire, the development of the Divine Services shifted from the area around Jerusalem to Constantinople. In particular, Theodore the Studite (c. 758 – c. 826) combined a number of influences from the Byzantine court ritual with monastic practices common in Anatolia,[21] and added thereto a number of hymns composed by himself and his brother Joseph (see typikon for further details).

Western rites

In the West, the Rule of Saint Benedict (written in 516) was modeled on his guidelines for the prayers on the customs of the basilicas of Rome. It was he who expounded the concept in Christian prayer of the inseparability of the spiritual life from the physical life. St. Benedict set down the dictum Ora et labora – "Pray and work". The Order of Saint Benedict began to call the prayers the Opus Dei or "Work of God".

By the time of Saint Benedict of Nursia, author of the Rule, the monastic Liturgy of the Hours was composed of seven daytime hours and one at night. He associated the practice with Psalm 118/119:164, "Seven times a day I praise you", and Psalm 118/119:62, "At midnight I rise to praise you".[22] The fixed-hour prayers came to be known as the "Divine Office" (office coming from 'officium', lit., "duty").

Initially, the term "Matins" from Latin matutinus, meaning "of or belonging to the morning",[23] was applied to the psalms recited at dawn. At first "Lauds" (i.e. praises) derived from the three last psalms in the office (148, 149, 150), in all of which the word laudate is repeated frequently, and to such an extent that originally the word Lauds designated the end, that is to say, these three psalms with the conclusion. The Night Office and Lauds are grouped together as a single canonical hour to form a total of seven canonical hours.[11]: 32 

By the fourth century the word "matins" became attached to the prayer originally offered at cockcrow.[24] and, according to the sixth-century Rule of Saint Benedict, could be calculated to be the eighth hour of the night (the hour that began at about 2 a.m.).[25][26] Outside of monasteries few rose at night to pray. The canonical hour of the vigil was said in the morning, followed immediately by lauds, and the name of "matins" replaced that of "vigils". Gradually the title "Lauds" was applied to the early morning office.[27]

Already well-established by the

liturgies
:

The three major hours were Matins, Lauds and Vespers; the minor hours were Terce, Sext, Nones and Compline.[28][29]

Breviary of Beatrice van Assendelft, 1485

As the Divine Office grew more important in the life of the Church, the rituals became more elaborate. Praying the Office already required various books, such as a Psalter for the psalms, a lectionary to find the assigned Scripture reading for the day, a Bible to proclaim the reading, a hymnal for singing, etc. As parishes grew in the Middle Ages away from cathedrals and basilicas, a more concise way of arranging the hours was needed. So, a sort of list developed called the breviary, which gave the format of the daily office and the texts to be used.

The spread of breviaries eventually reached Rome, where Pope Innocent III extended their use to the Roman Curia. The Franciscans sought a one-volume breviary for their friars to use during travels, so the order adopted the Breviarium Curiae, but substituting the Gallican Psalter for the Roman. The Franciscans gradually spread this breviary throughout Europe. Eventually, Pope Nicholas III adopted the widely used Franciscan breviary to be the breviary used in Rome. By the 14th century, the breviary contained the entire text of the canonical hours.

In general, when modern secular books reference canonical hours in the Middle Ages, these are the equivalent times:

  • Vigil (eighth hour of night: 2 a.m.)
  • Matins (a later portion of Vigil, from 3 a.m. to dawn)
  • Lauds (dawn; approximately 5 a.m., but varies seasonally)
  • Prime (early morning, the first hour of daylight, approximately 6 a.m.)
  • Terce (third hour, 9 a.m.)
  • Sext (sixth hour, noon)
  • Nones (ninth hour, 3 p.m.)
  • Vespers (sunset, approximately 6 p.m.)
  • Compline (end of the day before retiring, approximately 7 p.m.)

Church bells are tolled at the fixed times of these canonical hours in some Christian traditions as a call to prayer.[30]

Roman Rite

Main article: Liturgy of the Hours
Cistercians singing the Liturgy of the Hours at Heiligenkreuz Abbey

In the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, bishops, priests, deacons and the members of the consecrated life are obliged to recite the hours each day, keeping as far as possible to the true time of day, and using the text of the approved liturgical books that apply to them.[31][32] The laity are encouraged to recite the prayer of the hours.[33]

Diurnal offices

Traditionally, monastic communities pray the Divine Office in the choir of the church.

The diurnal offices or daytime offices (Ecclesiastical Latin: horae diurnae) are the canonical hours during the day. Interpretation of their number and identity varies.

The

none (mid-afternoon), Vespers (sunset), compline (retiring) and the nighttime canonical hour of vigil. It links the seven daytime offices with Psalm 118/119:164, "Seven times a day I praise you for your righteous rules";[34] and the one nighttime office with Psalm 118/119:62, "At midnight I rise to praise you, because of your righteous rules",[35][36][37]

In this reckoning, the one nocturnal office, together with Lauds and Vespers, are the three

major hours, the other five are the minor or little hours.[38][39][40]

According to Dwight E. Vogel,

Nones, which are distinguished from the major hours of Matins, Lauds and Vespers and from the nighttime hours of Compline and Vigil
.

Revisions

The

Apostolic Constitution Quod a nobis, imposing it in the same way in which, two years later, he imposed his Roman Missal.[45] Later popes altered the Roman Breviary of Pope Pius V. Pope Pius XII began reforming the Roman Breviary, allowing use of a new translation of the psalms and establishing a special commission to study a general revision, with a view to which all the bishops were consulted in 1955. His successor, Pope John XXIII
, made a further revision in 1960.

Second Vatican Council revisions

Following the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church's Roman Rite simplified the observance of the canonical hours and sought to make them more suited to the needs of today's apostolate and accessible to the laity, hoping to restore their character as the prayer of the entire Church.

The council abolished the office of Prime,[46] and envisioned a manner of distributing the psalms over a period of more than 1 week.[47] The Roman breviary is published under the title Liturgia Horarum. A translation is published by Catholic Book Publishing Corp. under the title The Liturgy of the Hours in four volumes, arranged according to the seasons of the liturgical year.

The current liturgical books for the celebration of the hours in Latin are those of the editio typica altera (second typical edition) promulgated in 1985. The official title is Officium Divinum, Liturgia Horarum iuxta Ritum Romanum, editio typica altera.

Official English translations

  • The Divine Office is translated by a commission set up by the Episcopal Conferences of England and Wales, Australia and Ireland. First published in 1974 by HarperCollins, this edition is the English edition approved for use the above countries, as well as many Asian and African dioceses.
  • Catholic Truth Society published Prayer During the Day in 2009.
  • The Liturgy of the Hours is translated by the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL). First published in 1975 by Catholic Book Publishing Company in the US, this edition is the English edition approved for use in the US, Canada and several other English-speaking dioceses.

Current practice

After the Second Vatican Council, which decided that the hour of Prime should be suppressed,[48] as it was perceived as duplicating Lauds, Pope Paul VI decreed a new arrangement of the Liturgy of the Hours.[49]

The major hours consist of the Matins (or Office of Readings), Lauds and Vespers. The character of Lauds is that of praise, of Vespers, that of thanksgiving. The Office of Readings has the character of reflection on the day that is past and preparing the soul for its passage to eternal life. In each office, the psalms and canticle are framed by

antiphons
.

Byzantine Rite usage

Historical development

Further information:
Typicon § Historical development

Because the Rite of Constantinople evolved as a synthesis of two distinct rites – cathedral rite of Constantinople called the "asmatiki akolouthia" ("sung services") and the monastic typicon of the Holy Lavra of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified near Jerusalem – its offices are highly developed and quite complex.

Local variations

Two main strata exist in the rite, those places that have inherited the traditions of the Russian Church which had been given only the monastic sabbaite typicon which is used to this day[50] in parishes and cathedrals as well as in monasteries, and everywhere else where some remnant of the cathedral rite remained in use; therefore, the rite as practiced in monasteries everywhere resembles the Russian recension, while non-Russian non-monastic customs differs significantly. For example, in the Russian tradition, the "all-night vigil" is served in every church on Saturday nights and the eves of feast days (although it may be abridged to be as short as two hours) while elsewhere, it is usual to have Matins on the morning of the feast; however, in the latter instance, Vespers and matins are rather less abridged but the Divine Liturgy commences at the end of matins and the hours are not read, as was the case in the extinct cathedral rite of Constantinople.

Also, as the rite evolved in sundry places, different customs arose; an essay on some of these has been written by Archbishop Basil Krivoshein and is posted on the web.[51]

Liturgical books

The

Eastern Catholic churches
.

Into this fixed framework, numerous moveable parts of the service are inserted. These are taken from a variety of liturgical books:

Liturgical cycles

Various cycles of the liturgical year influence the manner in which the materials from the liturgical books (above) are inserted into the daily services:

Weekly Cycle

Each day of the week has its own commemoration:

Most of the texts come from the Octoechos, which has a large collections of hymns for each weekday for each of the eight tones; during great lent and, to a lesser degree, the pre-lenten season, the Lenten Triodion supplements this with hymns for each day of the week for each week of that season, as does the Pentecostarion during the pascal season. Also, there are fixed texts for each day of the week are in the Horologion and Priest's Service Book (e.g., dismissals) and the Kathismata (selections from the Psalter) are governed by the weekly cycle in conjunction with the season.

Fixed Cycle

Commemorations on the

Exaltation of the Cross
. The texts for this cycle are found in the Menaion.

Paschal Cycle

The commemorations on the

Paschal Cycle (Moveable Cycle) depend upon the date of Pascha (Easter)
. The texts for this cycle are found in the Lenten Triodion, the Pentecostarion, the Octoechos and also, because the daily Epistle and Gospel readings are determined by this cycle, the Gospel Book and Apostle Book. The cycle of the Octoechos continues through the following Great Lent, so the variable parts of the lenten services are determined by both the preceding year's and the current year's dates of Easter.

8 Week Cycle of the Octoechos

The cycle of the

Sunday after (eighth day of) Easter, that week using the first tone, the next week using the second tone, and so, repeating through the week preceding the subsequent Palm Sunday.[note 9]

11 Week Cycle of the Matins Gospels

The portions of each of the Gospels from the narration of the Resurrection through the end are divided into eleven readings which are read on successive Sundays at matins; there are hymns sung at Matins that correspond with that day's Matins Gospel.

Daily cycle of services

The Daily Cycle begins with Vespers[note 10] and proceeds throughout the night and day according to the following table:

Name of service in Greek Name of service in English Historical time of service Theme[53]
(
Koinē Greek
: Ἑσπερινός, romanized: Esperinós)		 Vespers At sunset Glorification of God, the Creator of the world and its Providence
(
Koinē Greek
: Ἀπόδειπνον, romanized: Apódeipnon)		 Compline At bedtime Sleep as the image of death, illumined by Christ's Harrowing of Hell after His death
(
Koinē Greek
: Μεσονυκτικόν, romanized: Mesonyktikón)		 Midnight Office At midnight Christ's midnight prayer in Gethsemane; a reminder to be ready for the Bridegroom coming at midnight and the Last Judgment
(
Koinē Greek
: Ὄρθρος, romanized: Órthros)		 Matins or Orthros Morning watches, ending at dawn The Lord having given us not only daylight but spiritual light, Christ the Savior
(
Koinē Greek
: Πρῶτη Ὥρα, romanized: Prō̂tē Óra)		 First Hour (Prime) At ~6 am Christ's being brought before Pilate
(
Koinē Greek
: Τρίτη Ὥρα, romanized: Trítē Óra)		 Third Hour (Terce) At ~9 am Pilate's judgement of Christ and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, which happened at this hour
(
Koinē Greek
: Ἕκτη Ὥρα, romanized: Èktē Óra)		 Sixth Hour (Sext) At noon
Christ's crucifixion
, which happened at this hour
(
Koinē Greek
: Ἐννάτη Ὥρα, romanized: Ennátē Óra)
Ninth Hour
(None)		 At ~3 pm Christ's death, which happened at this hour
(
Koinē Greek: τυπικά, romanized: Typicá) or Pro-Liturgy[54]
 Typica follows the sixth or ninth hour

The Typica is served whenever the Divine Liturgy is not celebrated at its usual time, i.e., when there is a vesperal Liturgy or no Liturgy at all. On days when the Liturgy may be celebrated at its usual hour, the Typica follows the sixth hour (or Matins, where the custom is to serve the Liturgy then) and the Epistle and Gospel readings for the day are read therein;[note 11] otherwise, on aliturgical days or when the Liturgy is served at vespers, the Typica has a much shorter form and is served between the ninth hour and vespers.[54]

Also, there are

ecclesiarch
when the Divine Liturgy is not celebrated.

In addition to these public prayers, there are also private prayers prescribed for both monastics and laypersons; in some monasteries, however, these are read in church. These include Morning and Evening Prayers and prayers (and, in Russia, canons) to be prayed in preparation for receiving the Eucharist.

The full cycle of services are usually served only in monasteries, cathedrals, and other

Great Doxology
.

The

Midnight Office is seldom served in parishes churches except at the Paschal Vigil as the essential office wherein the burial shroud
is removed from the tomb and carried to the altar.

Aggregates

The sundry Canonical Hours are, in practice, grouped together into aggregates[55] so that there are three major times of prayer a day: Evening, Morning and Midday.[note 12] The most common groupings are as follows:

Ordinary days

Weekdays during lent

  • Evening – Great Compline
  • Morning Watches – Midnight Office, Matins, First Hour
  • Morning – Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour, Typica, Vespers (sometimes with the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts or, on the Annunciation, the Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom)

When there is an all-night vigil

On the eves before

Great Feasts and, in some traditions, on all Sundays, this grouping is used. However, the all-night vigil
is usually abridged so as to not last literally "all-night" and may be as short as two hours; on the other hand, on Athos and in the very traditional monastic institutions, that service followed by the hours and Liturgy may last as long as 18 hours.

When the royal hours are read

  • Evening – Ninth Hour, Vespers, Compline
  • Morning Watches – Midnight Office, Matins
  • Morning – First, Third, Sixth, and Ninth Hours and the Typica

On the eves of Christmas, Theophany, and Annunciation

When the feast is a weekday (or, in the Russian tradition, on any day for Christmas, Theophany), Vespers (with the Liturgy in most instances) is served earlier in the day and so Great Compline functions much as Great vespers does on the vigils of other feast days.

  • Evening – Great Compline (in some traditions) and, if there be an All-Night Vigil, the reading, matins, first hour.
  • Morning Watches – (unless there be an all-night vigil) midnight office, matins, first hour.

Alexandrian Rite

The Agpeya is a breviary used in Oriental Orthodox Christianity to pray the canonical hours at fixed prayer times during the day.

The

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Catholic Church. The cycle of canonical hours is largely monastic, primarily composed of psalm readings. The Coptic equivalent of the Byzantine Horologion is the Agpeya
.

Seven canonical hours exist, corresponding largely to the Byzantine order, with an additional "Prayer of the Veil" which is said by Bishops, Priests, and Monks (something like the Byzantine

Midnight Office
).

The hours are chronologically laid out, each containing a theme corresponding to events in the life of Jesus Christ:

Terce and Sext are prayed before each Divine Liturgy.
  • None (3 p.m.) commemorates the death of Christ on the Cross. This hour is also read during fasting days.
  • Vespers (sunset) commemorates the taking down of Christ from the Cross.
  • Compline (9 p.m. – before bedtime) commemorates the burial of Christ, the Final Judgment.
Vespers and Compline are both read before the Liturgy during Lent and the Fast of Nineveh.
  • The Veil is reserved for bishops, priests and monks, as an examination of conscience.

Every one of the Hours follows the same basic outline:

  • Introduction, which includes the Lord's Prayer
  • Prayer of Thanksgiving
  • Psalm 50 (LXX).
  • Various Psalms
  • An excerpt from the Holy Gospel
  • Short Litanies
  • Some prayers (Only during Prime and Compline)
  • Lord Have Mercy is then chanted 41 times (representing the 39 lashes Christ received before the crucifixion, plus one for the spear in His side, plus one for the crown of thorns)
  • Prayer of "Holy Holy Holy..." and Lord's Prayer
  • Prayer of Absolution
  • Prayer of Every Hour

Syriac rites

East Syriac Rite

This section contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The East Syriac Rite (also known as the Chaldean, Assyrian, or Persian Rite) has historically been used in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar. The nucleus of the Daily Office is mainly of course the recitation of the Psalter. There are usually seven regular hours of service; the following are the times of prayer:

  • Ramsha (ܪܲܡܫܵܐ) or the Evening Liturgy (6 pm)
  • Suba-a (ܣܘܼܒܵܥܵܐ) or the Supper Liturgy (9 pm)
  • Lelya (ܠܸܠܝܵܐ) or the Night Liturgy (12 am)
  • Qala d-Shahra ( ܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܫܲܗܪܵ ) or the Vigil Liturgy (3 am), a rarely used
  • Sapra (ܨܲܦܪܵܐ) or the Morning Liturgy (6 am) [56]
  • Quta'a (ܩܘܼܛܵܥܵܐ) or the Third Hour Liturgy (9 am)
  • Endana (ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ) or the Noon Liturgy (12 pm)

When East Syriac monasteries existed (which is no longer the case) seven hours of prayer were the custom in them, and three hulali (sections) of the Psalter were recited at each service. This would accomplish the unique feat of the common recitation of the entire Psalter each day.

The present arrangement provides for seven hulali at each ferial night service, ten on Sundays, three on "Memorials", and the whole Psalter on Feasts of the Lord. At the evening service there is a selection of from four to seven psalms, varying with the day of the week, and also a Shuraya, or short psalm, with generally a portion of Psalm 118, varying with the day of the fortnight. At the morning service the invariable psalms are 109, 90, 103:1–6, 112, 92, 148, 150, 116. On ferias and "Memorials" Psalm 146 is said after Psalm 148, and on ferias Psalm 1:1–18, comes at the end of the psalms.

The rest of the services consist of prayers, antiphons, litanies, and verses (giyura) inserted—like the Greek

Gloria in Excelsis and Benedicte
are said instead of Psalm 146. Both morning and evening services end with several prayers, a blessing, (Khuthama, "Sealing" ), the kiss of peace, and the Creed.

The variables, besides the psalms, are those of the feast or day, which are very few, and those of the day of the fortnight. These fortnights consist of weeks called "Before" (Qdham) and "After" (Wathar), according to which of the two choirs begins the service. Hence the book of the Divine Office is called Qdham u wathar, or at full length Kthawa daqdham wadhwathar, the "Book of Before and After".

The East Syriac liturgical Calendar is unique. The year is divided into periods of about seven weeks each, called Shawu'i; these are Advent (called Subara, "Annunciation"), Epiphany, Lent, Easter, the Apostles, Summer, "Elias and the Cross", "Moses", and the "Dedication" (Qudash idta). "Moses" and the "Dedication" have only four weeks each. The Sundays are generally named after the Shawu'a in which they occur, "Fourth Sunday of Epiphany", "Second Sunday of the Annunciation ", etc., though sometimes the name changes in the middle of a Shawu'a. Most of the "Memorials" (dukhrani), or saints' days, which have special lections, occur on the Fridays between Christmas and Lent, and are therefore movable feasts; but some, such as

Dormition
, and about thirty smaller days without proper readings, are on fixed days.

There are four shorter fasting periods besides the Great Lent; these are:

  • the Fast of Mar Zaya (three days after the second Sunday of the Nativity)
  • the Fast of the Virgins (after the first Sunday of the Epiphany)
  • the Fast of the Ninevites (seventy days before Easter)
  • the Fast of Mart Mariam (Our Lady) (from the first to the fourteenth of August)

The Fast of the Ninevites commemorates the repentance of Nineveh at the preaching of Jonah, and is carefully kept. Those of Mar Zaya and the Virgins are nearly obsolete. The Malabar Rite has largely adopted the Roman Calendar, and several Roman days have been added to that of the

Julian Calendar is used to calculate Easter. The years are numbered, not from the birth of Christ, but from the Seleucid era
(year 1 = 311 B.C.).

West Syriac Rite

Syriac Orthodoxy to pray the canonical hours at fixed prayer times during the day while facing in the eastward direction.[57]

The

Indian Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox (Jacobites), as well as Syriac and Maronite Catholics, is in its origin simply the old rite of Antioch in the Syriac language. The translation must have been made very early, evidently before the division in the church over Chalcedon, before the influence of Constantinople
over the Antiochian Rite had begun. No doubt as soon as Christian communities arose in the rural areas of Syria the prayers which in the cities (Antioch, Jerusalem, etc.) were said in Greek, were, as a matter of course, translated into Syriac for common use.

In accordance with Psalm 119:164, "Seven times in the day have I praised Thee for Thy judgments, O Righteous One,"[58] the Syriac Orthodox Church observes seven services of prayer each day:

  • Evening or Ramsho prayer (Vespers)
  • Drawing of the Veil or Sootoro, meaning "Protection", from Psalm 91, which is sung at this prayer, "He who sits under the protection of the Most High" (Compline)
  • Midnight or Lilyo prayer (Matins)
  • Morning or Saphro prayer (Prime, 6 a.m.)
  • Third Hour or Tloth sho'in prayer (Terce, 9 a.m.)
  • Sixth Hour or Sheth sho'in prayer (Sext, noon)
  • Ninth Hour or Tsha' sho'in prayer (None, 3 p.m.)

The Midnight prayer (Matins) consists of three qawme or "watches" (literally "standings"). As in other traditional rites, the ecclesiastical day begins in the evening at sunset with Vespers (Ramsho). Today, even in monasteries, the services are grouped together: Vespers and Compline are said together; Matins and Prime are said together; and the Third, Sixth and Ninth Hours are said together; resulting in three times of prayer each day.

The Syriac Orthodox Book of Hours is called the Shehimo, "simple prayer". The Shehimo has offices for the canonical hours for each day of the week. Each canonical office begins and ends with a qawmo, a set of prayers that includes the Lord's Prayer. At the end of the office, the Nicene Creed is recited. The great part of the office consists of lengthy liturgical poems composed for the purpose, similar to the Byzantine odes.

In the Maronite eparchies of the United States, the breviary commonly used is called the ‘’Prayer of the Faithful’’. This is a three-volume set that is divided up by the liturgical year: Vol. I for the Sundays of the Church, Seasons of Announcement and Birth of Our Lord, Epiphany, and Three Weeks of Commemoration; Vol. II for Great Lent and Eastertide; Vol. III for Pentecost through Season of the Holy Cross. This edition is rather simplified, containing only the offices of Ramsho, Sootoro, and Safro.

Armenian Rite

The Daily Services in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church are made up of nine services. The daily cycle of prayer begins with the Night Service, according to the ancient belief that a new day begins at nightfall.

The Night Service (midnight) Dedicated to the praising of God the Father. Themes of the service are: thanksgiving to God for the blessing of sleep and asking that the remainder of the night pass in peace and tranquility, and that the next day be spent in purity and righteousness.

The Morning Service (dawn) Dedicated to the praising of

Myrrh-bearing Women
.

The Sunrise Service (6:00 a.m.)[note 18] Dedicated to the praising of the Holy Spirit. Symbolizes the appearance to Christ to the disciples after the Resurrection.

The Third Hour (9:00 a.m.) Dedicated to the Holy Spirit. Symbolizes Eve's original tasting the forbidden fruit and eventual liberation from condemnation through Jesus Christ. The service has a profound penitential meaning.

The Sixth Hour (noon) Dedicated to God the Father. Symbolizes Christ's Crucifixion. The prayers at the service ask for God's help towards feeble human nature.

The Ninth Hour (3:00 p.m.) Dedicated to God the Son. Symbolizes Christ's death and liberation of humanity from the power of the Hell.

The Evening Service (before sunset) Dedicated to God the Son. Symbolizes Christ's burial, asks God for a quiet night and a peaceful sleep.

The Peace Service (after sunset) Dedicated to the Holy Spirit. Symbolizes Christ's descent into Hell and liberation of the righteous from torments.

The Rest Service (before retiring for sleep) Dedicated to God the Father. In early times it was the continuation of the Peace Service.

In ancient times all nine services were offered every day, especially in monasteries. At present the following services are conducted in churches daily for the majority of the year:

  • In the morning: Night and Morning Services together
  • In the evening: Evening Service

During Great Lent, all of the services are offered on weekdays (except Saturday and Sunday) according to the following schedule:

  • In the morning: Night, Morning and Sunrise Services
  • In the afternoon: Third, Sixth, Ninth Hours
  • In the evening:
    • Monday, Tuesday, Thursday: Peace Service
    • Wednesday, Friday: Rest Service
    • Saturday, Sunday: Evening Service

The book which contains the hymns which constitute the substance of the musical system of Armenian liturgical chant is the Sharagnots (see Armenian Octoechos), a collection of hymns known as Sharakan. Originally, these hymns were Psalms and biblical Canticles that were chanted during the services, similar to the Byzantine Canon. In addition, the eight modes are applied to the psalms of the Night office, called ganonaklookh (Canon head).

Protestantism

Lutheran Rite

For All The Saints breviary, used in the Lutheran Churches, in four volumes
Further information:
The Brotherhood Prayer Book

Like the Mass (liturgy) itself, the Daily Office within the Lutheran Church has had considerable variety, in both language and form. In the Reformation era, the Daily Office was largely consolidated into Matins, Vespers, and sometimes Compline, though there are notable exceptions. The Missale Germanicum of 1568, for example, simply translated the pre-Reformation breviary into German, retaining all of the canonical hours. The 1613 Cantica Sacra of the Magdeburg Cathedral, on the other hand, provides for Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline to be sung in Latin every day of the year, including plainsong melodies and text for Latin invitatories, responsories, and antiphons provided. As a result, a rural Lutheran parish church in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries might pray Saturday Vespers, Sunday Matins, and Sunday Vespers in the vernacular, while the nearby cathedral and city churches could be found praying the eight canonical hours in Latin with polyphony and Gregorian chant on a daily basis throughout the year.[59]

The advent of Pietism and Rationalism led to a disdain for and a decline in the observation of liturgies of every sort in Lutheran Germany, including the Daily Office, as described in Paul Graff's Geschichte der Auflösung der alten gottesdienstlichen Formen in der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands. Despite the disdain of these movements for the Daily Office, a Latin choir hymnal was published in Nuremberg as late as 1724, and weekday observations of Matins and Vespers continued in many German Lutheran parishes until the end of the 18th century.[59]

A renewal in the Daily Office took place in the nineteenth century as a part of the

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod reintroduced the offices of Prime, Sext, and Compline
, though only Compline was retained in subsequent hymnals.

In 1978, the

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the 2006 Evangelical Lutheran Worship of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
provide forms of the modern Daily Office rites introduced in Lutheran Book of Worship, though Lutheran Service Book also provides traditional forms of Matins and Vespers patterned on those found in the Common Service of 1888.

Today, in addition to denominational hymnals, there are a variety of books and resources used by Lutherans around the world to pray the hours. In Germany, the

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
published The Treasury of Daily Prayer, the only current denominational effort among Lutherans to reinvigorate the observation of the Daily Office. For each day, it provides a psalm (or a portion thereof), an Old Testament reading, a New Testament reading, a writing from a Christian theologian or writer, a hymn stanza, and a collect. In a further effort to encourage widespread use of the Daily Office, the Treasury of Daily Prayer has also been made available as a mobile app called "PrayNow".

Anglican usage

Main article: Daily Office (Anglican)
Anglican Rosary sitting atop The Anglican Breviary
and the Book of Common Prayer

The daily offices have always had an important place in Anglican spirituality. Until comparatively recently Mattins and Evensong were the principal Sunday services in most Anglican churches, sung to settings by composers both ancient and modern. While Evensong with its musical repertory spanning five centuries continues to play an important role in Anglican worship, the eucharist has replaced Morning Prayer as the principal service on Sunday mornings in most Anglican parishes and cathedrals.

The

Evening Prayer (colloquially known as Evensong).[60]

The traditional structure of Matins and Evensong in most Anglican prayer books reflects the intention by the reforming Archbishop of Canterbury,

Anglican Chant
settings for the psalms and canticles.

Since the early 20th century, revised editions of the Book of Common Prayer or supplemental service books published by Anglican churches have often added offices for midday prayer and Compline. In England and other Anglican provinces, service books now include four offices:

Some prayer books also include a selection of prayers and devotions specifically for family use. The 1979 Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church in the U.S. also provides an "Order of Worship for the Evening" as a prelude to Evensong with blessings for the lighting of candles and the singing of the ancient Greek lamp-lighting hymn, the

Church Year. The 1989 New Zealand Prayer Book provides different outlines for Mattins and Evensong on each day of the week, as well as "Midday Prayer", "Night Prayer", and "Family Prayer". In 1995, the Episcopal Church (United States)
published the Contemporary Office Book in one volume with the complete psalter and all readings from the two-year Daily Office lectionary.

Most Anglican monastic communities use a Daily Office based on the Book of Common Prayer or on Common Worship but with additional antiphons and devotions. The

Society of St. Francis
publishes Celebrating Common Prayer, which has become especially popular for use among Anglicans.

Some

Sarum Rite in the style of Cranmer's original Book of Common Prayer, along with supplemental material from other western sources, including a common of Octaves, a common of Holy Women, and other material. It provides for the eight historical offices in one volume, but does not include the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary
, which was bound along with many editions of the Breviarium Romanum. Other Anglo-Catholics use the Roman Catholic Liturgy of the Hours (US) or Divine Office (UK). Various Anglican adaptations of pre-Vatican II Roman office-books have appeared over the years, among the best known being Canon W. Douglas' translation of the 'Monastic Diurnal' into the idiom of the 'Book of Common Prayer'.

Historically, Anglican clergy have vested in cassock, surplice, and tippet for Morning and Evening Prayer, while bishops wear the rochet and chimere. In some monastic communities and Anglo-Catholic parishes, the officiant wears a surplice or an alb with stole and cope when Evensong is celebrated solemnly.

The canons of the Church of England and some other Anglican provinces require clergy to read Morning and Evening Prayer daily, either in public worship or privately. According to Canon C.24, "Every priest having a cure of souls shall provide that, in the absence of reasonable hindrance, Morning and Evening Prayer daily and on appointed days the Litany shall be said in the church, or one of the churches, of which he is the minister."[61] Canon C.26 stipulates that, "Every clerk (cleric) in Holy Orders is under obligation, not being let (prevented) by sickness or some other urgent cause, to say daily the Morning and Evening Prayer...."[62] In other Anglican provinces, the Daily Office is not a canonical obligation but is strongly encouraged.

Methodist usage

F. W. Macdonald, the biographer of The Rt. Rev. John Fletcher Hurst, stated that Oxford Methodism "with its almost monastic rigors, its living by rule, its canonical hours of prayer, is a fair and noble phase of the many-sided life of the Church of England".[63]

The traditional 1784 Methodist Daily Office is contained in The Sunday Service of the Methodists, which was written by John Wesley himself. It was consequently updated in the Book of Offices, published in 1936 in Great Britain, and The United Methodist Book of Worship, published in 1992 in the United States.[64] Some Methodist religious orders publish the Daily Office to be used for that community, for example, The Book of Offices and Services of The Order of Saint Luke contains Morning, Mid-Morning, Noon, Mid-Afternoon, Evening, Compline and Vigil.[65]

Certain Methodist parishes, such as Saint Paul's Free Methodist Church, offer a daily corporate praying of the canonical hours at church.[66]

Reformed usage

Some Reformed churches—notably the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the United Church of Christ—have published daily office books adapted from the ancient structure of morning and evening prayer in the Western church, usually revised for the purpose of inclusive language.

The New Century Psalter, published in 1999 by The Pilgrim Press, includes an inclusive-language revision of the psalms adapted from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible with refrains and complete orders for Morning and Evening Prayer. Simple family prayers for morning, evening and the close of day are also provided.

Book of Common Worship Daily Prayer, published in 1994 by

Presbyterian Church USA. In addition to Morning and Evening Prayer there is a complete service for Compline. Its psalter—an inclusive-language revision of the psalter from the 1979 American Book of Common Prayer—also includes a collect for each psalm. Antiphons and litanies are provided for the seasons of the church year. A new Book of Common Worship Daily Prayer with expanded content was published in 2018. It adds a service for Mid-Day Prayer. Its new psalter is from Evangelical Lutheran Worship
.

Both books are intended for ecumenical use and can be used with any daily lectionary.

Liberal Catholic usage

The

Liberal Catholic movement
, also use a simple version of the Western canonical hours, said with various scripture reading and collects. According to the Liturgy of the Liberal Catholic Church, the Scriptures used are generally limited to the readings of the day, and the complete psalter is not incorporated unless at the discretion of the priest presiding, if as a public service, or of the devotee in private use. The Hours of the Liberal Rite consist of: Lauds, Prime, Sext, Vespers, and Compline. Its recitation is not obligatory on Liberal Catholic priests or faithful, according to current directs from the General Episcopal Synod.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There is also a Psalm 151 which is often included in the Psalter, though it is not actually chanted during the Divine Services.
  2. ^ excepting in the Russian tradition where they are used weekly on weekdays of Great Lent.
  3. ^ On non-leap years, the service for 29 Feb (St. John Cassian) is chanted at Compline on 28 Feb.
  4. ^ a b The liturgical year begins in September, so the volumes are numbered from 1 for September to 12 for August.
  5. ^ Originally, the deacon's book and the priest's books were distinct, but upon the invention of printing, it was found more practical to combine them.
  6. ^
    Feasts and special occasions. In the Slavic usage, the Evangélion contains the four gospels in canonical order (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) with annotations in the margin to indicate the beginning and ending of each reading (and an index in the back).
    The Apostól is likewise edited, the Slavonic Apostól having all of the books of the New Testament (excluding the Gospels and Apocalypse) in their entirety, though not in the same order they are found in most English Bibles (Acts
    is placed first, followed by the Catholic Epistles, etc.).
  7. Great Feasts
    ; and the General Menaion, et cetera.
  8. Patron Saint of the local church or monastery
    .
  9. ^ Each day of Bright Week (Easter Week) uses propers in a different tone, Sunday: Tone One, Monday: Tone Two, skipping the grave tone (Tone Seven)
  10. ^ In accordance with Old Testament practice, the day is considered to begin in the evening (Genesis 1:5).
  11. Missa Sicca
    of the Mediaeval West.
  12. ^ This is to conform with Psalm 55:17, "Evening, morning, and noonday will I tell of it and will declare it, and He will hear my voice."
  13. ^ In monasteries, when there is an evening meal, compline is often separated from vespers and read after the meal; in Greek (απόδειπνον/apodeipnon) and Slavonic (Повечерiе/Pov'echeriye), the name for Compline literally means, "After-supper".
  14. ^ Midnight Office is often omitted in parish churches.
  15. ^ Though the Liturgy (and Typica) are not, strictly speaking, a part of the daily cycle of services, their placement is fixed by the Typicon in relation to the daily cycle.
  16. ^ This is an abbreviated, redundant Vespers, preserving only the opening Psalm, four 'Lord, I call' verses, 'O Gladsome Light', the Prokimenon, 'Vouchsafe, O Lord', an Aposticha, the Nunc Dimmitis and Trisagion prayers, the troparion and a short litany. On great feast days preceded by a strict fast (see note below), a Vesperal Liturgy is said instead.
  17. ^ On great feast days preceded by a strict fast (Christmas, Epiphany, and Annunciation on a weekday), the Vigil commences with Great Compline rather than Vespers, with Vespers preceding Liturgy the previous day
  18. ^ Originally, the Sunrise Service was joined to the Morning Service.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "breviary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 7 February 2022. : a book of the prayers, hymns, psalms, and readings for the canonical hours
  2. ^ John Harthan "The Book of Hours: With a Historical Survey and Commentary by John Harthan.: New York: Crowell, 1977.
  3. ^ "Evening Prayer in Advent". Austin: First English Lutheran Church. 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022. Evening Prayer, or Vespers, is an ancient form of daily prayer and is part of the historic Liturgy of the Hours, or Divine Office.
  4. ^ Acts 3:1
  5. ^ St. Symeon, p 18
  6. ISBN 978-1-4982-9023-4
    . Peterson quotes a passage from the Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day ... with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice.
  7. ISBN 978-1-101-16042-8
    . Hippolytus in the Apostolic Tradition directed that Christians should pray seven times a day - on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight, and also, if at home, at the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion. Prayers at the third, sixth, and ninth hours are similarly mentioned by Tertullian, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, and must have been very widely practised. These prayers were commonly associated with private Bible reading in the family.
  8. ISBN 978-0-521-01746-6
    . Clement of Alexandria noted that "some fix hours for prayer, such as the third, sixth and ninth" (Stromata 7:7). Tertullian commends these hours, because of their importance (see below) in the New Testament and because their number recalls the Trinity (De Oratione 25). These hours indeed appear as designated for prayer from the earliest days of the church. Peter prayed at the sixth hour, i.e. at noon (Acts 10:9). The ninth hour is called the "hour of prayer" (Acts 3:1). This was the hour when Cornelius prayed even as a "God-fearer" attached to the Jewish community, i.e. before his conversion to Christianity. it was also the hour of Jesus' final prayer (Matt. 27:46, Mark 15:34, Luke 22:44-46).
  9. ISBN 978-0-567-16561-9
    . Not only the content of early Christian prayer was rooted in Jewish tradition; its daily structure too initially followed a Jewish pattern, with prayer times in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. Later (in the course of the second century), this pattern combined with another one; namely prayer times in the evening, at midnight and in the morning. As a result seven 'hours of prayer' emerged, which later became the monastic 'hours' and are still treated as 'standard' prayer times in many churches today. They are roughly equivalent to midnight, 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Prayer positions included prostration, kneeling and standing. ... Crosses made of wood or stone, or painted on walls or laid out as mosaics, were also in use, at first not directly as objections of veneration but in order to 'orientate' the direction of prayer (i.e. towards the east, Latin oriens).
  10. ^ Cabrol, Fernand. "Matins". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2019Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1-907497-28-5
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-60608-105-1
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1-4674-5958-7
    . These words make it clear that Hippolytus is dealing both with prayers that are to take place at home or during the day's business and with the prayers and times of study that take place in the community of the church. The prayers upon rising, on the third hour either at home or away from it, and before going to bed at night are sometimes held in private and sometimes in the company of other believers in the same household. But Hippolytus refers to other gatherings which offer, besides prayer, an opportunity for instruction and inspiration. Thus, we see here the beginning of the practice of setting aside certain times for private prayer as well as others for communal prayer.
  14. ISBN 978-1-61970-168-7
    . Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God.
  15. ISBN 978-90-04-14603-7
    .
  16. ^ "Why an Evening Worship Service?". Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  17. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, Book X, Letter xcvii.
  18. ^ Holweck, Frederick. "Eve of a Feast". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 October 2019Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. ^ Carrol, F. "Nocturns". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2019Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  20. ^ Taft, Mount Athos:, pp 180, 181, 182, 187, and 189
  21. ^ a b Taft, Mount Athos:, pp 180, 182, 184, 185, 187, and 191
  22. ^ Rule of Saint Benedict, chapter 16 (original Latin); English translation by Leonard J. Doyle
  23. ^ "No document found". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
  24. ^ Constitutions of the Holy Apostles Archived 7 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, VIII, iv, 34
  25. ^ "Rule of Saint Benedict, 8".
  26. ISBN 9781579104603
    – via Google Books.
  27. ^ Cabrol, Fernand. "Lauds". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 October 2019Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  28. ^ "Code of Rubrics, 138" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  29. ^ "Felix Just, "The Liturgy of the Hours"". Catholic-resources.org. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  30. ^ "What is the relationship between bells and the church? When and where did the tradition begin? Should bells ring in every church?". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  31. ^ "General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours, 29". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  32. ^ canon 276 §2 32 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law
  33. ^ The General Instruction on the Liturgy of the Hours, No. 27
  34. ^ "What Does Psalms 119:164 Mean? "Seven times a day do I praise thee, Because of thy righteous ordinances."". biblestudytools.com.
  35. ^ "What Does Psalms 119:62 Mean? "At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee Because of thy righteous ordinances."". biblestudytools.com.
  36. ^ "Rule of St. Benedict". www.thelatinlibrary.com.
  37. ^ "St. Benedict: Holy Rule of St. Benedict - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org.
  38. ^ "Breviary Rubrics 1960".
  39. ^ Bouscaren, Timothy Lincoln; O'Connor, James I. (1958). The Canon Law Digest: 1958-1962. Bruce. Retrieved 5 December 2015. Of these, Matins, Lauds and Vespers are called major Hours; Prime, Terce, Sext, None, and Compline, minor Hours.
  40. ^ "The Liturgy of the Hours". catholic-resources.org.
  41. ISBN 978-1478391029
    . The Diurnal Offices: These brief diurnal or daytime offices punctuate the day with prayer. They are prayed in the setting in which we find ourselves, whether at work, as a community gathered for learning or fellowship, or on retreat. While the traditional times for these are at the third, sixth, and ninth hours (that is, at (9:00 am, noon, and 3:00 pm), the exact time for each is variable according to the context of the settings in which we pray them.
  42. ^ Lula, Daniel James (2013). "The Anglican Breviary". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015. Reciting the "diurnal", or day office, of Terce, Sext and Nones may be one of the easiest ways for a modern individual to sanctify his or her work-day. The three day Hours, identical in structure, are each much simpler and shorter than any of the Major Hours or Compline. They can easily be recited at their appointed times—9 a.m., 12 noon, and 3 p.m.—aggregated during the lunch hour, or said alone as time permits.
  43. ISBN 9781508553014
    . The seven "hours" (offices or services) provided by The Order of Saint Luke follow the pattern of the seven hours listed by Basil the Great in the fourth century. There are two principal hours (Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer), three diurnal or daytime hours (mid-morning, mid-day, and mid-afternoon), and two nocturnal or nighttime hours (compline and vigil).
  44. ^ Council of Trent, Decree on Reformation, Chapter XXI
  45. ^ "IN DEFENSE OF THE PAULINE MASS". matt1618.freeyellow.com.
  46. ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium, Article 89(d)
  47. ^ Sacrosanctum Concilium Art 91. So that it may really be possible in practice to observe the course of the hours proposed in Art. 89, the psalms are no longer to be distributed throughout one week, but through some longer period of time.
  48. ^ "Second Vatican Council, Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium, 89 d". The Holy See. 4 December 1963. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Apostolic Constitution Laudis canticum". W2.vatican.va. 20 November 1947. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  50. ^ Тvпико́нъ сіесть уста́въ (The Typicon which is the Order), p 1
  51. ^ "Some differences between Greek and Russian divine services and their significance by Basil Krivoshein, Archbishop of Brussels and Belgium", retrieved 1 January 2012
  52. ^ "Минея, сентябрь ~ Menaion, September". Богослужебные тексты ~ Liturgical Texts. Библиотека святоотеческой литературы ~ Library of Patristic Literature. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  53. ^ Sokolof, pp 36–38
  54. ^ a b Sokolof, p 93
  55. ^ Sokolof, p 36
  56. ^ George Percy Badger (1852). The Nestorians and Their Rituals. Kurdistan: Joseph Masters. p. 16.
  57. ^ Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer. Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 2016. p. 5. The seven hours of prayer create a cycle that provides us with a foretaste of the eternal life we will spend in the presence of God worshipping Him. ... We pray standing upright while facing East as we collect our thoughts on God.
  58. ^ Psalm 119:164
  59. ^ a b Mayes, Benjamin T. G. (5 September 2004). "Daily Prayer Books in the History of German and American Lutheranism" (PDF). Lutheran Liturgical Prayer Brotherhood. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  60. ^ Lowther Clarke, W. K. (1922). Evensong Explained, with Notes on Matins and the Litany. London: SPCK.
  61. ^ Canon C.24
  62. ^ Canon C.26
  63. ^ Hurst, John Fletcher (1902). The History of Methodism. Eaton & Mains. pp. 310–.
  64. ISBN 978-0-334-04932-6
    . The Church in 1935 approved Divine Worship (versions of morning prayer, other services and numerous collects) and in 1936 authorized the Book of Offices and, bound in with it, the Order for Morning Prayer: both still exhibited connections to the BCP and thus Wesley's orders, though the former showed a willingness to include newly composed prayers and those borrowed from other Free Church sources.
  65. Order of St. Luke
    . 6 September 2012.
  66. ^ "Philosophy of St. Paul's". Greenville: St. Paul's Free Methodist Church. 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2022. We believe we best receive God's gifts through ongoing worship; we practice daily Morning prayer and Eucharist as well as Compline prayer.

Sources

External links

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