Cantons of Switzerland
Swiss cantons Schweizer Kantone (German) Cantons suisses (French) Cantoni svizzeri (Italian) Chantuns svizras (Romansh) | |
---|---|
| |
Category | Federated state |
Location | Switzerland |
Found in | Regions |
Created |
|
Number | 26 cantons (as of 1979) |
Populations | 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) – 1,487,969 (Canton of Zürich) |
Areas | 37 km2 (14 sq mi) – 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) |
Government | |
Subdivisions |
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The 26 cantons of Switzerland
Each canton of the
The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the
The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km2 (15 sq. mi.) (Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km2 (2743 sq. mi.) (Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (Zürich).
Terminology
The term
In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term Ort (plural: Orte) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons.[3] The founding cantons specifically were also known as Waldstätte 'forest settlements' (singular: Waldstatt). The formulaic Stette und Waldstette for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with Stett und Lender ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until the late 15th century.[8] Ort was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände) 'estate' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term 'Stand' was revived in 1815 and remains in use today.[3] [9]
The French term canton adopted into German
The term Stand (French: état, Italian: stato) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (German: Ständerat, French: Conseil des États, Italian: Consiglio degli Stati, Romansh: Cussegl dals Stadis).
In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular:
History
In the 16th century, the
.Though they were technically part of the
In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as
The old system was abandoned with the formation of the
, acceded in 1815.The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal
Constitutions and powers
The Swiss Federal Constitution[16] declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.[17] Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.
Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts.[17] Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.
The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.[18] For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.
The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for
The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.
As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of
Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.
Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.
List
The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution.
Arms
[note 3] |
Code | Name in official language(s) | Name in English | As a Swiss canton since | Capital | GDP (2020)[21] in million CHF |
GDP per capita (2020)[22] in CHF |
Population [note 4] |
Area (km2) | Density (per km2) [note 5] |
No. munic. (2018)[23] | Official languages
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
|
ZH | Zürich | Zürich | 1351 | Zürich | 149,004 | 96,359 | 1,553,423 | 1,729 | 898 | 166 | German |
2 |
|
BE | Bern; Berne | Bern / Berne | 1353 | Bern | 80,209 | 77,027 | 1,043,132 | 5,960 | 175 | 347 | German, French |
3 |
|
LU | Luzern | Lucerne | 1332 | Lucerne | 28,176 | 67,936 | 416,347 | 1,494 | 279 | 83 | German |
4 |
|
UR | Uri | Uri | 1291 [note 6] |
Altdorf | 1,985 | 54,006 | 36,819 | 1,077 | 34 | 20 | German |
5 |
|
SZ | Schwyz | Schwyz | 1291 [note 6] |
Schwyz | 9,876 | 61,223 | 162,157 | 908 | 179 | 30 | German |
6 |
|
OW | Obwalden | Obwalden / Obwald | 1291 [note 6] or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden) |
Sarnen | 2,564 | 67,453 | 38,108 | 491 | 78 | 7 | German |
7 |
|
NW | Nidwalden | Nidwalden / Nidwald | 1291 [note 6] (as Unterwalden) |
Stans | 2,867 | 66,209 | 43,520 | 276 | 158 | 11 | German |
8 |
|
GL | Glarus | Glarus | 1352 | Glarus | 2,763 | 67,849 | 40,851 | 685 | 60 | 3 | German |
9 |
|
ZG | Zug | Zug / Zoug | 1352 | Zug | 20,029 | 156,210 | 128,794 | 239 | 539 | 11 | German |
10 |
|
FR | Fribourg; Freiburg | Fribourg / Freiburg | 1481 | Fribourg | 19,180 | 59,263 | 325,496 | 1,671 | 195 | 136 | French, German |
11 |
|
SO | Solothurn | Solothurn / Soleure | 1481 | Solothurn | 18,029 | 65,237 | 277,462 | 790 | 351 | 109 | German |
12 |
|
BS | Basel-Stadt | Basel-Stadt / Basel-City | 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) | Basel | 37,168 | 189,354 | 201,156 | 37 | 5,444 | 3 | German |
13 |
|
BL | Basel-Landschaft | Basel-Landschaft / Basel-Country | 1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999) | Liestal | 20,567 | 70,866 | 292,955 | 518 | 566 | 86 | German |
14 |
|
SH | Schaffhausen | Schaffhausen / Schaffhouse | 1501 | Schaffhausen | 7,244 | 87,569 | 83,107 | 298 | 278 | 26 | German |
15 |
|
AR | Appenzell Ausserrhoden | Appenzell Ausserrhoden / Appenzell Outer-Rhodes | 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) | Herisau[note 7] | 3,190 | 57,601 | 55,309 | 243 | 228 | 20 | German |
16 |
|
AI | Appenzell Innerrhoden | Appenzell Innerrhoden / Appenzell Inner-Rhodes | 1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999) | Appenzell | 1,043 | 64,358 | 16,293 | 172 | 94 | 6 | German |
17 |
|
SG | St. Gallen | St. Gallen / St. Gall | 1803 [note 8] |
St. Gallen | 38,041 | 74,210 | 514,504 | 2,031 | 253 | 77 | German |
18 |
|
GR | Graubünden; Grischun; Grigioni | Grisons / Graubünden | 1803 [note 9] |
Chur | 14,519 | 72,754 | 200,096 | 7,105 | 28 | 108 | German, Romansh, Italian |
19 |
|
AG | Aargau | Aargau
|
1803 [note 10] |
Aarau | 43,590 | 63,177 | 694,072 | 1,404 | 494 | 212 | German |
20 |
|
TG | Thurgau | Thurgau / Thurgovia
|
1803 [note 11] |
Frauenfeld[note 12] | 17,208 | 61,190 | 282,909 | 992 | 285 | 80 | German |
21 |
|
TI | Ticino | Ticino / Tessin | 1803 [note 13] |
Bellinzona | 29,311 | 83,450 | 350,986 | 2,812 | 125 | 115 | Italian |
22 |
|
VD | Vaud | Vaud | 1803 [note 14] |
Lausanne | 56,898 | 70,250 | 814,762 | 3,212 | 254 | 309 | French |
23 |
|
VS | Valais; Wallis | Valais | 1815 [note 15] |
Sion | 19,194 | 55,313 | 348,503 | 5,224 | 67 | 126 | French, German |
24 |
|
NE | Neuchâtel | Neuchâtel | 1815/1857 [note 16] |
Neuchâtel | 15,343 | 87,080 | 175,894 | 802 | 219 | 31 | French |
25 |
|
GE | Genève | Geneva | 1815 [note 17] |
Geneva | 51,976 | 102,876 | 506,343 | 282 | 1,792 | 45 | French |
26 |
|
JU | Jura | Jura | 1979 [note 18] |
Delémont | 4,687 | 63,643 | 73,709 | 839 | 88 | 55 | French |
- | CH | Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; Confédération suisse; Confederazione Svizzera; Confederaziun svizra |
Swiss Confederation
|
1815/1848 [note 19] |
(Bern) | 694,662 | 80,418 | 8,670,300 | 41,291 | 210 | 2,222 | German, French, Italian, Romansh |
The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on
Half-cantons
Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (German: Halbkanton, French: demi-canton, Italian: semicantone, Romansh: mez-chantun). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulted in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are[51]—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.[52]
The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald ['above and beneath the woods'])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft ['city and country'])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden ['both Rhoden'])".[53] The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.
The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":
The People and the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz,
Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura form the Swiss Confederation.— Article 1 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation[54]
The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other.[55] While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".[56]
The 1⁄2, 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.[57]
The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:
- Abbey of Engelberg formed distinct communities. The collective term Unterwalden remains in use, however, for the area that partook in the creation of the original Swiss confederation in 1291 with Uri and Schwyz. The Federal Charter of 1291 called for representatives from each of the three "areas".[58][59]
- The historical Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant).
- The historical canton of Basel-Stadt), following a period of protest and armed conflict about the under-representation of the more populous countryside in the canton's political system.
With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:[61]
- They elect only one member of the Council of Statesinstead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
- In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142).[62] This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.[63]
Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.
In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura.[64] Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.
Names in national languages
The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.
Abbr | English[note 20] | German | French | Italian | Romansh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AG | Aargau ; Argovia
|
ⓘ | Argovie | Argovia | ⓘ |
AI | Appenzell Innerrhoden ; Appenzell Inner-Rhodes
|
ⓘ | Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures | Appenzello Interno | ⓘ |
AR | Appenzell Ausserrhoden ; Appenzell Outer-Rhodes
|
ⓘ | Appenzell Rhodes-Extérieures | Appenzello Esterno | ⓘ |
BS | Basel-Stadt; Basel-City | ⓘ | Bâle-Ville | Basilea Città | ⓘ |
BL | Basel-Landschaft; Basel-Country | ⓘ | Bâle-Campagne | Basilea Campagna | ⓘ |
BE | Bern; Berne | ⓘ | Berne | Berna | ⓘ |
FR | Fribourg; Friburg[citation needed] | ⓘ | Fribourg | Friburgo | ⓘ |
GE | Genève; Geneva | ⓘ | Genève | Ginevra | ⓘ |
GL | Glarus; Glaris[citation needed] | ⓘ | Glaris | Glarona | ⓘ |
GR | Grisons; Graubünden | ⓘ | Grisons | Grigioni | ⓘ |
JU | Jura | ⓘ | Jura | Giura | ⓘ |
LU | Lucerne | ⓘ | Lucerne | Lucerna | ⓘ |
NE | Neuchâtel | ⓘ | Neuchâtel | Neuchâtel | Neuchâtel |
NW | Nidwalden; Nidwald[citation needed] | ⓘ | Nidwald | Nidvaldo | ⓘ |
OW | Obwalden; Obwald[citation needed] | ⓘ | Obwald | Obvaldo | ⓘ |
SH | Schaffhausen; Schaffhouse | ⓘ | Schaffhouse | Sciaffusa | ⓘ |
SZ | Schwyz | ⓘ | Schwyz (or Schwytz) | Svitto | ⓘ |
SO | Solothurn; Soleure | ⓘ | Soleure | Soletta | ⓘ |
SG | St. Gallen; St Gall | ⓘ | Saint-Gall | San Gallo | ⓘ |
TG | Thurgau ; Thurgovia
|
ⓘ | Thurgovie | Turgovia | ⓘ |
TI | Ticino; Tessin | ⓘ | Tessin | Ticino | ⓘ |
UR | Uri | ⓘ | Uri | Uri | ⓘ |
VS | Valais; Wallis | ⓘ | Valais | Vallese | ⓘ |
VD | Vaud | ⓘ | Vaud | Vaud | ⓘ |
ZG | Zug; Zoug | ⓘ | Zoug | Zugo | ⓘ |
ZH | Zürich; Zurich | ⓘ | Zurich | Zurigo | ⓘ |
Admission of new cantons
The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was
See also
- Cantonal bank
- Cantonal police
- Data codes for Switzerland § Cantons
- Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland
- List of Swiss cantons by GDP
- List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation
- Spatial planning in Switzerland
Notes
- ^ Zug was the exception in this, in being an urban state and still holding a Landsgemeinde.[15][clarification needed]
- ^ This is the order generally used in Swiss official documents. At the head of the list are the three city cantons that were considered preeminent in the Old Swiss Confederacy; the other cantons are listed in order of accession to the Confederation. This traditional order of precedence among the cantons has no practical relevance in the modern federal state, in which the cantons are equal to one another, although it still determines formal precedence among the cantons' officials (see Swiss order of precedence).
- ^ Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors (Standesfarben). Standesfarben were used to identify the (historical) cantons when the full banner was not available for display, although there is overlap; Unterwalden and Solothurn share the same colours, as do Basel and Appenzell, and with the accession of the modern cantons, Valais and Basel-City, and St. Gallen and Thurgau.[20]
- ^ See references for dates.
- ^ Per km2, see References for dates.
- ^ Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy).
- ^ Seat of government and parliament is Herisau; the seat of the judicial authorities is Trogen.
- ^ Act of Mediation; formed out of the Canton of Säntis and the northern half of the Canton of Linth.
- ^ Act of Mediation; formerly the Canton of Raetia, comprising the earlier Three Leagues.
- ^ Act of Mediation; created from the cantons of Aargau (canton of the Helvetic Republic, from territory previously controlled by Bern) and Baden (previously a Swiss condominium), together with Fricktal (before 1802 not Swiss territory).
- condominium.
- ^ Seat of parliament half-yearly alternates between Frauenfeld and Weinfelden.
- Ennetbirgische Vogteien.
- ^ Act of Mediation, formerly Canton of Léman.
- République des Sept-Dizains, briefly annexed by France as Simplon départementduring 1810–1813.
- ^ claimed by Frederick William III of Prussia until the Neuchâtel Crisis of 1856–1857
- republic, annexed by Franceduring 1798–1813.
- ^ seceded from Bern
- federal citizenship.
- ^ The most commonly used forms in English are mostly adopted from either French or German; in some cases, there may have been a historical shift in preference, e.g. from the French form Berne to the German form Bern; in individual cases, the Latin form may be current, certainly in the case of Geneva and arguably for Argovia, Thurgovia. Actual anglicized forms have been used, for example Basle.
References
Citations
- Rumantsch Grischun: chantun)
- ^ rendered "the 'confederacy of eight'" and "the 'Thirteen-Canton Confederation'", respectively, in: "Chronology" (official site). Bern, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Administration. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Andreas Kley: Kantone in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 13 April 2016. "Die Bündnispartner der frühen Eidgenossenschaft wurden im 14. Jh. meist als Städte und Länder, ab der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. immer mehr als Orte bezeichnet."
- ^ François Schifferdecker, François Kohler: Jura (canton) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 20 July 2015.
- ^ Comptes Trés. 129, Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom., cited after TFLi.
- ^ "So werden die Cantons der Schweizer daselbst nur Orte, oder Ortschaften genannt. Das gleichbedeutende Canton stammet auf ähnliche Art von Kante, Ecke, ab, wie Ort von Ort, Ecke." Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French canton 'corner, angle' is a loan from Occitan, first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from North Italian cantone, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century (TFLi).
- etymonline.com: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from the 1610s."
- ^ Josef Wiget: Waldstätte in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 27 December 2014.
- ^ HLS: Insbesonders die um 1550 aufgekommene Benennung als Stand, die Freiheit und Souveränität implizierte, erfreute sich grösserer Beliebtheit. Die Helvet. Revolution brachte 1798 die Begriffe Ort und Stand zum Verschwinden. Für die neuen obersten Gebietseinheiten innerhalb der Helvet. Republik setzte sich die Bezeichnung Kanton durch. Nach der Mediationsakte (1803) galten die Begriffe Kanton und Stand synonym, nach dem Bundesvertrag (1815) benannten sich die K. bevorzugt als Stände. Im Bundesstaat bezeichnen die Bundesverfassungen seit 1848 die "souveränen" Gliedstaaten des Bundes als K., in dt. Sprache synonym auch als Stände.
- ^ HLS: Als franz. Entsprechung zu Ort fand der Begriff canton (Winkel, Landschaft, Ort) zuerst in der Westschweiz Verwendung; ab 1475 ist er in Freiburger Akten überliefert. Die Bezeichnung der eidg. Orte als K. verbreitete sich ab den 1490er Jahren im franz. und ital. Sprachgebiet und bald auch in andern Teilen Europas. Im deutschsprachigen Raum dagegen erscheint er erst ab 1650, ohne sich gegen die bevorzugten Begriffe Ort und Stand durchzusetzen.
- ^ "Constitution du Canton du Valais". Swiss Federal Council.
Le Valais est une république démocratique, souveraine ... incorporée comme Canton à la Confédération suisse.
- ^ "Constitution du canton de Vaud". Swiss Federal Council.
Le Canton de Vaud est une république démocratique [... qui] est l'un des États de la Confédération suisse.
- ^ "Costituzione della Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino, del 4 luglio 1830" (in Italian). Swiss Federal Council.
Le canton du Tessin est une république démocratique [... qui] est membre de la Confédération suisse et sa souveraineté n'est limitée que par la constitution fédérale.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. .
- ^ Jackson Spielvogel, Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715, (Cengage 2008), p. 386.
- ^ Official and updated Swiss Federal Constitution Archived 21 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (English)
- ^ a b Cantons, In the Federal State since 1848 in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Swiss Government website Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008
- ^ "Regional Portraits: Cantons". Vaduz, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^ Louis, Mühlemann, Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre Confoederatio Helvetica, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991. Swiss Armed Forces, Fahnenreglement, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[1] Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (12 November 2019). "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP)". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ Federal Statistical Office. "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office. "Gemeinden - Suche | Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden". www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Canton of Basel-Stadt Statistics, MS Excel document – T01.0.01 - Bevölkerungsstand 31 July 2021 numbers (in German) accessed 21 September 2021
- ^ Canton of Basel-Land Statistics, Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität und Konfession per 30. Juni 2021 (in German) accessed 22 September 2021
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Welcome to the canton of Zug Official document published by the canton of Zug government (PDF)
- ^ Bhagwan and Bhushan" (2009) World Constitutions - A Comparative Study - Ninth Edition (page 311)
- ^ Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874, Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 12. September 1848 (in German); author's translation.
- ^ Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, SR/RS 101 (E·D·F·I), art. 1 (E·D·F·I)
- ^ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.
- ^ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 10; Häfelin, N 963
- ^ Swissmint, Sterne auf Schweizer Münzen (2008), p. 4.
- ^ Pacte fédéral du 1er Archived 30 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.
- ^ Pacte fédéral du 1er août 1291 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine sur Cliotexte
- ^ Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
- ^ Häfelin, N 963, 967
- ^ Swiss Constitutional Law, Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2005, page 120
- ^ Häfelin, N 950
- S2CID 111181454.
- ^ Renz, Fabian (11 June 2010). "SVP will der Schweiz Nachbargebiete einverleiben". Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ Baettig, Dominique (18 March 2010). "Pour une intégration facilitée de régions limitrophes en qualité de nouveaux cantons suisses". The Federal Assembly — The Swiss Parliament. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
L'intervention est classée, l'auteur ayant quitté le conseil
Sources
- Works cited
- Ehrenzeller, Bernhard; Philipp Mastronardi; Rainer J. Schweizer; Klaus A. Vallender, eds. (2002). Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Kommentar (in German). ISBN 3-905455-70-6.. Cited as Ehrenzeller.
- Häfelin, Ulrich; Haller, Walter; Keller, Helen (2008). Schweizerisches Bundesstaatsrecht (in German) (7th ed.). Zürich: Schulthess. ISBN 978-3-7255-5472-0. Cited as Häfelin.
External links
- Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
- Swisskarte.ch – Maps of the Cantons of Switzerland
- GeoPuzzle – Assemble cantons on a Swiss map
- Badac – Database on Swiss cantons and cities (in French and German)