Zagreb
Zagreb | ||
---|---|---|
Grad Zagreb City of Zagreb | ||
RC diocese 1094 | | |
Free royal city | 1242 | |
Unified | 1850 | |
Subdivisions | 17 city districts 218 local committees 70 settlements | |
Government | ||
• Type | Mayor-Council | |
• Mayor | Tomislav Tomašević (Možemo!) | |
• City Assembly | 47 members | |
Area UTC+2 (CEST) | ||
Postal code | HR-10 000, HR-10 010, HR-10 020, HR-10 040, HR-10 090 | |
Area code | +385 1 | |
Vehicle registration | ZG | |
HDI (2021) | 0.916[6] – very high | |
Website | zagreb |
Zagreb ( while the population of Zagreb urban agglomeration is slightly above one million people.
Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from
The transport connections, the concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia.
Name
The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the
The older form of the name is Zagrab. The modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a 1689 map by Nicolas Sanson. An even older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag (recorded from c. 1200 and in use until the 18th century). For this, Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy proposes the etymology of Chabrag, a well-attested hypocorism of the name Cyprian. The same form is reflected in several Hungarian toponyms, such as Csepreg.[31]
The name might be derived from Proto-Slavic word *grębъ which means hill, uplift. (However, note Croatian brȇg < Proto-Slavic *bergъ, which also means '(smaller) hill', and za brȇg 'to or toward the hill' for the seemingly metathesized variant in Hungarian, Zabrag – possibly modified from assumed *Zabreg because of Hungarian vowel harmony.) An Old Croatian reconstructed name *Zagrębъ is manifested through the German name of the city Agram.[32]
The name Agram was used in German in the Habsburg period; this name has been classified as "probably of Roman origin"[33] but according to Décsy (1990) it could be an Austrian German reanalysis of *Zugram. [31] In
In Croatian folk etymology, the name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab-, meaning "to scoop" or "to dig". One folk legend illustrating this derivation ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water.[34] In another legend,[35][36][37][38][39] a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to "scoop" water from the Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: Zagrabi, Mando! ("Scoop, Manda!").[40]
History
The first recorded appearance of the name "Zagreb" dates from 1094, at which time the city existed as two different city centers: the smaller, eastern Kaptol, inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral, and the larger, western Gradec, inhabited mainly by craftsmen and merchants. In 1851 the Ban of Croatia, Josip Jelačić, united Gradec and Kaptol; the name of the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square honors him.[42]
While Croatia formed part of
Early Zagreb
The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D. when the
The relationship between Kaptol and Gradec throughout history
The development of Kaptol began in 1094 after the foundation of the diocese, while the growth of Gradec began after the Golden Bull was issued in 1242. In the history of the city of Zagreb, there have been numerous conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, mainly due to disputed issues of rent collection and due to disputed properties.
The first known conflicts took place in the middle of the 13th century and continued with interruptions until 1667. Because of the conflict, it was recorded that the Bishop of Kaptol excommunicated the residents of Gradec twice.
In the conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol, there were several massacres of the citizens, destruction of houses and looting of citizens. In 1850, Gradec and Kaptol, with surrounding settlements, were united into a single settlement, today's city of Zagreb.[48][49][50][51][52]
16th to 18th centuries
There were numerous connections between the Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they were not known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became the political center, and the regional Sabor (
At the invitation of the
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb was badly devastated by fire and by the plague. In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during the reign of the Emperor Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command.[56]
19th to mid-20th century
-
Habsburgs, before the 1880 Zagreb earthquake
-
The Zagreb Cathedral renovated according to designs of Hermann Bollé, between 1902 and 1906
-
Zagreb 1930s
-
Starčević square, first half of the 20th century
In the 19th century, Zagreb was the center of the Croatian National Revival and saw the foundation of important cultural and historic institutions. In 1850, the town was united under its first mayor – Janko Kamauf.[56]
The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a gasworks. The Zagreb waterworks opened in 1878.
After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake, up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I, development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today. The first horse-drawn
Since 1 January 1877, the
The first half of the 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighborhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west grew up. The Rokov perivoj neighbourhood, noted for its Art Nouveau features, was established at the start of the century.[57]
After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava, whereas the construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars.
In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent – the largest demographic boom in the history of the town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting from Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair opened.[56]
During World War II, Zagreb became the capital of the
Contemporary era
The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction-boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb), originally called "Južni Zagreb" (Southern Zagreb).[58] From 1999 Novi Zagreb has comprised two
The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava, Podsused, Jarun, Blato, and other settlements.
The cargo railway hub and the international airport (Pleso) were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city, represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987.[56] This event initiated the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre and extensive new sport infrastructure, lacking until then, all around the city.[citation needed]
During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence, the city saw some sporadic fighting around its JNA army barracks, but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two rocket attacks which killed seven civilians and wounded many.
An urbanized area connects Zagreb with the surrounding towns of
In 2020 the city experienced a 5.5 magnitude earthquake, which damaged various buildings in the historic downtown area. The city's iconic cathedral lost the cross off of one of its towers. This earthquake was the strongest one to affect the city since the destructive 1880 Zagreb earthquake.
Geography
Climate
The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), very closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb).
Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and a precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. Spring is characterized by often pleasant but changeable weather. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in the season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 20 °C (68.0 °F).[60] The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956.[61] A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F) was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940.[62]
Climate data for Zagreb Maksimir (1971–2000, extremes 1949–2019) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.8 (103.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
40.4 (104.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.3 (−11.7) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−27.5 (−17.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.2 (1.70) |
38.9 (1.53) |
52.6 (2.07) |
59.3 (2.33) |
72.6 (2.86) |
95.3 (3.75) |
77.4 (3.05) |
92.3 (3.63) |
85.8 (3.38) |
82.9 (3.26) |
80.1 (3.15) |
59.6 (2.35) |
840.1 (33.07) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 135.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 10.3 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 6.7 | 29.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82.5 | 76.4 | 70.3 | 67.5 | 68.3 | 69.7 | 69.1 | 72.1 | 77.7 | 81.3 | 83.6 | 84.8 | 75.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.8 | 98.9 | 142.6 | 168.0 | 229.4 | 234.0 | 275.9 | 257.3 | 189.0 | 124.0 | 63.0 | 49.6 | 1,887.5 |
Percent possible sunshine | 23 | 39 | 43 | 45 | 54 | 55 | 63 | 63 | 54 | 41 | 26 | 23 | 47 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[60][61] and Weather Atlas[63] |
Climate data for Zagreb | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 12.3 |
Source: Weather Atlas[63] |
Cityscape
The most important historical
In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved a new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower, HOTO Tower, Zagrebtower and one of the tallest skyscrapers Sky Office Tower.[65][66]
In Novi Zagreb, the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre.[67]
Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica.[68]
Surroundings
The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the
Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products.
To the north is the
From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighboring Slovenia. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift.
The old Medvedgrad, a recently restored medieval burg was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland, a memorial with an eternal flame, where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays. The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since the early 17th century, but it is visited during the year.
Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of
Demographics
Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of population, which was 767,131 in 2021.[3]
Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.0 million inhabitants,[73] as it includes the Zagreb County.[74] Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia. In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County,[75] although it remains the administrative centre of both.
The majority of its citizens are
After the easing of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, thousands of foreign workers immigrated to Zagreb due to the shortage of labor force in Croatia. These workers primarily come from countries such as Nepal, the Philippines, India, and Bangladesh, as well as some European countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia.[77]
population | 48266 | 54761 | 67188 | 82848 | 111565 | 136351 | 167765 | 258024 | 356529 | 393919 | 478076 | 629896 | 723065 | 777826 | 779145 | 790017 | 767131 |
1857 | 1869 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1931 | 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 |
City districts
Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb is divided into 17
# | District | Area (km2) | Population (2001)[78] |
Population (2011)[79] |
Population density (2011) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Donji Grad |
3.01 | 45,108 | 37,024 | 12,333 |
2. | Gornji Grad–Medveščak | 10.12 | 36,384 | 30,962 | 3,091 |
3. | Trnje | 7.37 | 45,267 | 42,282 | 5,716 |
4. | Maksimir | 14.35 | 49,750 | 48,902 | 3,446 |
5. | Peščenica – Žitnjak | 35.30 | 58,283 | 56,487 | 1,599 |
6. | Novi Zagreb – istok | 16.54 | 65,301 | 59,055 | 3,581 |
7. | Novi Zagreb – zapad | 62.59 | 48,981 | 58,103 | 927 |
8. | Trešnjevka – sjever | 5.83 | 55,358 | 55,425 | 9,493 |
9. | Trešnjevka – jug | 9.84 | 67,162 | 66,674 | 6,768 |
10. | Črnomerec | 24.33 | 38,762 | 38,546 | 1,605 |
11. | Gornja Dubrava | 40.28 | 61,388 | 61,841 | 1,545 |
12. | Donja Dubrava | 10.82 | 35,944 | 36,363 | 3,370 |
13. | Stenjevec | 12.18 | 41,257 | 51,390 | 4,257 |
14. | Podsused – Vrapče | 36.05 | 42,360 | 45,759 | 1,270 |
15. | Podsljeme | 60.11 | 17,744 | 19,165 | 320 |
16. | Sesvete | 165.26 | 59,212 | 70,009 | 427 |
17. | Brezovica | 127.45 | 10,884 | 12,030 | 94 |
TOTAL | 641.43 | 779,145 | 790,017 | 1,236 |
City districts are subdivided in 218 local committees as primary units of local self-government.[80]
Settlements
Year | Area (km2) |
Population (within city limits at that time) |
Population (within today's city limits) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1368 | 2,810[nb 1] | |||
1742 | 3.33 | 5,600[nb 1] | ||
1805 | 3.33 | 7,706[nb 2](≈11 000 in total) | ||
1817 | 10.0 | 9,055 | ||
1837 | 25.4 | 15,155 | ||
1842 | 25.4 | 15,952 | ||
1848 | 25.4 | 15,978 | ||
1850 | 25.4 | 16,036 | ||
1857 | 25.4 | 16,657 | 48,266 | |
1869 | 25.4 | 19,857 | 54,761 | |
1880 | 25.4 | 30,830 | 67,188 | |
1890 | 25.4 | 40,268 | 82,848 | |
1900 | 64.37 | 61,002 | 111,565 | |
1910 | 64.37 | 79,038 | 136,351 | |
1921 | 64.37 | 108,674 | 167,765 | |
1931 | 64.37 | 185,581 | 258,024 | |
1948 | 74.99 | 279,623 | 356,529 | |
1953 | 235.74 | 350,829 | 393,919 | |
1961 | 495.60 | 430,802 | 478,076 | |
1971 | 497.95 | 602,205 | 629,896 | |
1981 | 1,261.54 | 768,700 | 723,065 | |
1991 | 1,715.55 | 933,914 | 777,826 | |
2001 | 641.36 | 779,145 | 779,145 | |
2011 | 641.36 | 790,017 | 790,017 | |
The data in column 3 refers to the population in the city borders as of the census in question. Column 4 is calculated for the territory now defined as the City of Zagreb ( Narodne Novine 97/10).[81] |
The city itself is not the only
There are 70 settlements in the City of Zagreb administrative area:
- Adamovec, population 975
- Belovar, population 378
- Blaguša, population 594
- Botinec, population 9
- Brebernica, population 49
- Brezovica, population 594
- Budenec, population 323
- Buzin, population 1,055
- Cerje, population 398
- Demerje, population 721
- Desprim, population 377
- Dobrodol, population 1,203
- Donji Čehi, population 232
- Donji Dragonožec, population 577
- Donji Trpuci, population 428
- Drenčec, population 131
- Drežnik Brezovički, population 656
- Dumovec, population 903
- Đurđekovec, population 778
- Gajec, population 311
- Glavnica Donja, population 544
- Glavnica Gornja, population 226
- Glavničica, population 229
- Goli Breg, population 406
- Goranec, population 449
- Gornji Čehi, population 363
- Gornji Dragonožec, population 295
- Gornji Trpuci, population 87
- Grančari, population 221
- Havidić Selo, population 53
- Horvati, population 1,490
- Hrašće Turopoljsko, population 1,202
- Hrvatski Leskovac, population 2,687
- Hudi Bitek, population 441
- Ivanja Reka, population 1,800
- Jesenovec, population 460
- Ježdovec, population 1,728
- Kašina, population 1,548
- Kašinska Sopnica, population 245
- Kučilovina, population 219
- Kućanec, population 228
- Kupinečki Kraljevec, population 1,957
- Lipnica, population 207
- Lučko, population 3,010
- Lužan, population 719
- Mala Mlaka, population 636
- Markovo Polje, population 425
- Moravče, population 663
- Odra, population 1,866
- Odranski Obrež, population 1,578
- Paruževina, population 632
- Planina Donja, population 554
- Planina Gornja, population 247
- Popovec, population 937
- Prekvršje, population 809
- Prepuštovec, population 332
- Sesvete, population 54,085
- Soblinec, population 978
- Starjak, population 227
- Strmec, population 645
- Šašinovec, population 678
- Šimunčevec, population 271
- Veliko Polje, population 1,668
- Vuger Selo, population 273
- Vugrovec Donji, population 442
- Vugrovec Gornji, population 357
- Vurnovec, population 201
- Zadvorsko, population 1,288
- Zagreb, population 688,163
- Žerjavinec, population 556
Politics and government
Zagreb is the capital of the Republic of Croatia, its political center and the center of various state institutions.
On the St. Mark's Square are the seats of the Government of the Republic of Croatia in the Banski Dvori complex, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor), as well as the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia. Various ministries and state agencies are located in the wider area of the City of Zagreb.
City governance
The current mayor of Zagreb is Tomislav Tomašević ('We can!'), elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections, the second round of which was held on 30 May 2021. There are two deputy mayors elected from the same list, Danijela Dolenec and Luka Korlaet.[83]
The Zagreb Assembly is composed of 51 representatives, elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections.
The political groups represented in the Assembly (as of June 2021):[84]
Groups | No. of members per group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Green–Left | 23 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HDZ | 6 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DP | 5 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BM365 | 5 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SDP | 5 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Most | 3 / 47
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source:[85][86] |
The Zagreb Assembly is composed of 51 representatives, elected in the 2021 Zagreb local elections.
According to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has a special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county. It is also the seat of the Zagreb County which encircles Zagreb.
The city administration bodies are the Zagreb City Assembly (Gradska skupština Grada Zagreba) as the representative body and the mayor of Zagreb (Gradonačelnik Grada Zagreba) who is the executive head of the city.
The City Assembly is the representative body of the citizens of the City of Zagreb elected for a four-year term on the basis of
in a manner specified by law. There are 51 representatives in the City Assembly, among them the president and vice-presidents of the assembly are elected by the representatives.Before 2009, the mayor was elected by the City Assembly. It was changed to direct elections by
The term of office of the mayor (and his/her deputies) is four years. The mayor (with the deputies) may be recalled by a referendum according to the law (not less than 20% of all electors in the City of Zagreb or not less than two-thirds of the
In the City of Zagreb, the
Local government is organised in 17 city districts represented by City District Councils. Residents of districts elect members of councils.[87]
Minority councils and representatives
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Zagreb is
- Bologna, Italy (since 1963)
- Mainz, Germany (since 1967)
- Saint Petersburg, Russia (since 1968)[93]
- Tromsø, Norway (since 1971)
- Buenos Aires, Argentina (since 1972)
- Kyoto, Japan (since 1972)[94]
- Lisbon, Portugal (since 1977)[95][96]
- Pittsburgh, United States (since 1980)
- Shanghai, China (since 1980)
- Budapest, Hungary (since 1994)[97]
- La Paz, Bolivia (since 2000)
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2001)[98]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2001)[99]
- Podgorica, Montenegro (since 2006)
- Tabriz, Iran (since 2006)[100]
- Ankara, Turkey (since 2008)[101]
- London, United Kingdom (since 2009)
- Skopje, Macedonia (since 2011)
- Warsaw, Poland (since 2011)[102]
- Pristina, Kosovo (since 2012)
- Astana, Kazakhstan (since 2014)[103]
- Rome, Italy (since 2014)[92]
- Vienna, Austria (since 2014)[92]
- Petrinja, Croatia (since 2015)[104]
- Vukovar, Croatia (since 2016)[105]
- Xiangyang, China (since 2017)[106]
Partner cities
The city has partnership arrangements with:
Culture
Tourism
Zagreb is an important tourist center, not only in terms of passengers traveling from the rest of Europe to the Adriatic Sea but also as a travel destination itself. Since the end of the war, it has attracted close to a million visitors annually, mainly from Austria, Germany, and Italy, and in recent years many tourists from far east (South Korea, Japan, China, and last two years, from India). It has become an important tourist destination, not only in Croatia, but considering the whole region of southeastern Europe. There are many interesting sights and happenings for tourists to attend in Zagreb, for example, the two statues of Saint George, one at the Republic of Croatia Square, the other at the Stone Gate, where the image of Virgin Mary is said to be the only thing that did not burn in the 17th-century fire. Also, there is an art installation starting in the Bogovićeva Street, called Nine Views. Zagreb is also famous for its award-winning Christmas market that had been named the one in Europe for three years in a row (2015, 2016, 2017) by European Best Destinations.[111][112]
The capital is also known for its top Restaurants in Zagreb[113] that offer more than traditional Croatian food and classic dishes.
The historical part of the city to the north of Ban Jelačić Square is composed of the Gornji Grad and Kaptol, a medieval urban complex of churches, palaces, museums, galleries and government buildings that are popular with tourists on sightseeing tours. The historic district can be reached on foot, starting from the Ban Jelačić Square, the center of Zagreb, or by a funicular on nearby Tomićeva Street. Each Saturday, (from April until the end of September), on St. Mark's Square in the Upper town, tourists can meet members of the Order of The Silver Dragon (Red Srebrnog Zmaja), who reenact famous historical conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol.
In 2010 more than 600,000[114] tourists visited the city, with a 10%[115] increase seen in 2011. In 2012 a total of 675 707 tourists[116] visited the city. A record number of tourists visited Zagreb in 2017. – 1.286.087, up 16% compared to the year before, which generated 2.263.758 overnight stays, up 14,8%.
Souvenirs and gastronomy
Numerous shops, boutiques, store houses and shopping centers offer a variety of quality clothing. There are about fourteen big shopping centers in Zagreb. Zagreb's offerings include crystal, china and ceramics, wicker or straw baskets, and top-quality Croatian wines and gastronomic products.
Notable Zagreb souvenirs are the tie or cravat, an accessory named after Croats who wore characteristic scarves around their necks in the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century and the ball-point pen, a tool developed from the inventions by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, an inventor and a citizen of Zagreb.
Many Zagreb restaurants offer various specialties of
Cultural institutions
Zagreb's museums reflect the history, art, and culture not only of Zagreb and Croatia, but also of Europe and the world. Around thirty collections in museums and galleries comprise more than 3.6 million various exhibits, excluding church and private collections.
The
Modern Gallery (Croatian: Moderna galerija) holds the most important and comprehensive collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings by 19th- and 20th-century Croatian artists. The collection numbers more than 10,000 works of art, housed since 1934 in the historic Vranyczany Palace in the center of Zagreb, overlooking the Zrinjevac Park. A secondary gallery is the Josip Račić Studio.[118]
Croatian Natural History Museum holds one of the world's most important collections of Neanderthal remains found at one site.[119] These are the remains, stone weapons, and tools of prehistoric Krapina man. The holdings of the Croatian Natural History Museum comprise more than 250,000 specimens distributed among various collections.
Arts and Crafts Museum was founded in 1880 with the intention of preserving the works of art and craft against the new predominance of industrial products. With its 160,000 exhibits, the Arts and Crafts Museum is a national-level museum for artistic production and the history of material culture in Croatia.[123]
Ethnographic Museum was founded in 1919. It lies in the fine Secession building of the one-time Trades Hall of 1903. The ample holdings of about 80,000 items cover the ethnographic heritage of Croatia, classified in three cultural zones: the Pannonian, Dinaric and Adriatic.[124] Mimara Museum was founded with a donation from Ante "Mimara" Topić and opened to the public in 1987. It is located in a late 19th-century neo-Renaissance palace.[125] The holdings comprise 3,750 works of art of various techniques and materials, and different cultures and civilizations.
The
The Institute for Contemporary Art (Institut za suvremenu umjetnost), successor to the Soros Center for Contemporary Art – Zagreb (SCCA – Zagreb), was founded in 1993, and registered as an independent nonprofit organization in 1998. It was founded and run by
Other museums and galleries are also found in the Croatian School Museum, the Croatian Hunting Museum, the Croatian Sports Museum, the Croatian Post and Telecommunications Museum, the HAZU (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) Glyptotheque (collection of monuments), and the HAZU Graphics Cabinet.
There are five castles in Zagreb: Dvorac Brezovica, Kašina (Castrum antiquum Paganorum), Medvedgrad, Susedgrad and Kulmerovi dvori.[136]
Events
Zagreb has been, and is, hosting some of the most popular mainstream artists, in the past few years their concerts held the
Zagreb is also the home of the
around the clubs and concert halls of Zagreb.Performing arts
There are about 20 permanent or seasonal theatres and stages. The
The
Animafest, the World Festival of Animated Films, takes place every even-numbered year, and the Music Biennale, the international festival of avant-garde music, every odd-numbered year. It also hosts the annual ZagrebDox documentary film festival. The Festival of the Zagreb Philharmonic and the flowers exhibition Floraart (end of May or beginning of June), the Old-timer Rally annual events. In the summer, theatre performances and concerts, mostly in the Upper Town, are organized either indoors or outdoors. The stage on Opatovina hosts the Zagreb Histrionic Summer theatre events.
Zagreb is also the host of Zagrebfest, the oldest Croatian pop-music festival, as well as of several traditional international sports events and tournaments. The Day of the City of Zagreb on 16 November is celebrated every year with special festivities, especially on the Jarun lake in the southwestern part of the city.
Recreation and sports
Zagreb is home to numerous sports and recreational centers. Recreational
Dom Sportova, a sport centre in northern Trešnjevka features six halls. The largest two have seating capacity of 5,000 and 3,100 people, respectively.[138] This centre is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, hockey, gymnastics, tennis, etc. It also hosts music events.
Maksimir Tennis Center, located in Ravnice east of
Recreational swimmers can enjoy a smaller-size indoor swimming pool in Daničićeva Street, and a newly opened indoor Olympic-size pool at
The 38,923[140]-seat Maksimir Stadium, last 10 years under renovation, is located in Maksimir in the northeastern part of the city. The stadium is part of the immense Svetice recreational and sports complex (ŠRC Svetice), south of the Maksimir Park. The complex covers an area of 276,440 m2 (68 acres). It is part of a significant green zone, which passes from Medvednica in the north toward the south. ŠRC Svetice, together with Maksimir Park, creates an ideal connection of areas which are assigned to sport, recreation, and leisure.
The latest larger recreational facility is Bundek, a group of two small lakes near the Sava in Novi Zagreb, surrounded by a partly forested park. The location had been used prior to the 1970s, but then went to neglect until 2006 when it was renovated.
In year 2021 Zagreb was the host city of Croatia Rally, round three of 2021 World Rally Championship. The Rally was won by Sébastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia, Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT crew. Service parc, Overnight parc ferme and Shakedown Medvedgrad took place in Zagreb placing him as a lone capital in the championship. 2021 Croatia Rally became third tightest WRC event up to date, with only 0,6 seconds dividing the winning crew and second placed Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin (co-driver) in Toyota Yaris WRC. The Croatian round of WRC was praised by becoming the part of 2022 World Rally Championship.
Some of the most notable sport clubs in Zagreb are:
Religion
The
Economy
Important branches of industry are: production of electrical machines and devices,
The only Croatian stock exchange is the Zagreb Stock Exchange (Croatian: Zagrebačka burza), which is located in Eurotower, one of the tallest Croatian skyscrapers.
According to 2008 data, the city of Zagreb has the highest PPP and nominal gross domestic product per capita in Croatia at $32,185 and $27,271 respectively, compared to the Croatian averages of US$18,686 and $15,758.[145]
As of May 2015, the average monthly net salary in Zagreb was 6,669 kuna, about €870 (Croatian average is 5,679 kuna, about €740).[146][147] At the end of 2012, the average unemployment rate in Zagreb was around 9.5%.[148] 34% of companies in Croatia have headquarters in Zagreb, and 38.4% of the Croatian workforce works in Zagreb, including almost all banks, utility and public transport companies.[149][150][151]
Companies in Zagreb create 52% of the total turnover and 60% of the total profit of Croatia in 2006 as well as 35% of Croatian export and 57% of Croatian import.[152][153] The following table includes some of the main economic indicators for the period 2011–2019, based on the data by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics.[154][155] A linear interpolation was used for the population data between 2011 and 2021. While data on the yearly averaged conversion rates between HRK, EUR and USD is provided by the Croatian National Bank.[156]
Year | Population | Exchange rate (EUR : USD) | GDP (nominal in mil. EUR) | GDP (nominal in mil. USD) | GDP per capita (nominal in EUR) | GDP per capita (nominal in USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 790,017 | 1.3913 | 15,513 | 21,583 | 19,636 | 27,319 |
2012 | 788,010 | 1.2848 | 15,188 | 19,514 | 19,274 | 24,763 |
2013 | 786,002 | 1.3281 | 15,029 | 19,960 | 19,121 | 25,394 |
2014 | 783,995 | 1.3285 | 15,004 | 19,933 | 19,121 | 25,394 |
2015 | 781,988 | 1.1095 | 15,457 | 17,161 | 19,779 | 21,945 |
2016 | 779,981 | 1.1069 | 16,114 | 17,837 | 20,659 | 22,868 |
2017 | 777,973 | 1.1297 | 17,097 | 19,314 | 21,976 | 24,827 |
2018 | 775,966 | 1.1810 | 18,155 | 21,441 | 23,397 | 27,631 |
2019 | 773,959 | 1.1195 | 19,264 | 21,566 | 24,890 | 27,865 |
2020 | 771,951 | 1.1422 | 17,699 | 20,216 | 22,928 | 26,188 |
2021 | 767,131 | 1.1827 | 20,053 | 23,717 | 26,140 | 30,916 |
Transport
Highways
Zagreb is the hub of five major Croatian highways.
The highway
Highway A3 (formerly named Bratstvo i jedinstvo) was the showpiece of Croatia in the SFRY. It is the oldest Croatian highway.[158][159] A3 forms a part of the
Highway A2 is a part of the Corridor Xa.[161] It connects Zagreb and the frequently congested Macelj border crossing, forming a near-continuous motorway-level link between Zagreb and Western Europe.[162] Forming a part of the Corridor Vb, highway A4 starts in Zagreb forming the northeastern wing of the Zagreb bypass and leads to Hungary until the Goričan border crossing. It is often used highway around Zagreb.[163]
The railway and the highway
Roads
The city has an extensive
Bridges
Zagreb has seven road traffic bridges across the river Sava, and they all span both the river and the levees, making them all by and large longer than 200 m (660 ft). In downstream order, these are:
Name (English) | Name (Croatian) | Year Finished | Type of bridge | Road that goes over | Other Information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Podsused Bridge | Podsusedski most | 1982 | Two-lane road bridge with a commuter train line (not yet completed) | Samoborska Road | Connects Zagreb to its close suburbs by a road to Samobor, the fastest route to Bestovje, Sveta Nedelja, and Strmec. |
Jankomir Bridge | Jankomirski most | 1958, 2006 (upgrade) | Four lane road bridge | Ljubljanska Avenue | Connects Ljubljanska Avenue to the Jankomir interchange and Zagreb bypass. |
Adriatic Bridge | Jadranski most | 1981 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Adriatic Avenue | The most famous bridge in Zagreb. The bridge spans from Savska Street in the north to the Remetinec Roundabout in the south. |
Sava Bridge | Savski most | 1938 | Pedestrian since the construction of the Adriatic Bridge | Savska Road | The official name at the time of building was New Sava bridge, but it is the oldest still standing bridge over Sava. The bridge is known among experts due to some construction details.[170] |
Liberty Bridge | Most slobode | 1959 | Four lane road bridge | Većeslav Holjevac Avenue | It used to hold a pair of bus lanes, but due to the increasing individual traffic and better tram connections across the river, those were converted to normal lanes. |
Youth Bridge | Most mladosti | 1974 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Marin Držić Avenue | Connects eastern Novi Zagreb to the districts of Trnje, Peščenica, Donja Dubrava and Maksimir. |
Homeland Bridge | Domovinski most | 2007 | Four-lane road bridge (also carries two bicycle and two pedestrian lanes; has space reserved for light railroad tracks) | Radnička (Workers') Road | This bridge is the last bridge built on the Sava river to date; it links Pleso and Velika Gorica , and on to state road D31 going to the south.
|
There are also two rail traffic bridges across the Sava, one near the Sava bridge and one near Mičevec, as well as two bridges that are part of the Zagreb bypass, one near Zaprešić (west), and the other near Ivanja Reka (east).
Two additional bridges across the river Sava are proposed: Jarun Bridge and Bundek Bridge.
Public transportation
Public transportation in the city is organized in several layers: the inner parts of the city are mostly covered by trams, the outer city areas, and closer suburbs are linked with buses and rapid transit commuter rail.
The public transportation company ZET (Zagrebački električni tramvaj, Zagreb Electric Tram) operates trams, all inner bus lines, and most of the suburban bus lines, and it is subsidized by the city council.
The national rail operator
The funicular (uspinjača) in the historic part of the city is a tourist attraction.
Tram network
Zagreb has an extensive
An ambitious program, which entailed replacing old trams with the new and modern ones built mostly in Zagreb by companies
Suburban rail network
The commuter rail network in Zagreb has existed since 1992. In 2005, suburban rail services were increased to a 15-minute frequency serving the middle and outer suburbs of Zagreb, primarily in the east–west direction and to the southern districts. This has enhanced the commuting opportunities across the city.[173]
A new link to the nearby town of
Air traffic
Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA) is the main Croatian international airport, a 17 km (11 mi) drive southeast of Zagreb in the city of Velika Gorica. The airport is also the main Croatian airbase featuring a fighter squadron, helicopters, as well as military and freight transport aircraft.[175] The airport had 3.45 million passengers in 2019 with a new passenger terminal being opened in late March 2017 that can accommodate up to 5.5 million passengers.
Zagreb also has a second, smaller airport, Lučko (ICAO: LDZL). It is home to sports aeroplanes and a Croatian special police unit, as well as being a military helicopter airbase. Lučko used to be the main airport of Zagreb from 1947 to 1959.[176]
A third, small grass airfield, Buševec, is located just outside Velika Gorica. It is primarily used for sports purposes.[177]
Education
Zagreb has 136 primary schools and 100 secondary schools including 30 gymnasia.[178][179] There are 5 public higher education institution and 9 private professional higher education schools.[180]
In Zagreb you will also find 4 International Schools:[181]
- American International School of Zagreb (AISZ)
- The Learning Tree International Kindergarten (TLT)
- French School in Zagreb
- The German School in Zagreb.[182]
University of Zagreb
Founded in 1669, the University of Zagreb is the oldest continuously operating university in Croatia and one of the largest[183][184][185][186][187][188] and oldest universities in the Southeastern Europe. Ever since its foundation, the university has been continually growing and developing and now consists of 29 faculties, three art academies and the Croatian Studies Centre. More than 200,000 students have attained the Bachelor's degree at the university, which has also assigned 18,000 Master's and 8,000 Doctor's degrees.[189] As of 2011[update], the University of Zagreb is ranked among 500 Best Universities of the world by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Zagreb is also the seat of two private universities: the
Notable people
Artists
- Kristina Krepela (born 1979), actress
- Sanja Iveković (born 1949), photographer, performer, sculptor and installation artist
- Jagoda Kaloper (1947–2016), painter and actress
- Igor Kordej (born 1957), comic book artist
- Darko Macan (born 1966), writer and illustrator
- Ivan Meštrović (1983–1962), sculptor, architect, and writer
- Velimir Neidhardt (born 1942), architect
- Vera Nikolić Podrinska (1886–1972), painter and baroness
- Srećko Puntarić (born 1952), cartoonist
- Josip Račić (1885–1908), painter
- Esad Ribić (born 1972), comic book artist
- Goran Sudžuka (born 1969), comic book artist
- Marino Tartaglia (1894–1984), painter
- Vladimir Varlaj (1895–1962), artist
- Zdravko Zupan (1950–2015), comic book creator and historian
Footballers
- Milan Badelj (born 1989), football player
- Josip Brekalo (born 1998), football player
- Marcelo Brozović (born 1992), football player
- Tomislav Butina (born 1974), football player
- Ivan Čunčić (born 1985), football player
- Joško Gvardiol (born 2002), football player
- Tin Jedvaj (born 1995), football player
- Josip Juranović (born 1995), football player
- Andrej Kramarić (born 1991), football player
- Niko Kranjčar (born 1984), football player
- Jerko Leko (born 1980), football player
- Lovro Majer (born 1998), football player
- Jasmin Mujdža (born 1974), football player
- Mensur Mujdža (born 1984), football player
- Mislav Oršić (born 1992), football player
- Dubravko Pavličić (1967–2012), football player
- Josip Pivarić (born 1989), football player
- Marko Pjaca (born 1995), football player
- Dario Šimić (born 1975), football player
- Zvonimir Soldo (born 1967), football player
- Bernard Vukas (1927–1983), football player
Military
- Haim Bar-Lev (1924–1994), Israeli general and politician
Music
- Zlatko Baloković, violinist
- Miljenko Matijević, singer and songwriter; the lead vocalist of rock band Steelheart
- Zinka Milanov, operatic spinto soprano
Other sportspeople
- Vasilije Calasan (born 1981), French racing driver
- Marin Čolak (born 1984), racing driver
- Borna Ćorić (born 1996), tennis player
- Krešimir Ćosić (1948–1995), basketball player
- Danko Cvjetićanin (born 1963), basketball player
- Olympicgold medal winner
- Zlatko Horvat (born 1984), handball player
- Filip Hrgović (born 1992), professional boxer
- Ivo Karlović (born 1979), tennis player
- Nenad Kljaić (born 1966), handball player
- Vjekoslav Kobešćak (born 1974), water polo player and coach
- Ivica Kostelić (born 1979), alpine ski racer
- Janica Kostelić (born 1982), alpine ski racer, four-time Olympic gold medalist
- Luka Lončar (born 1987), water polo player
- Iva Majoli (born 1977), tennis player
- Olympicgold medal winner
- Mirko Novosel (born 1938), basketball player
- Tomislav Paškvalin (born 1961), water polo player
- Summer Olympics
- Dubravko Šimenc (born 1966), water polo player
- Olympicgold medal winner
- Olympicgold medal winner
- Tin Srbić (born 1996), artistic gymnast
- Manuel Štrlek (born 1988), handball player
- Igor Vori (born 1980), handball player
- Vedran Zrnić (born 1979), handball player
Religion
- Roman Catholicpriest, mathematician, writer, and musical theorist primarily known for writing the first Croatian arithmetic textbook Arithmatika Horvatzka (published in Zagreb, 1758)
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer (1815–1905), politician, Roman Catholic bishop, and benefactor
Science and humanities
- Ivan Đikić (born 1966), molecular biologist, director of the Institute of Biochemistry II at Goethe University Frankfurt
- Mario Jurić (born 1979), astronomer
- Vesna Girardi-Jurkić (1944–2012), archeologist and museologist
- Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger (1856–1936), geologist, paleontologist, and archeologist
- Milan Kangrga (1923–2008), philosopher
- Radoslav Katičić (1930–2019), linguist, classical philologist
- Nada Klaić (1920–1988), historian
- Ivo Kolin (1924–2007), inventor
- Zdravko Lorković (1900–1998), biologist, entomologist and geneticist
- Ranko Matasović (born 1968), linguist
- Ivo Pilar (1874–1933), historian, politician, publicist and lawyer
- Martin Previšić (born 1984), historian
- Vesna Pusić (born 1953), sociologist and politician
- Marin Soljačić (born 1974), physicist and electrical engineer
- Rudi Supek (1913–1993), sociologist and philosopher
- Goran Švob (1947–2013), philosopher and logician
- Josip Torbar (1824–1900), natural scientist
- Hrvoje Turković (born 1943), film theorist
- Ljudevit Vukotinović (1813–1893), politician, writer and naturalist
- Milena Žic-Fuchs (born 1954), linguist
Writers
- Tituš Brezovački (1757–1805), playwright, satirist and poet
- August Cesarec (1893–1941), writer
- Bora Ćosić (born 1932), writer
- Dimitrija Demeter (1811–1872), writer
- Daša Drndić (1946–2018), writer
- Zoran Ferić (born 1961), writer
- Branko Gavella (1885–1962), theater director and essayist
- Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981), writer, considered the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century
- national anthem of Croatia
- August Šenoa (1838–1881), novelist
- Sunčana Škrinjarić (1931–2004), writer, poet and journalist
- Davor Slamnig (born 1956), writer and musician
- Slobodan Šnajder (born 1948), writer and publicist
Notes
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- Zagreb Tourist Board
- Zagreb Fair