Capital District (New York)
Capital District
Capital Region | ||
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Region | ||
capital of the state of New York | ||
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EDT) | ||
Area code | 518, 838 | |
Website | Capital District Regional Planning Commission Capital District Transportation Committee |
Part of a series on |
Regions of New York |
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The Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, is the
Etymology
The earliest known reference to the name "Capital District" stems from a Capital Police District that was created in the Albany area in the late 1860s.[1][2][3]
In the 1910s, several economic and government organizations covering the area used "Capital District" in their name, such as the Capital District Conference of Charities and Corrections in 1913,[4] the Capital District Life Underwriters Association also in 1913,[5] and the Capital District Recreation League.[6] The Capital District Recreation League, formed in 1916, proposed to create a Capital District Park in the area of the Shaker settlement.[6]
Nicknames
Capitaland, Metroland, the Tri-City Area, and Tech Valley are nicknames sometimes used to refer to the Capital District.[7][8] The region is often also called the 518 after the telephone area code that serves the Capital District.[citation needed]
The Capital District is a part of the area marketed under the name "Tech Valley" in recognition of the technology companies that have moved to the region. The 19-county Tech Valley region, which extends from the Canada–US border south to Orange County,[9] is marketed by organizations such as the Tech Valley Chamber Coalition, the Albany-Colonie Regional Chamber of Commerce, and the Albany-based Center for Economic Growth.[10] In 2011, New York launched a Regional Council initiative under which the "Capital Region" became the state's official name for the eight-county region consisting of 1.1 million people in Albany, Columbia, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren and Washington counties.[11]
History
First settlements
Permanent European claims and settlement began in 1609, when
Through the Dongan Charter, Governor Thomas Dongan granted Albany the right to purchase 500 acres (2.0 km2) in "Schaahtecogue" (today Schaghticoke, in Rensselaer County)[16][17] and 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) at "Tionnondoroge" (today Fort Hunter, in Montgomery County).[16][18] Arent van Curler founded Schenectady in 1662; Fort Saratoga was built at present-day Schuylerville in 1691; and Greenbush (present-day city of Rensselaer) was settled in the 1620s. South of Albany, settlement occurred quickly at first, but slowed as growth on the frontier pushed people north and west of Albany and left the southern reaches of the Capital District behind. Hudson, in Columbia County, was purchased from the natives in 1662 by Dutch farmers and speculators but did not see actual settlement and growth until 1783 when New Englanders, mainly from southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, arrived.[19] It was chartered as a city in 1785, becoming only the third city in the state.
The
After the Revolution, settlements continued to proliferate west and north of the Albany area. North of Albany, along the river, settlements grew quickly: Waterford (oldest continuously incorporated village in the US, incorporated in 1794),
Creation of the counties
The entire area of the Capital District was within the original boundaries of Albany County as established by the Province of New York on November 1, 1683; it was one of the original 12 counties.[22][23] In 1772, Charlotte County and Tryon County were both formed from parts of Albany County. Charlotte County was renamed Washington County in 1784, and from part of that, Warren County was created in 1813.[24] Tryon County was renamed Montgomery County in 1784, and from part of that, Fulton County was created in 1838.[24] Tryon County was large: it encompassed the lands from five miles (8 km) west of Schenectady to the western indeterminate boundary of the Province of New York.[25]
What remained of Albany County in 1774 became the most populated county in the state with a population of 42,921 and it continued to be the most populous county until at least 1790, when the population was 75,921.[23] Albany lost population as new counties were created from within: Columbia County was created in 1786; Rensselaer and Saratoga counties were formed in 1791; Schoharie County was created in 1795 from parts of both Albany and Otsego counties (Otsego having been created from part of Montgomery County in 1791); Greene County was formed in 1800 from parts of both Albany and Ulster counties; Schenectady County was created in 1809; and Warren County was formed in 1813 from Washington County. Fulton County was the last county in the Capital District to be formed.[24] A graphical representation of the county breakup timeline can be seen below.[citation needed]
Urbanization and transportation
The
Industry consequently became prominent in the area. Gloversville was labeled the "headquarters of the glove and mitten industry" and became the preeminent glove-manufacturing and leather-working region in New York.[29] Cohoes became known as the "Spindle City" for its large cotton mills, due mainly to Harmony Mills, the largest cotton mill complex in the world when it opened in 1872.[citation needed] Troy became famous for its iron works due to Burden Iron Works,[30] though later Troy would earn the nickname of "Collar City" due to Cluett, Peabody & Co., which made Arrow brand shirts at the largest collar, cuff, and shirt factory in the world at the time.[30] In 1887 Thomas Edison moved his Edison Machine Works to Schenectady, and in 1892 Schenectady became the headquarters of the General Electric Company (GE).[31] Schenectady Locomotive Works, along with seven other locomotive manufacturers, merged in 1901 and the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) was formed and headquartered in Schenectady.[32] Due to the dominance of GE and ALCO in their respective industries, Schenectady would gain the nicknames of "Electric City" and "The City that Lights and Hauls the World". The nature of this industry lent itself to the creation of many labor-saving inventions, such as the horseshoe machine of Henry Burden, the pre-shrinking fabric machines of Sanford Cluett, the power knitting loom of Timothy Bailey, the railroad air-brake of George Westinghouse, and the hundreds of electricity-related improvements of General Electric Company scientists.[30]
Rise of the suburbs and urban decline and renewal
Starting with the
The decline of exporting from the United States contributed to a general decline as well. Watervliet, Cohoes, and especially Troy lost a competitive edge that came with being at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers: the location no longer meant better access to markets, waterfalls no longer made the cheapest power, and cheap labor in the southern and western parts of the nation became important to companies.[34] General Electric moved part of their headquarters to Connecticut from Schenectady in the mid-1980s.[35] Within the Capital District focus shifted to the suburbs. The suburbs had large open spaces for office parks and homes while the cities were constrained in available land. Albany International, with their headquarters and factory straddling the Menands and Albany border, built a new headquarters in 1987 in suburban East Greenbush,[36] as did Garden Way, headquartered in Troy.[37] The region's first technology park was built in the 1980s in North Greenbush by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI).[38]
Not only was there a shift in population to the suburbs, a shift in retail shopping occurred as well. Retail sales in the cities declined a percent between 1972 and 1987, while having increased 63 percent in the suburbs.
Several more enclosed malls were built in the area after Colonie Center's debut, all outside Albany limits:
Capitalizing on young professionals’ growing interest in living in walkable urban downtowns, the City of Albany has countered the shift to the suburbs with an apartment building boom. The effort to bring more residents to downtown Albany began gaining momentum in 1996 through the creation of the Albany Business Improvement District.[46] Since 2002, the Capitalize Albany Corp. has been fueling the downtown residential strategy by allocating resources to building owners, developers and investors.[47] In the early 2000s, the effort started with a series of small luxury apartment projects on Albany's North Pearl[48][49][50] and State Streets[51][52][53] and later expanded to several major developments both in downtown and just beyond it. Those major projects include: the conversion of a vacant industrial building into the 42-unit Monroe Apartments in 2012;[54] the redevelopment of the former arcade building on Broadway into a 60-unit complex;[55] and the $80 million redevelopment of the former Knickerbocker News building into The Knick, a 132-apartment complex in 2019.[47] By 2020, more than $110 million in downtown investments had supported the completion of 650 residential units had been completed in Albany and 400 more were in development.[47]
Other Capital Region cities have also similarly pursued downtown revitalization efforts. In the 20 years since its creation in 1998, Schenectady's Metroplex Development Authority leveraged $249 million in sales tax revenues and grants to support 700 projects with a value of $1.3 billion and 8,000 jobs.[56] Glens Falls was the winner of the Capital Region city to be awarded $10 million through Gov. Andrew Cuomo's Downtown Revitalization Initiative (DRI) in 2017.[57] Subsequent $10 million DRI winners have included Hudson[58] and Albany.[59] In the city of Saratoga Springs, there was a 1,352, or 11.7 percent, increase in housing units between 2000 and 2010.[60]
Geography
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1900 | 334,120 | — | |
1910 | 384,177 | 15.0% | |
1920 | 408,398 | 6.3% | |
1930 | 456,755 | 11.8% | |
1940 | 465,643 | 1.9% | |
1950 | 514,490 | 10.5% | |
1960 | 680,119 | 32.2% | |
1970 | 746,660 | 9.8% | |
1980 | 771,290 | 3.3% | |
1990 | 809,443 | 4.9% | |
2000 | 825,875 | 2.0% | |
2010 | 870,716 | 5.4% | |
2020 | 899,262 | 3.3% | |
2022 (est.) | 904,617 | 0.6% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[61] |
According to the Albany Times Union, the Capital District includes 11 counties: Albany, Columbia, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, and Washington.[62] The lower part of the Capital District is sometimes considered to be part of the Hudson Valley.[63] The map in the infobox at the top of this page highlights those 11 counties. However, the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC) asserts that the Capital District consists of only eight counties (the counties of Fulton, Montgomery, and Schoharie are not included).[64] The ESDC's definition of the Capital District is reflected in the map below the infobox, which is marked "Regions of New York". This page will utilize the Times Union's definition unless otherwise indicated.
The 11 counties of the Capital District are divided into 13 cities and 143 towns, with 62 villages that are inside one or more towns.[citation needed] One village, Green Island, is coterminous with its town.[65]
The Capital District encompasses parts of the southern and southeastern Adirondacks to the northern parts of its limits.
County | 2022 Estimate | 2020 Census | Change | Area | Density | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albany County | 315,811 | 314,848 | +0.31% | 522.80 sq mi (1,354.0 km2) | 604/sq mi (233/km2) | |
Saratoga County | 238,797 | 235,509 | +1.40% | 809.98 sq mi (2,097.8 km2) | 295/sq mi (114/km2) | |
Schenectady County | 160,093 | 158,061 | +1.29% | 204.52 sq mi (529.7 km2) | 783/sq mi (302/km2) | |
Rensselaer County | 159,853 | 161,130 | −0.79% | 652.43 sq mi (1,689.8 km2) | 245/sq mi (95/km2) | |
Schoharie County | 30,063 | 29,714 | +1.17% | 621.82 sq mi (1,610.5 km2) | 48/sq mi (19/km2) | |
Total | 904,617 | 899,262 | +0.60% | 2,811.55 sq mi (7,281.9 km2) | 322/sq mi (124/km2) | estref=[66] |
Location
Climate
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The Capital District has a
Albany receives around 36.2 inches of rain per year, with 135 days of at least .01 inches of
Albany receives on average per year 69 sunny days, 111 partly cloudy days, and 185 cloudy days;[71] and an average, over the course of a year, of less than four hours of sunshine per day, with just over an average of 2.5 hours per day over the course of the winter.[72] The chance during daylight hours of sunshine is 53%, with the highest percentage of sunny daylight hours being in July with 64%, and the lowest month is November with 37%.[69]
Cityscape
Architecture
The Capital District, having a history of settlement stretching back 400 years, has had many different architectural styles built over the years. Early Dutch farmhouses are still standing in the rural towns, especially west of Albany, such as the Mabee House. The Van Ostrande-Radliff House (1728) in Albany and the Rosa House in Schenectady (before 1700) are the oldest houses in each city. In 1885 American Architect and Building News, a magazine with national circulation, polled its readers asking what the nation's Top Ten most beautiful buildings were. Two buildings in the city of Albany made the list: Albany City Hall and the New York State Capitol; both finished in 1883 and designed by Henry Hobson Richardson.[73]
Troy has many distinctive features in architecture that sets it apart, such as its ornamental ironwork, cast-iron storefronts such as the Arts Center of the Capital Region, and the abundance of windows by Tiffany such as St. John's Episcopal Church,
Schenectady's Stockade neighborhood has representations of residential architecture from all periods in its 300-year history including Dutch, Federal, Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Victorian.[76] Also in Schenectady is the GE Realty Plot built by General Electric as homes for their employees,[77] the houses are in revival styles such as Tudor, Georgian, Queen Anne, Dutch Colonial, and Spanish Colonial.[78] The first all electric house was built by GE in the Realty Plot to showcase its products.[76] In Albany's Pine Hills neighborhood is a style of residential architecture that is rare in the rest of the Capital District, bungalows in the Spanish revival style, with red tile roofs and stucco walls, only 27 still exist and are the remnants of the Winchester Gables development.[79]
Festivals
One of the largest events in the Capital District is the
The largest Flag Day parade in the United States had been held every year in Troy until 2017.[82] The 42nd annual parade in 2009 is along a two-mile (3 km) long route.[83] First Night celebrations are held in Saratoga Springs, while in 2006 Albany decided to eliminate its First Night celebrations in favor of a new "Albany WinterFestival" (WinterFest).[84]
Other major festivals in the Capital District include ethnic festivals. The Albany LatinFest, which has been held since 1996, drew 10,000 people to Washington Park in 2008.[85] In Schenectady the growing Guyanese community has celebrated the Guyanese Family Fun Day for several years in that city's Central Park.[86] PolishFest is a three-day celebration of Polish culture in the Capital District, held in the town of Colonie for the past eight years.[87]
Entertainment
The Capital District has many enclosed malls that are
During the winter months the Capital District has many places to go for such cold-weather activities as skiing,
Lake George also has an annual winter carnival every weekend in February.[91]
Culture and contemporary life
Culture
Albany consistently ranks high on lists of top cities/metro areas for culture, such as being 23rd in the book Cities Ranked & Rated.[92] Albany ranked 12th among large metro areas and Glens Falls ranked 12th among the small metro areas in Sperling's Best Places;[93] and Expansion Management (a monthly business magazine) gave the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area five Stars, its highest ranking, for quality of life features.[93] The Capital District has many museums, historical sites, art galleries, and festivals that stretch back to the 17th century. The Capital District has been pivotal in the history of Santa Claus in the United States, including the first written reference to Santa (Sinterclaas) in 1675 and the first publishing of 'Twas the Night before Christmas in 1823.[94][95]
Cuisine
The Capital District has been the birthplace of several important foods in American food culture.
Sports
Since 1988, the
Union College won the NCAA Division 1 National Championship in 2014 in men’s college hockey, while its rival, RPI, brought home the title in 1985 and 1954.[100]
Professional teams
- Albany Empire (Arena Football League)
- Albany Legends (International Basketball League)
- Tri-City ValleyCats (Frontier League, independent baseball league; 2010, 2013, 2018 New York–Penn League Champions)
- World Team Tennis)
Economy
The economy of the Capital District is heavily anchored by the state government.[101][102] There have traditionally been three legs holding up the region's economy: State government, health care, and education.[103] Albany has the fourth-highest amount of lawyers in its employment pool (7.5 lawyers per 1,000 jobs) in the nation, behind Washington, D.C.; Trenton, New Jersey; and New York City, respectively.[104] Many important regional and national banks are headquartered in the area.[105][106]
Tech Valley
Since the 2000s, the economy of the Capital District has been redirected toward
Fueled by its urban counties (Albany, Schenectady, Rensselaer, Saratoga), the region is one of only 51 metros in the nation where businesses annually spend more than $1 billion on R&D.[111] A substantial amount of those expenditures are in the field of semiconductor research, so much so that 1,404 semiconductor device-related patents awarded by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in 2019 listed an inventor in the eight-county Capital Region – more than any other state in the nation except California and excluding the whole of New York.[112]
Demographics
The Capital District is New York's most affluent
Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas
The Albany-Schenectady-Troy NY
Combined Statistical Area
The Albany-Schenectady NY Combined Statistical Area (CSA) includes 10 of the 11 counties in the Capital District (excluding only Greene County). The Albany-Schenectady-Troy NY Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) combines with the Glens Falls MSA (consisting of Warren and Washington counties) and three
As of the 2020 U.S. census, the Albany-Schenectady NY Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,190,727.[117] Adding the 2020 population of Greene County (47,931)[118] to the population of the CSA (1,190,727) yields a total 2020 Capital District population of 1,238,658.
Congressional representation
The Capital District contains portions of three congressional districts: New York's 19th, 20th, and 21st congressional districts. As of 2023, those three districts are represented by Marc Molinaro (R) (19th district), Paul Tonko (D) (20th district) and Elise Stefanik (R) (21st district), respectively.[119]
Education
School districts
In Albany, Rensselaer, Saratoga, and Schenectady counties there are 54 public school districts,
Colleges and universities
The largest educational institution in the Capital District is the University at Albany, one of the four major university centers of the State University of New York.
Founded in 1795, Union College was the alma mater of President Chester A. Arthur.[129]
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy is the oldest continuously existing technical university in the English-speaking world.[130]
Transportation
Albany has long been at the forefront of transportation technology from the days of turnpikes and plank roads to the Erie Canal, from the first passenger railroad in the state to the oldest municipal
Interstate and other major highways
East-west
Mass transit
The four core counties of the Capital District are served by buses of the Capital District Transportation Authority, which has transit hubs in the three principal cities of Albany, Schenectady, and Troy. There is also express bus service between Saratoga Springs and Albany. The CDTA serves a large part of Albany, Rensselaer, and Schenectady counties.[132] The city of Mechanicville, Saratoga County runs a public transit service on four routes which cover the city and the surrounding suburbs in the towns of Stillwater and Halfmoon in Saratoga County and the hamlet of Hemstreet Park in the town of Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County.[133] Greater Glens Falls Transit (GGFT) serves Bolton Landing (May to October), Glens Falls, Hudson Falls, Fort Edward, Lake George, Queensbury, and South Glens Falls.[134] Gloversville Transit System (GTS) serves Gloversville, Johnstown, and Amsterdam.[135]
Cities with intercity bus service to outside the region
- Albany: Trailways, and Peter Pan Bus Lines buses all serve a downtown terminal. Chinatown bus lines leave from Central Avenue with service to Chinatown, Manhattan.
- Schenectady: Greyhound and Trailways serve a downtown terminal on State Street.
- Glens Falls: Greyhound and Trailways serve a downtown terminal.
- Gloversville: Greyhound and Trailway serve a downtown terminal on West Fulton Street.
- Saratoga Springs: Greyhound
- Rensselaer: Megabus operates regular service from the Albany-Rensselaer Train Station to New York City and Ridgewood, New Jersey
Airports
Nine of the 11 counties in the Capital District make up the Upper Hudson Region as defined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In 1978 the FAA assigned the Capital District Regional Planning Commission to be responsible for this region's aviation system planning and to provide technical assistance. The Upper Hudson Region has 26 airports open to public use, with 13 designated as system airports.[136] Those 13 airports are:[137]
- Albany International Airport in Colonie, Albany County, the only commercial service airport;
- Schenectady County Airport in Glenville, Schenectady County;
- Milton, Saratoga County;
- Columbia County Airport in Columbia County;
- Fulton County Airport in Johnstown, Fulton County;
- Freehold Airport in Greenville, Greene County;
- South Albany Airport in Bethlehem, Albany County;
- Rensselaer County Airpark in Poestenkill, Rensselaer County;
- Duanesburg Airport in Duanesburg, Schenectady County;
- Burello-Mechanicville Airport in Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County;
- Plateau Sky Ranch in Edinburg, Saratoga County;
- Sharon Airport in Sharon, Schoharie County;
- Maben Airport in Prattsville, Greene County.
Rail
Amtrak has several routes servicing the stations of the Capital District. The
- Albany-Rensselaer stationin Rensselaer County
- Schenectady station in Schenectady County
- Saratoga Springs station in Saratoga County
- Fort Edward station in Washington County
- Hudson station in Columbia County
- Amsterdam station in Montgomery County
- Whitehall station in Washington County
-
Albany-Rensselaer station
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