Canterbury city walls
Canterbury city walls | |
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Ragstone, flint | |
Events | Viking expansion Peasants' Revolt Jack Cade's Rebellion English Civil War |
Canterbury city walls are a sequence of
The
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Canterbury's city walls came under extensive pressure from urban development. All the gates but one,
History
3rd–4th centuries
The first city walls in Canterbury were built by the Romans.
The walls were typically 7.5 feet (2.3 m) inches thick and built of flint and mortar, with some limited use of larger sandstone blocks.[3] The height of these walls is uncertain, but sections have survived that are up to 20 feet (6.1 m) high.[8] The walls stood on a bank of earth between 20 feet (6.1 m) and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and at least 7 feet (2.1 m) high, protected by a ditch, typically 59 feet (18 m) wide and 16.5 feet (5.0 m) deep, but in places up to 82 feet (25 m) wide.[9] A 10 feet (3.0 m) wide cobbled berm ran between the ditch and the wall.[10]
The walls had at least five gates, typically positioned near angles in the city wall, although, judging from the location of Roman roads, it is possible that another two Roman gates may also have existed.
5th–11th centuries
During the 5th century, Canterbury went into decline and its Roman institutions and buildings crumbled, although the city walls survived.
In the late Anglo-Saxon period, the internal street layout of Canterbury was remodelled, but the line of the outer walls remained the same.
Despite Canterbury's walls, a
11th–13th centuries
The inhabitants of Canterbury put up no resistance to the Normans during their
In 1086, the Domesday Book recorded that 11 houses had been built in the ditches around the city walls, which by then appear to have been in a poor condition.[27] The encroachment was possibly the result of population pressures on the inner, walled city, as Canterbury had spread out well beyond the walls by the mid-11th century.[35] It is unclear how the walls were maintained during this period, and by the 12th century they were in ruins and of little practical defensive value.[36] In the late-12th century, the walls were assigned some limited royal funding through the local sheriff, probably for the maintenance of existing structures, and just over £5 was spent in 1166–67 on these repairs.[37]
Wooden "bars" had been placed outside many of the city gates to regulate the flow of traffic by the 12th century, including Riding Gate, Worth Gate and North Gate.
After the 12th century, work on the walls appears to have stopped until the second half of the 14th century.[43] The city walls fell further into disrepair as a result.[44] In some places, over 1 foot (0.30 m) of debris came to cover the remaining stonework of the old Roman walls, while in another case a building was constructed directly over the top of the former defences.[44]
14th century
In the early 1360s, during the
Canterbury's bailiffs were ordered to repair the walls, with similar instructions being issued to the authorities in vulnerable cities such as Colchester, Bath and Rochester.[47] The result was what historian Hilary Turner has described as a "well-planned operation", designed to build the walls rapidly, but which still took around 30 years to complete.[48] The city and the cathedral authorities worked closely together on the project, an unusual situation, given the local political tensions that existed between them.[49]
Money was needed to pay for this work. During the previous century, a method of taxation had been introduced to support the creation or maintenance of city walls, called
Despite this, progress was not fast enough to suit the royal authorities. Richard II ordered the city to force workmen to repair the defences, and intervened in Canterbury's local elections in 1387 to ensure that two trusted bailiffs – Henry Lincoln and John Proude – were returned to office, in order for the King to have confidence in the walls being maintained.[54][nb 1] In 1403, Henry IV sent messages to the city complaining that the defences were not being adequately maintained, and that the city was still insecure.[55]
15th–16th centuries
A survey in 1402 suggested that most of the city was walled, except for part of the stretch between the West Gate and North Gate.[52] In 1409, the city's bailiffs were allowed to acquire lands worth £20 a year to support the maintenance of the walls, and Canterbury was permitted to draw funding from the royal customs duties for the walls.[56] Murage taxes in Canterbury gave way to the introduction of support through a system of rates, with each ward being tasked to raise money through local taxes on its citizens.[57] The walls became an important symbol of the city, and 15th-century art from Canterbury presents the cathedral and the city wall as having equal status as key features of the city.[58]
The resulting circuit of walls followed the line of the former Roman and Anglo-Saxon defences, incorporating them where they survived in good condition. Parts of the 14th century walls, for example along Burgate Lane, have been shown to 4 feet (1.2 m) thick at the base and built of Kentish
Defensive towers were built around the city walls, and archaeological and historical evidence suggests that there were 24 of these.[64] The towers had a generally uniform appearance, with 16 half-circular, or "horse-shoe", hollow-backed towers and eight square towers.[65] The horse-shoe towers followed a fashion that had been popular from around 1260 to 1390, making Canterbury's towers a late example of the trend.[66] The square towers were a newer design, and were built around the turn of the 14th and 15th century by Thomas Chillenden of Christchurch Priory.[67]
The reconstructed walls also saw the introduction of
A second wave of work took place on the city walls in the late 15th century.[73] Backed by substantial communal effort and financial contributions, Newingate was rebuilt between 1450 and 1470, and probably closely resembled the West Gate in style.[74] Burgate was rebuilt in brick from 1475 onwards, again thanks to public contributions, but it was not completed until 1525, furnished with gunports and anachronistic battlements.[75] Queningate was closed up at shortly after the 15th century, probably following the construction of a new postern gate nearby.[14] West Gate was appointed the city gaol in 1453 by Henry VI, with Canterbury Castle serving as the county gaol.[63]
In contrast to Wat Tyler's entrance in 1381, in 1450,
17th–19th centuries
By 1614, the ditch outside the walls appears to have been partially filled in and the reclaimed land rented out.
Towards the end of the 18th century, horse-drawn
In other parts of Canterbury, the city walls became used for promenades by the more fashionable citizens.[88] The Dane John Gardens were built between 1790 and 1803 by Simmons in the south-east corner of the walls, remodelling the old castle motte, and incorporating the Roman bank and the medieval wall-walk into the design.[89] The ownership of the land was disputed, and the park was taken into the control of the city shortly after its construction.[90]
West Gate continued to be used as the city gaol, resulting in it surviving the destruction of the other city gates.
20th–21st centuries
During the
In the post-war years, the city walls shaped the route of Canterbury's modern ring road system, protecting the inner core of the ancient city, despite proposals under the Holden Plan of 1945 for a radical reshaping of the city's road network.[96] During the 1950s, a stretch of Canterbury's walls were reconstructed, including two circular towers, as part of the redevelopment of the St George district.[94] In the early 1980s, the volume of traffic around the West Gate was causing damage to the structure of the building.[97] The remaining walls and West Gate are protected under UK law as scheduled monuments and as a Grade I listed building.
Architecture
Canterbury's city walls in the 21st century are a mixture of survivals from the multiple periods of building, from Roman to the 20th century, but the majority of the visible walls are medieval in origin.[98] Over half the original circuit survives, and archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham consider it "one of the most magnificent in Britain".[2] Of the original 24 medieval towers along the walls, 17 remain intact, and one entranceway into the city, the West Gate, also survives.[61]
North Gate was destroyed in the 19th century, but its former location is marked by a "Cozen Stone", a marker laid down by amateur archaeologist Walter Cozens in the interwar years.[99] Moving clockwise around the circuit from Northgate, St Mary's Church incorporates parts of the walls into its structure, and the original medieval crenellations can be seen in the stonework.[2] Four square towers survive around the walls here, mostly somewhat reduced in height from their original medieval form, and with their gunports converted to windows.[82] The outline of Queningate is marked out on the local road, and parts of the Roman wall discovered in archaeological investigations are presented in a local display.[100] A further two towers beyond Queningate survive, complete with their original gunports.[82] The former site of Burgate is marked by another Cozen Stone, and on the next stretch of wall, one tower survives, used for a period as a water cistern and now incorporated into the 19th century Zoar Chapel.[101]
The south-east stretch of the walls beyond the former site of Riding Gate, marked by a 19th-century plaque, are particularly well preserved, including the Dane John Gardens, used as a public park and decorated with sculptures.[102] The two towers near this stretch of wall are reconstructions from the 1950s on the original medieval foundations.[103] Another four towers survive between the former sites of Riding Gate and Wincheap Gate, one of which remains near its original height and retains its defensive crenellations.[103] Beyond the former site of Wincheap Gate the wall has mostly been destroyed, although one tower survives, converted into a private house; the former site of Worth Gate is marked by a memorial stone.[104]
The West Gate has survived in excellent condition, and Creighton and Higham describe it as "one of the most monumental of all examples of town gate architecture".[105] Constructed from ragstone and flint, it has two large circular towers at the front, but has a square-facing interior; although fireplaces were built into each tower in the 14th century, their flues were designed to be hidden from sight so as not to spoil its military appearance.[106] The West Gate hosts a local museum and cafe.[63] A final three towers survive on the stretch of the walls between West Gate and the former North Gate.[82]
See also
- List of town walls in England and Wales
- Southampton city walls
References
Notes
- ^ The King's intervention in the elections in this way was unusual, only occurring in Canterbury, Southampton, Winchester and Sandwich.[52]
References
- ISBN 978-0-7524-2888-8.
- ^ a b c Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 259
- ^ a b Frere & Stow 1982, p. 17
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 29–31
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 43–44
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 20; Frere & Stow 1982, p. 17
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 46
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 44
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 20; Lyle 2002, p. 44
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 20
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, pp. 19–20, 51; Lyle 2002, p. 44
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 21–23
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 19; Lyle 2002, p. 44; "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ a b c d Frere & Stow 1982, p. 19
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 40–42
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 47–48
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, pp. 55–56; Lyle 2002, pp. 47–48
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 51
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 50; Fleming 2011, p. 186
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 44
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 45
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 24
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 52
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 177; "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 21
- ^ a b Lyle 2002, p. 53
- ^ a b Turner 1971, p. 21
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 22, 148; Frere & Stow 1982, p. 21
- ^ Lyle 2002, pp. 53–54
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 56
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 55; Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 68; Lyle 2002, p. 64
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 69
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 70; Lyle 2002, p. 65
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 56
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, pp. 65, 95
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 65; Turner 1971, p. 151
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 23, 151
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 90
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 95
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 185; Lyle 2002, p. 56
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 184; Lyle 2002, p. 56
- ^ a b Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 188
- ^ a b c Turner 1971, p. 148
- ^ a b Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 67
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 41–42, 81; Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 203
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 82
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 81
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 15; Frere & Stow 1982, p. 21
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 150
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 28–31
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 148, 150
- ^ a b c d e Turner 1971, p. 149
- ^ a b Lyle 2002, p. 91
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 49, 81, 149
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 81–82
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 43, 150
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 40
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 92
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 151
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 62–63
- ^ a b Turner 1971, p. 152
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 47
- ^ a b c d e "Westgate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 23
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 23; Turner 1971, p. 58
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 58
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 60; Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 139
- ^ Turner 1971, pp. 65–66
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 66; Creighton & Higham 2005, pp. 37, 114
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 117
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 66
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 84
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 22
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 154; Frere & Stow 1982, p. 22; Lyle 2002, p. 89
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 153; Lyle 2002, p. 89
- ^ "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013; Cox 1905, p. 107
- ^ Cox 1905, p. 107
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 96
- ^ a b c Lyle 2002, p. 109
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 110
- ^ Lyle 2002, p. 111
- ^ a b c d Turner 1971, p. 153
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 19; "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ a b "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, pp. 19, 56
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 154; Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 240
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, pp. 28, 97
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 241
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 242; "Dane John Gardens", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ a b "Dane John Gardens", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, pp. 171, 239
- ^ Howard 1777, p. 226
- ^ Brent 1860, p. 26; "Westgate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ a b Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 243
- ^ a b Lyle 2002, p. 129
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 243; Lyle 2002, pp. 128–129
- ^ Frere & Stow 1982, p. 107
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, pp. 40, 259
- ^ "Dane John Gardens", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013; "Cozens' Paving Stones", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 259; "St George's Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 154; Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 259; "Zoar Chapel", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013; "Burgate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 259; "Dane John Gardens", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013; "Riding Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ a b Turner 1971, p. 154
- ^ Turner 1971, p. 154; "Worth Gate", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 193; Turner 1971, p. 152.
- ^ Creighton & Higham 2005, p. 114; Turner 1971, p. 152; Frere & Stow 1982, p. 111
Bibliography
- Brent, John (1860). Canterbury in the Olden Time: From the Municipal Archives and Other Sources. Canterbury, UK and London, UK: A. Ginder, and Bell and Daldy. OCLC 6386983.
- Cox, J. Charles (1905). Canterbury, a Historical and Topographical Account of the City. London, UK: Methuen. OCLC 185430872.
- Creighton, Oliver; Higham, Robert (2005). Medieval Town Walls: an Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-1445-4.
- ISBN 978-0-14-014823-7.
- Frere, S. S.; Stow, Sally (1982). "The Defensive Circuit". In Frere, S. S.; Stow, Sally; Bennett, P. (eds.). Excavations on the Roman and Medieval Defences of Canterbury. Maidstone, UK: Canterbury Archaeological Trust and Kent Archaeological Society. pp. 17–120. ISBN 0-906746-03-5.
- Howard, John (1777). The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, with Preliminary Observations and an Account of Some Foreign Prisons. Warringon, UK: William Eyres. OCLC 24425499.
- Lyle, Marjorie (2002). Canterbury: 2000 Years of History (Revised ed.). Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-1948-0.
- Turner, Hilary L. (1971). Town Defences in England and Wales. London, UK: John Baker. OCLC 463160092.