Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Parts of this article (those related to History → Subsequent activity) need to be updated. The reason given is: The section ends with 2014 in future tense.(November 2022) |
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station | |||||||
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Part of AMSL | |||||||
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Source: Federal Aviation Administration[2] | |||||||
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station | |||||||
Location | Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States | ||||||
Built | 1950+[3] | ||||||
Visitation | Not open to the public | ||||||
NRHP reference No. | 84003872[1] | ||||||
Significant dates | |||||||
Added to NRHP | April 16, 1984 | ||||||
Designated NHLD | April 16, 1984[4] |
Part of a series on the |
United States space program |
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Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.
Headquartered at the nearby
A number of American space exploration pioneers were launched from CCSFS, including the first U.S. Earth satellite (1958), first U.S. astronaut (1961), first U.S. astronaut in orbit (1962), first two-man U.S. spacecraft (1965), first U.S. uncrewed lunar landing (1966), and first three-man U.S. spacecraft (1968). It was also the launch site for all of the first spacecraft to (separately) fly past each of the planets in the Solar System (1962–1977), the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971) and roam its surface (1996), the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978), the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004), and to orbit Mercury (2011), and the first spacecraft to leave the Solar System (1977). Portions of the base have been designated a National Historic Landmark for their association with the early years of the American space program.[7]
Cape Canaveral was known as Cape Canaveral Launch Area upon its foundation in 1949, but renamed to LRPG Launching Area in 1950. It was known as Cape Canaveral Auxiliary Air Force Base from 1951 to 1955, and Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex from 1955 to 1964. The facility was later known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station from 1964 to 1974, and as Cape Canaveral Air Force Station from 1974 to 1994 and from 2000 to 2020, taking the designation Cape Canaveral Air Station from 1994 to 2000.[8][9][10] The facility was renamed "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station" in December 2020.[11][12]
History
The CCSFS area had been used by the United States government to test missiles since 1949, when President Harry S. Truman established the Joint Long Range Proving Ground at Cape Canaveral.[13] The location was among the best in the continental United States for this purpose, as it allowed for launches out over the Atlantic Ocean, and is closer to the equator than most other parts of the United States, allowing rockets to get a boost from the Earth's rotation.[14]
Air Force proving ground
On June 1, 1948, the
Early American
Following the Soviet Union's successful
Project Mercury
NASA's first crewed spaceflight program was prepared for launch from Canaveral by U.S. Air Force crews. Mercury's objectives were to place a crewed spacecraft into Earth's orbit, investigate human performance and ability to function in space, and safely recover the astronaut and spacecraft. Suborbital flights were launched by derivatives of the Army's Redstone missile from LC-5; two such flights were manned by Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961, and Gus Grissom on July 21. Orbital flights were launched by derivatives of the Air Force's larger Atlas D missile from LC-14. The first American in orbit was John Glenn on February 20, 1962. Three more orbital flights followed through May 1963.
Flight control for all Mercury missions was provided at the Mercury Control Center located at Canaveral near LC-14.
Name changes
On November 29, 1963, following the death of President
However, the geographical name change proved to be unpopular, owing to the historical longevity of Cape Canaveral (one of the oldest place-names in the United States, dating to the early 1500s). In 1973 and 1974 respectively, both the geographical and the Air Force Station Cape names were reverted to Canaveral after the
On August 7, 2020, U.S. military contracts referred to the installation as Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[23] The installation was formally renamed on 9 December 2020.[11]
Gemini and early Apollo
The two-man Gemini spacecraft was launched into orbit by a
The capabilities of the Mercury Control Center were inadequate for the flight control needs of Gemini and Apollo, so NASA built an improved
The Apollo program's goal of landing a man on the Moon required development of the Saturn family of rockets. The large Saturn V rocket necessary to take men to the Moon required a larger launch facility than Cape Canaveral could provide, so NASA built the Kennedy Space Center located west and north of Canaveral on Merritt Island. But the earlier Saturn I and IB could be launched from the Cape's Launch Complexes 34 and 37. The first four Saturn I development launches were made from LC-34 between October 27, 1961, and March 28, 1963. These were followed by the final test launch and five operational launches from LC-37 between January 29, 1964, and July 30, 1965.
The Saturn IB uprated the capability of the Saturn I, so that it could be used for Earth orbital tests of the Apollo spacecraft. Two uncrewed test launches of the Apollo command and service module (CSM), AS-201 and AS-202, were made from LC-34, and an uncrewed flight (AS-203) to test the behavior of upper stage liquid hydrogen fuel in orbit from LC-37, between February 26 and August 25, 1966. The first crewed CSM flight, AS-204 or Apollo 1, was planned to launch from LC-34 on February 21, 1967, but the entire crew of Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee were killed in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on pad 34 on January 27, 1967. The AS-204 rocket was used to launch the uncrewed, Earth orbital first test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module, Apollo 5, from LC-37 on January 22, 1968. After significant safety improvements were made to the Command Module, Apollo 7 was launched from LC-34 to fulfill Apollo 1's mission, using Saturn IB AS-205 on October 11, 1968.
In 1972, NASA deactivated both LC-34 and LC-37. It briefly considered reactivating both for
Subsequent activity
The Air Force chose to expand the capabilities of the Titan launch vehicles for its heavy lift capabilities. The Air Force constructed Launch Complexes 40 and 41 to launch Titan III and Titan IV rockets just south of Kennedy Space Center. A Titan III has about the same payload capacity as the Saturn IB at a considerable cost savings.[citation needed]
Launch Complex 40 and 41 have been used to launch defense reconnaissance, communications and weather satellites and NASA planetary missions. The Air Force also planned to launch two Air Force crewed space projects from LC 40 and 41. They were the
From 1974 to 1977 the powerful Titan-Centaur became the new heavy lift vehicle for NASA, launching the Viking and Voyager series of spacecraft from Launch Complex 41. Complex 41 later became the launch site for the most powerful uncrewed U.S. rocket, the Titan IV, developed by the Air Force.[citation needed]
With increased use of a leased launch pad by private company SpaceX, the Air Force launch support operations at the Cape planned for 21 launches in 2014, a fifty percent increase over the 2013 launch rate. SpaceX had reservations for a total of ten of those launches in 2014, with an option for an eleventh.[25]
The first United States satellite launch,
Besides Project Gemini, the
NASA has also launched communications and weather satellites from Launch Complexes
Three Cape Canaveral pads are currently operated by private industry for military and civilian launches:
.Boeing X-37B
The
Operations, infrastructure and facilities
Of the launch complexes built since 1950, several have been leased and modified for use by private aerospace companies. Launch Complex
On September 16, 2015, NASA announced that Blue Origin has leased Launch Complex 36 and will modify it as a launch site for their next-generation launch vehicles.[32][needs update]
In the case of low-inclination (geostationary) launches the location of the area at 28°27'N put it at a slight disadvantage against other launch facilities situated nearer the equator. The boost eastward from the Earth's rotation is about 406 m/s (908 miles per hour) at Cape Canaveral, but 463 m/s (1,035 miles per hour) at the European Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.[33]
In the case of high-inclination (polar) launches, the latitude does not matter, but the Cape Canaveral area is not suitable, because inhabited areas underlie these trajectories; Vandenberg Space Force Base, Cape Canaveral's West Coast counterpart, or the smaller Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (PSCA) are used instead.
The
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip (ICAO: KXMR, FAA LID: XMR) is a military airport at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS), 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) northeast of Cocoa Beach, Florida. It has an asphalt-paved runway designated 13/31 and measuring 10,000 by 200 ft (3,048 by 61 m). The facility is owned by the United States Space Force (USSF).
This airport is assigned a three-letter
The runway was first called the Skid Strip because SM-62 Snark cruise missiles (which lacked wheels) returning from test flights were supposed to skid to a halt on it.[37]
In the 1960s the
Today, it is predominantly used by USAF
The CCSFS Skid Strip is sometimes confused with the NASA Shuttle Landing Facility, but that runway, specially constructed for the Space Shuttle, is located on Merritt Island at the adjacent Kennedy Space Center.
A tenant command located at Cape Canaveral SFS is the
NOTU's mission is the support and testing of sea-based weapons systems for the United States Navy and the Royal Navy in a safe environment utilizing the airspace and waterspace of the Eastern Range. The command directly supports the mission capability and readiness of the United States Navy's Trident Submarines as well as the Fleet Ballistic Missile program of the United Kingdom. NOTU operates the Navy Port at Port Canaveral, supporting submarines and surface ships of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, NATO, Allied and other foreign navies, and assets of the Military Sealift Command. NOTU is composed of over 100 active duty U.S. Navy personnel and over 70 defense contractors.[38][39]
Notable Launch Complexes
Listed below in this article are less notable launch complexes at the Cape. For a complete list of all launch complexes, see the below table.
LC-1
Launch Complex 1 (LC-1) is located on the eastern tip of Cape Canaveral. It was constructed in the early 1950s for the Snark missile program.[40]
The first launch from this site was conducted on January 13, 1955. The complex was used for Snark missions until 1960, and then was utilized as a
LC-2
Launch Complex 2 (LC-2) is a deactivated launch site on the eastern tip of Cape Canaveral. It was constructed with launch complexes 1, 3, and 4, in the early 1950s, for the Snark missile program.
The first launch from this site was a Snark test conducted on February 18, 1954. The complex was used for Snark missions until 1960, and then was utilized as a
LC-3
Launch Complex 3 (LC-3) is a deactivated launch site southeast of
It was formerly used to launch
In 2023, after weeks of searching, students from the
LC-4
Launch Complex 4 (LC-4) was one of the first launch complexes to be built at Cape Canaveral. It consisted of two pads: LC-4, which was used for 25 launches of Bomarc, Matador and Redstone missiles between 1952 and 1960; and LC-4A, which was used for three Bomarc launches between 1958 and 1959.
Following its deactivation in 1960, the original structures at the complex were dismantled. New facilities were built at the site in the 1980s, and it was used for TARS aerostat operations between 1983 and 1989.[42] Following this, the aerostat launch facilities were also removed, and the complex is currently not accessible to the public.
Date/Time ( UTC )
|
Missile type | Mission | Notes | Date/Time | Missile type | Mission | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 September
1952 |
Bomarc | Bomarc 621–1 | Failed | 7 August 1958 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY1 | |
20 August 1953
14:37[43] |
Redstone | Redstone RS-1 | Failed | 24 September
1958 |
Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY4 | |
27 January 1954
15:20 |
Redstone | Redstone RS-2 | 21 October 1958 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY6 | ||
5 May 1954
17:28 |
Redstone | Redstone RS-3 | Failed | 21 November
1958 |
Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY7 | |
18 August 1954
14:04 |
Redstone | Redstone RS-4 | Failed | 13 December
1958 |
Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY8 | |
17 November
1954 18:12 |
Redstone | Redstone RS-6 | Failed | 27 January 1959 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY16 | |
9 February 1955
20:15 |
Redstone | Redstone RS-8 | Failed | 21 April 1959 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624-XY15 | |
6 May 1955 | Matador | Matador GM-52-1895 | 27 Mai 1959 | Bomarc | Bomarc 631–1 | ||
2 February
1956[44] |
Bomarc | Bomarc 623–13 | 2 September
1959 |
Bomarc | Bomarc 631–4 | ||
21 Mai 1956 | Bomarc | Bomarc 623–16 | Failed | 28 October 1959 | Bomarc | Bomarc 631–5 | |
17 April 1957 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624–1 | 29 January 1960 | Bomarc | Bomarc 631–6 | ||
22 July 1957 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624–7 | 15 April 1960 | Bomarc | Bomarc 631–8 | ||
1 May 1958 | Bomarc | Bomarc 624–19 |
LC-9
Launch Complex 9 (LC-9) is a small concrete structure consisting of an elevated launch pedestal and flame trench, centered on a small oval-shaped concrete pad.. It is north of Launch Complex 17.
It was used for ten test launches of
As of 2023[update], the concrete launch structure is still standing, but is not maintained; and the launch support equipment has been removed. The site is not accessible to the general public.
LC-10
Launch Complex 10 (LC-10) was used for one
A single Navaho missile was test-launched from LC-10, on 12 August 1957,[45] and was one of only three Navahos to complete a successful flight. Following the cancellation of the Navaho, LC-10 was reused for launches of Jason and Draco sounding rockets during 1958 and 1959. The last launch to use the site was of a Draco on 27 April 1959.
LC-10 was subsequently demolished during the construction of Launch Complexes 31 and 32, which were built on the same site.
LC-15
Launch Complex 15 (LC-15) was used by
The last of ten Titan I launches from LC-15 occurred in September 1960. Following this, it was converted for use by the Titan II, which made the first of 16 flights from the complex in June 1962. The last launch from LC-15 occurred on 9 April 1964.
Following the last launch, LC-15 remained active until its retirement from service. Much of the complex, including the tower, launch stand and erector was demolished in June 1967. The blockhouse, cable tunnel, and parts of the launch table and ramp were abandoned in place, and were all still standing until the demolition of the blockhouse in 2011.
On March 7, 2023, the Space Force allocated the complex, which was renamed SLC-15, to ABL Space Systems. ABL plans to build a launch installation for their RS1 small class launch vehicle.
LC-16
Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) was built for use by
Following the end of its involvement with the Titan missile, LC-16 was transferred to NASA, which used it for
It was announced on January 17, 2019, that Relativity Space had entered a 5-year agreement to use LC-16 for its Terran 1 orbital launch vehicle and eventually its Terran R.[46][47] The maiden flight of the Terran 1 launch vehicle took place on 23 March 2023 and resulted in a failure.[48] The maiden flight of Terran 1 was the first orbital launch attempt from Launch Complex 16 (141 suborbital launches before the Terran 1).[49]
LC-25
Launch Complex 25 (LC-25) was a four-pad site built for test flights of the
Pads 25A and 25B were built in 1957. Pad 25B was initially built with an underground launch mechanism known as a ship motion simulator to simulate the roll and pitch of a submarine. It was first used August 14, 1959 and was mothballed in October 1961.[50] Pads 25C and 25D were added in May 1968 for the larger Poseidon. One blockhouse served all four pads; it was extensively reinforced when the Poseidon pads were added.
The complex was dismantled in 1979.
In November 2012, ground was broken for a new $185-million Navy missile test facility to be built over the underground structures at LC-25 and LC-29 called the Strategic Weapon System Ashore. The facility will allow the testing of fire control, launch systems and navigation for submarine-fired missiles to be conducted at one facility instead of being done by contractors in different locations around the country.[51]
Launch History
- Polaris FTV: 19 launches (April 18, 1958 – October 2, 1959)
- Polaris A-1: 16 launches (March 9, 1960 – December 5, 1961)
- Polaris A-2: 14 launches (November 10, 1960 – March 5, 1965)
- Polaris A-3: 11 launches (February 11, 1963 – July 3, 1964)
- Poseidon: 16 launches (August 16, 1968 – June 29, 1970)
- Trident I: 18 launches (January 18, 1977 – January 22, 1979
LC-26
Launch Complex 26 (LC-26) consisted of two pads, A and B. Pad A was used for the Jupiter-C and Juno I rockets, and was the launch site for Explorer 1, the United States' first satellite, on February 1, 1958 (January 31 local time). Pad B was used for Juno II. Jupiter IRBMs were launched from both pads.
It was deacticated and is now the home of the
LC-29
Launch Complex 29 (LC-29) was a one-pad launch site at Cape Canaveral built for test flights of the
The complex was designed to contain two launch pads, 29A and 29B, but only 29A was built. The launch complex was dismantled in 1980.
In November 2012, ground was broken for a new $185-million Navy missile test facility to be built over the underground structures at LC-25 and LC-29 called the Strategic Weapons System Ashore. The facility will allow the testing of fire control, launch systems and navigation for submarine-fired missiles to be conducted at one facility instead of being done by contractors in different locations around the country.[51]
Launch History
- Polaris A1X: 14 launches (21 September 1959 – 29 April 1960)[52]
- Polaris A-2: 15 launches (10 January 1961 – 12 November 1965)[52]
- Polaris A-3: 18 launches (7 August 1962 – 1 November 1967)[52]
- Polaris A-3 Antelope: 3 launches (17 November 1966 – 2 March 1967)[52]
- British Chevaline launches: (11 September 1977 – 19 May 1980)[52]
LC-43
Launch Complex 43 (LC-43) was used by American
SLC-20
Space Launch Complex 20 (SLC-20), previously designated Launch Complex 20 (LC-20), is located at the northern terminus of ICBM Road, between
History
The facility was constructed by the
In 1999, the site was re-activated to support new launch facilities under the direction of Space Florida for commercial launches. The re-activation included upgrades to Launch Pad A and the construction of a new building along the perimeter road, northeast of the blockhouse.[56]
In 2006, the site was being used by NASA's Advanced Technology Development Center (ATDC), a research and development project to provide infrastructure to test, demonstrate and qualify new spaceport technologies. The site was shared with the Florida Air National Guard.[57]
In February 2019, Space Florida leased the site to Firefly Aerospace so that Firefly could launch small-lift launch vehicles from the Florida Space Coast launch location on easterly launch azimuths. Firefly plans to develop both manufacturing facilities at a nearby Space Florida business park as well as the launch site. Firefly has a similar lease arrangement, this one from the US government, on the US West Coast at Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 2 for a launch facility that has overwater launch azimuths for high-inclination and polar orbital trajectories.[58][59]
Based units
Units marked GSU are Air Force Geographically Separate Units which, although based at Cape Canaveral SFS, are subordinate to Space Launch Delta 45 headquarters at Patrick SFB.[60][61]
United States Space Force
Space Operations Command (SpOC)
- Space Launch Delta 45
- 45th Operations Group (GSU) incorporating the former 45th Launch Group deactivated in 2018[62]
- 45th Range Squadron
- 45th Space Communications Squadron
- 45th Weather Squadron
- Naval Ordnance Test Unit
Gallery
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Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (shown in green)
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Cape Canaveral as seen from orbit by a Space Shuttle in 1991
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Cape Canaveral lighthouse
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Looking north along Missile Row in the 1960s
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Titan III-E launching Voyager 2 probe in 1977 from SLC-41
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First Delta IV Heavy booster launching from SLC-37 in 2007
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SLC-40 during launch of SpaceX CRS-13 in December 2017, after repair and upgrade works to the pad between 2016–2017
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Mission Control Center used for Mercury Program and Gemini III
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The sign located at the entrance to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (then known as Cape Canaveral Air Force Station)
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An aerial view of SLC-41 with its crew access tower and arm prior to the first launch of Vulcan Centaur carrying Peregrine Mission One.
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SLC-40 during launch of Cygnus NG-20 in January 2024, after Crew Access Tower and Arm installation
See also
References
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- ^ Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Archived January 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at National Historic Landmarks Program.
- ^ CAST 1999, p. 1-12.
- ^ "World Aero Data: Cape Canaveral AFS Skid Strip – XMR". Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
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External links
Media related to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at Wikimedia Commons
- Patrick Air Force Base
- Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Virtual Tour
- Air Force Space and Missile Museum Web site
- "Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Shines Again" article and video interview about the lighthouse
- Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- The short film "The Cape (1963)" is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. FL-8-5, "Cape Canaveral Air Station, Launch Complex 17, East end of Lighthouse Road, Cape Canaveral, Brevard, FL"
- Key Events in Apollo
- The Launch Pads of Cape Canaveral[permanent dead link]
- Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Launch Schedule