Capital of Indonesia
The capital of Indonesia is
The plan is part of a strategy to reduce developmental inequality between Java and other islands in the
Timeline
Date | Capital | Notes |
---|---|---|
17 August 1945 | Jakarta | Republic of Indonesia .
|
4 January 1946 | Yogyakarta | Jakarta was occupied by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) and the capital was moved to Yogyakarta. The Indonesian government relocated to the city using a train in the middle of the night. |
19 December 1948 | Bukittinggi | Yogyakarta was occupied by the Dutch military during Operation Kraai, while both the president and vice president, Sukarno and Hatta, were captured and exiled on Bangka Island. The Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI), a government-in-exile led by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, was established in Bukittinggi. |
6 July 1949 | Yogyakarta | Sukarno and Hatta returned from exile to Yogyakarta. Sjafruddin Prawiranegara officially dissolved the emergency government on 13 July 1949. Yogyakarta continued as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, which was a state within the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (formed on 27 December 1949). Jakarta served as the federal capital. |
17 August 1950 | Jakarta | The United States of Indonesia was dissolved by Sukarno, and Jakarta once again became the de facto capital of the Republic of Indonesia. |
28 August 1961 | Jakarta became the de jure capital of Indonesia with the Presidential Decree Number 2 of 1961. It was later strengthened by the Indonesian Law Number 10 of 1964. | |
no later than 17 August 2024 | Nusantara | President |
Colonial period, Bandung and early republic era
The Dutch colonial settlement of
In the early 20th century, the Dutch East Indies government decided to relocate the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The idea was to separate the busy trading port and the commercial centre (Batavia) from the new administrative and political centre (Bandung). By the 1920s the plan to transfer the capital to Bandung was underway. As the city began the master plan of a new city, some government buildings, telecommunication (now Telkom Indonesia), railway networks (now Kereta Api Indonesia), a postal system (now Pos Indonesia), defence-military headquarters, and more were constructed and headquartered in Bandung. Some are still here to this day, such as Gedung Sate, which was planned as the government administrative centre of the Dutch East Indies. The plan, however, failed due to the Great Depression and the outbreak of World War II.[2]
On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's rule was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed Jakarta (officially ジャカルタ特別市 Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi, Special Municipality of Jakarta, under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the collapse of Japan in 1945, the area went through a period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian national struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation and from the perspective of the Indonesian nationalists who declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was once again renamed Jakarta.[14]
Following the surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared its independence on 17 August 1945. The proclamation was enacted at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi),
National revolution period
During the Indonesian struggle for independence (1945–1949), prompted by political and military emergencies, the capital of the republic was moved several times, as the seat of the republic in exile during the war. The capital moved from Jakarta to Yogyakarta (1946–1948) and then to Bukittinggi (1948–1949) as the seat of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia.[3] In 1949, the national capital of the republic returned to Jakarta.
Jakarta as the de jure capital of Indonesia
During Sukarno's presidency, Jakarta was established and developed as the capital of the new republic. In 1957, Sukarno laid the foundation and street grid layout of
In 1966, Jakarta was granted its official status as DKI (Daerah Khusus Ibukota) Djakarta, or the Special Capital Region. It promoted the rate of development of government office buildings and foreign embassies. Jakarta's rapid development created the need for a master plan to regulate Jakarta's growth. Since 1966, Jakarta has steadily grown into a modern metropolis.[17]
During the highly centralised
New capital proposals throughout the decades
Proposals to move the Indonesian capital from Jakarta to other locations have been discussed since the Sukarno presidency. Massive overpopulation, a lack of urban infrastructures such as public transportation facilities, gridlock traffic, encroachment of urban areas replacing open green spaces, spread of
Two major alternative approaches have been raised over the years:. Suggested locations for the first proposal include:
- Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. Since it was established as the capital of Central Kalimantan province in 1957, the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, outlined a plan to develop Palangkaraya as the future capital of Indonesia.[21] Palangkaraya is far more extensive in area than Jakarta and is safe from the danger of earthquakes and volcanoes, which are common on Java.[22]
- Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. Compared to Palangkaraya, Banjarmasin is located closer to the centre of the country, has better access to the Java Sea, and has better infrastructure.[22]
- Kota Merdeka is a proposed planned city located north of Pangkalan Bun town, West Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan. Compared to far inland Palangkaraya, Kota Merdeka is located nearer to coastal areas and has better access to the Java Sea.[23]
- Malacca strait, near the other ASEAN capitals of Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.[25]
If Jakarta were kept as the official capital, administrative centres would have been moved to other nearby locations. Suggested locations include:
- Jonggol, West Java, located about 40 kilometres southeast of Jakarta, and proposed future capital of Indonesia since the New Order.[26]
- Karawang, West Java, located about 60 kilometres east of Jakarta.[27]
- Kertajati,
- Maja, Lebak Regency, Banten, located about 60 kilometres west of Jakarta. Most of Maja's lands are already acquired by the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency.[30]
- Jakarta Bay, North Jakarta. In 2013, Joko Widodo, then Governor of Jakarta, proposed to move the administrative centre of Indonesia to the planned future reclaimed islands in Jakarta Bay. This plan is in line with the planned National Capital Integrated Coastal Development; the new administrative district will be located on a Garuda bird-shaped island planned to be built on Jakarta Bay.[31]
Relocation to Nusantara
In April 2017, the
The development of Nusantara began in 23 August 2019, Jokowi submitted Presidential Letter No. R-34/Pres/08/2019. The Letter enclosed with 2 enclosures: (1) Presidential Study Report on Capital Relocation, and (2) Request on DPR Support for Capital Relocation.[35]
On 26 August 2019, Jokowi announced that the new capital would be partly in the
In early September 2021, the Bill for Capital Relocation completed.
On 17 January 2022, during the Special Committee Meeting of the
Due to the plan being submitted in the middle of Jokowi's second and final term, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR, consist of DPR and DPD) urgently re-issued an amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, re-establishing its ability to establish the Principles of State Policies (Indonesian: Pokok-Pokok Haluan Negara, PPHN) in order to provide security and sustainability for the project in the long term and thus ensuring its continuation after Jokowi leaves office.[45]
Political structure
Geopolitically, the capital's territory are likely to be formed as a new province
Proposed design and name
Then Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing organized a capital city design contest from 3 October to 20 December 2019. The winner, Nagara Rimba Nusa ('Forest Archipelago')[48] by URBAN+ was officially announced on 23 December 2019. The government will collaborate on the design of the winning team with that of the second- and third-placed teams, as well as international designers, to sharpen the final design process up to March or April 2020.[49] Designers from at least 3 countries, namely China, Japan, and the United States had offered to be involved in the design.[50] The name, which had been suggested about 3 months earlier, is aligned with the winner's main concept.[51]
On 17 January 2022, the name of the new capital city was revealed to be Nusantara.[52]
See also
References
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- ^ ISBN 9780595860449.
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- ^ "Head Of Bappenas Suharso: Name Of The Capital City Of The Archipelago". VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
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- ^ "Batavia". De VOCsite (in Dutch). 2002–2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
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- ^ Waworoentoe, Willem Johan (2013). "Jakarta". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Lapangan Merdeka / Monas[permanent dead link]. Merdeka Square page on official website of Jakarta. (in Indonesian)
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- ^ "History of Jakarta". Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ "Tiru Malaysia, SBY Dukung Pemindahan Ibukota". www.inilah.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ "SBY: Mari Lanjutkan Ide Membangun Ibukota Baru". news.okezone.com.
- ^ "VIVAnews – Pendapat Tujuh Pakar Soal Pemindahan Ibukota". Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Jewel Topsfield; Karuni Rompies (13 April 2017). "Indonesia's capital Jakarta is so congested, government might move it to Borneo". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ a b Kota-kota yang Diusulkan Jadi Ibukota | koran terbaru – berita seputar indonesia
- ^ "Pangkalan Bun Dan Sampit Cocok Jadi Ibu Kota Negara". Borneo News (in Indonesian). 31 March 2015.
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- ^ Gorbiano, Marchio Irfan (26 August 2019). "BREAKING: Jokowi announces East Kalimantan as site of new capital". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
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- ^ Putri, Cantika Adinda (3 September 2021). "Tanpa Pilkada, Ini Kepala Otorita Ibu Kota Baru!". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ Junita, Nancy (1 October 2021). "Simak Poin-Poin Penting RUU Ibu Kota Negara | Kabar24". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ Siregar, Kiki (17 January 2022). "Indonesia minister announces name of new national capital in eastern Kalimantan". CNA. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
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has generic name (help) - ^ "Menyambut Provinsi Baru di Ibu Kota Baru". GoodNews from Indonesia. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ "Ibu kota baru Indonesia: Warga Dayak Paser khawatir 'makin tersingkir' dari wilayah adat, 'tidak mau tambah melarat'". BBC News Indonesia. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ Maulia, Erwida (23 December 2019). "'Forest Archipelago' wins design contest for new Indonesia capital". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "'Nagara Rimba Nusa' announced as winner of new capital city design contest". The Jakarta Post. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Nasution, Rahmad (3 January 2020). "Three countries offer to design Indonesia's new capital". Antara News. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Board, Jack (24 September 2019). "Leaving Jakarta: Indonesia accelerates plans for 'green, smart' capital in the middle of Borneo wilderness". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Head Of Bappenas Suharso: Name Of The Capital City Of The Archipelago". VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan. Retrieved 17 January 2022.