Cantar de mio Cid
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Cantar de mio Cid | |
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Poem of my Cid | |
National Library of Spain, Vitr.7–17.[1] | |
Genre | Cantar de gesta |
Verse form | Anisosyllabic with assonant rhyme |
Length | 3730 verses |
El Cantar de mio Cid (lit. 'The Song of my Cid', or 'The Song of my Sidi ('lord')'), or El Poema de mio Cid, also known in English as The Poem of the Cid, is the oldest preserved Castilian epic poem.[2] Based on a true story, it tells of the deeds of the Castilian hero Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar—known as El Cid—and takes place during the eleventh century, an era of conflicts in the Iberian Peninsula between the Kingdom of Castile and various Taifa principalities of Al-Andalus. It is considered a national epic of Spain.
The work survives in a medieval manuscript which is now in the
Origin
The Spanish medievalist Ramón Menéndez Pidal included the Cantar de mio Cid in the popular tradition he termed the mester de juglaría. Mester de juglaría refers to the medieval tradition according to which popular poems were passed down from generation to generation, being changed in the process. These poems were meant to be performed in public by minstrels (or juglares), who each performed the traditional composition differently according to the performance context—sometimes adding their own twists to the epic poems they told, or abbreviating it according to the situation.
El Cantar de mio Cid shows signs of being designed for oral transmission. For example, the poem ends with a request for wine for the person who has recited it (Es leido, dadnos del vino).
On the other hand, some critics (known as individualists) believe El Cantar de mio Cid was composed by one Per Abbad (in English, Abbot Peter
There are sources that claim that the song was written several years earlier, considering the historical Cid died in 1099.
Title
One of the oldest documents preserved at the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid presents only this phrase as the poem's title: Hic incipiunt gesta Roderici Campi Docti, which means "Here begin the deeds of Rodrigo the Campeador."[7] Its current title is a 19th-century proposal by Ramón Menéndez Pidal since its original title is unknown. Some merely call the poem El Poema del Cid on the grounds that it is not a cantar but a poem made up of three cantares. The title has been translated into English as The Lay of the Cid and The Song of the Cid. Mio Cid is literally "My Cid", a term of endearment used by the narrator and by characters in the work.[4] The word Cid originates from Arabic sidi or sayyid (سيد), an honorific title similar to English Sir (in the medieval, courtly sense).
The commonly used title El Cantar de mio Cid means literally The Song of my Lord or The Poem of my Lord. As the original title of the poem is lost to history, this one was suggested by historian
The story
El Cid married the cousin of King
The story begins with the exile of El Cid, whose enemies had unjustly accused him of stealing money from the king, Alfonso VI of Castile and León, leading to his exile. To regain his honor, he participated in the battles against the Moorish armies and conquered
Unlike other European medieval epics, the tone is realist.[8] There is no magic, even the apparition of archangel Gabriel (verses 404–410) happens in a dream. However, it also departs from historic truth: for example, there is no mention of his son, his daughters were not named Elvira and Sol and they did not become queens.
It consists of more than 3,700 verses of usually 14 through 16 syllables, each with a caesura between the hemistiches. The rhyme is assonant.
Since 1913, and following the work of Ramón Menéndez Pidal, the entire work is conventionally divided into three parts:
Cantar del Destierro (verses 1–1086)
El Cid is exiled from Castile by King Alfonso VI and fights against the Moors to regain his honor.
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar is called Mío Cid (meaning My Lord) by the Moors. His current task is to collect the tributes from the Moorish territory owed to his king, Alfonso VI of León. Cid's enemy accuses him of taking some of these tributes and the king exiles him from León and Castile. Before he leaves, he places his wife, Doña Ximena, and his two daughters, Doña Elvira and Doña Sol, in the
Cantar de las bodas de las hijas del Cid (verses 1087–2277)
El Cid defends the city of Valencia, defeating King Chufa ibn Tashfin of the Almoravids. El Cid restores his honor and grants his daughters permission to marry the infantes of Carrión.
It begins with Cid's capture of the city of Valencia. He brings his family to live with him. It is discovered that the Infantes (princes) de Carrión, the nephews to the king, are the enemies who caused Cid's exile. They plot to marry his daughters to take some of his wealth. The king acts on behalf of his nephews and pardons Cid and allows the marriages. Cid suspects that something bad will happen from the marriages but he allows it anyway.
Cantar de la Afrenta de Corpes (verses 2278–3730)
The infantes of Carrión were put to shame after being scared of a lion roaming in the court and running away from a campaign to fight against the Moors. So, in revenge, they decide to abuse and abandon their wives at the roadside in Corpes, tied to trees. Once more, El Cid has to gain his honor back, so he asks the court of Toledo for justice. The infantes are defeated in a duel by El Cid's men, and his daughters remarry to the infantes of Navarre and Aragon.
The Cantar shows that the Infantes are cowards in battles with the Moors. They are made fun of and decide to get revenge by attacking their wives. They set out for Carrión with their wives and an escort, Felix Muñoz, the cousin of the daughters. Once on the journey, they send the escort ahead of them, steal their wives' great dowries (including two beautiful swords) and beat them and leave them for dead. Muñoz suspects trouble and returns to his cousins and takes them to receive help. Cid seeks to right the wrongs done to his daughters, and a trial is held. A duel is held between some of Cid's men and the Infantes in which the Infantes lose. In the middle of the trial, a message is sent from the kings of Navarra and Aragon, proposing to marry their sons to Cid's daughters. These marriages take place after the defeat of the Infantes and near the end of the story.
Authorship and composition date
The linguistic analysis allows the reconstruction of a 12th-century previous text, which Ramón Menéndez Pidal dated circa 1140. Date and authorship are still open to debate.[9] Certain aspects of the conserved text belong to a well-informed author, with precise knowledge of the law in effect by the end of the 12th century and beginning of the 13th, who knew the area bordering with Burgos.
Extract
These are the first two known stanzas.[10] The format has been somewhat regularized (e.g., "mio" for "myo", "rr" for "R", "ñ" for "nn", "llorando" for "lorando", "v" for "u", adding modern punctuation and capitalization):
- De los sos oios tan fuertemientre llorando,
- Tornava la cabeça e estavalos catando;
- Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cañados,
- alcandaras vazias, sin pielles e sin mantos,
- e sin falcones e sin adtores mudados.
- Sospiro Mio Cid, ca mucho avie grandes cuidados.
- Fablo mio Cid bien e tan mesurado:
- «¡grado a ti, Señor Padre, que estas en alto!
- »Esto me an buelto mios enemigos malos.»
- Alli pienssan de aguiiar, alli sueltan las rriendas;
- ala exida de Bivar ovieron la corneia diestra
- e entrando a Burgos ovieronla siniestra.
- Meçio Mio Cid los ombros e engrameo la tiesta:
- «¡Albricia, Albar Fañez, ca echados somos de tierra!»
- [»Mas a grand ondra tornaremos a Castiella.»]
(The last verse is not in the original transcript by Per Abbat, but it was inserted by Menéndez Pidal because it appears in later chronicles, e.g., "Veinte Reyes de Castilla (1344)".[11])
Sample text
The following is a sample from Cantar de Mio Cid (lines 330–365), with abbreviations resolved, punctuation (the original has none), and some modernized letters.[note 1] Below, the original Old Spanish text is presented in the first column, along with the same sample in modern Spanish in the second column and an English translation in the third column.
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Translations into English
- Robert Southey, Chronicle of the Cid, 1808, prose translation with other matter from chronicles and ballads, with an appendix including a partial verse translation by John Hookham Frere.
- John Ormsby, The Poem of Cid, 1879, with introduction and notes.
- Archer Milton Huntington, Poem of the Cid, (1897–1903), reprinted from the unique manuscript at Madrid, with translation and notes.
- Lesley Byrd Simpson, The Poem of the Cid, 1957.
- W. S. Merwin, The Poem of the Cid, 1959.
- Paul Blackburn, Poem of the Cid: a modern translation with notes, 1966.
- Rita Hamilton, The Poem of the Cid: Dual Language Edition, 1985.
- Burton Raffel, The Song of the Cid: A Dual-Language Edition with Parallel Text, 2009.
- Michael Harney, The Epic of The Cid with related texts, 2011.
- Matthew Bailey, selections in pedagogical edition from Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology), 2020.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "Biblioteca Nacional de España". Biblioteca Digital Hispánica. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
- ^ Penguin Classics, "The Poem of the Cid: A Bilingual Edition with Parallel Text", 1975, Translated by Rita Hamilton, "[1] Archived 2014-11-08 at the Wayback Machine", 1/5/2010
- ^ Dos Espanoles en la historia: el Cid y Ramon Menendez Pidal. Exhibition at the BNE 2019.
- ^ a b Goodrich, Norma Lorre (1961). "The Cid". Medieval Myths. New York: Mentor Books.
- ^ ISBN 9780521249928.
- ISBN 0743243595.
- ISBN 9780195069556.
- ^ El Cid del Cantar: El héroe literario y el héroe épico, Rafael Beltrán
- ^ [2]Francisco A. Marcos-Marín, Cantar de Mio Cid. Edición. (Introducción, Edición Crítica, Versión en Español Moderno y Notas). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1997.
- ^ Transcription of the first page, kept at the National Library in Madrid.
- ^ S. G. Armistead, "Cantares de gesta y crónicas alfonsíes: Mas a grand ondra / tornaremos a Castiella, Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas, Actas IX (1986) pp. 177–185. Centro virtual Cervantes.
External links
- Cantar de Mio Cid Digital edition with normative transcription, English translation, oral rendering (audio) of Old Spanish text, with images of entire manuscript
- Scanned copies of the manuscript of the Cantar de Mio Cid—Spanish
- Musical aspects of the Lay of the Cid (Spanish, brief introduction in English).
- Selections in Spanish and English (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)