Nightjar
This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article. (July 2019) |
Nightjar | |
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Great eared nightjar | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Clade: | Strisores |
Order: | Caprimulgiformes Ridgway, 1881 |
Family: | Caprimulgidae Vigors, 1825 |
Subfamilies | |
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Global range of nightjars and allies |
Nightjars are medium-sized
Nightjars are found all around the world, with the exception of Antarctica, and certain island groups such as the Seychelles. They can be found in a variety of habitats, most commonly the open country with some vegetation. They usually nest on the ground, with a habit of resting and roosting on roads.
The subfamilies of nightjars have similar characteristics, including small feet, of little use for walking, and long, pointed wings. Typical nightjars have
Systematics
Caprimulgiformes
Previously, all members of the orders Apodiformes, Aegotheliformes, Nyctibiiformes, Podargiformes, and Steatornithiformes were lumped alongside nightjars in the Caprimulgiformes. In 2021, the International Ornithological Congress redefined the Caprimulgiformes as only applying to nightjars, with potoos, frogmouths, oilbirds, and owlet-nightjars all being reclassified into their own orders.[2] See Strisores for more info about the disputes over the taxonomy of Caprimulgiformes. A phylogenetic analysis found that the extinct family Archaeotrogonidae, known from the Eocene and Oligocene of Europe, are the closest known relatives of nightjars.[3]
Caprimulgidae
Traditionally, nightjars have been divided into two subfamilies—the
The common poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, is unique as a bird that undergoes a form of hibernation, becoming torpid and with a much reduced body temperature for weeks or months, although other nightjars can enter a state of torpor for shorter periods.[4]
In their pioneering
Subsequent work, both morphological and genetic, has provided support for the separation of the typical and the eared nightjars, and some authorities have adopted this Sibley-Ahlquist recommendation, and also the more far-reaching one to group all the
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- †Ventivorus Mourer-Chauviré 1988
- Subfamily Eurostopodinae[6]
- Genus Eurostopodus (7 species)
- Genus Lyncornis (2 species)
- Subfamily Caprimulginae (typical nightjars)
- Genus Gactornis– collared nightjar
- Genus Nyctipolus (2 species)
- Genus Nyctidromus (2 species)
- Genus Hydropsalis (4 species)
- Genus Siphonorhis (2 species)
- Genus Nyctiphrynus (4 species)
- Genus Phalaenoptilus– common poorwill
- Genus Antrostomus (12 species)
- Genus Caprimulgus (40 species, including the European nightjar)
- Genus Setopagis (4 species)
- Genus Uropsalis (2 species)
- Genus Macropsalis– long-trained nightjar
- Genus Eleothreptus (2 species)
- Genus Systellura (2 species)
- Genus
- Subfamily Chordeilinae(nighthawks)
- Genus Podager)
- Genus Nyctiprogne (2 species)
- Genus Lurocalis (2 species)
- Genus
Also see a list of nightjars, sortable by common and binomial names.
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Nightjar
Distribution and habitat
Nightjars inhabit all continents other than Antarctica, as well as some island groups such as Madagascar, the Seychelles, New Caledonia and the islands of Caribbean.[7] They are not known to live in extremely arid desert regions. Nightjars can occupy all elevations from sea level to 4,200 m (13,800 ft), and a number of species are montane specialists. Nightjars occupy a wide range of habitats, from deserts to rainforests but are most common in open country with some vegetation.[7] The nighthawks are confined to the New World, and the eared nightjars to Asia and Australia.[7]
A number of species undertake migrations, although the secretive nature of the family may account for the incomplete understanding of their migratory habits. Species that live in the far north, such as the European nightjar or the common nighthawk, migrate southward with the onset of winter. Geolocators placed on European nightjars in southern England found they wintered in the south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[8] Other species make shorter migrations.[7]
Conservation and status
Some species of nightjars are threatened with extinction. Road-kills of this species by cars are thought to be a major cause of mortality for many members of the family because of their habit of resting and roosting on roads.[9]
They also usually nest on the ground, laying one or two patterned eggs directly onto bare ground. Nightjars possibly move their eggs and chicks from the nesting site in the event of danger by carrying them in their mouths. This suggestion has been repeated many times in ornithology books, but surveys of nightjar research have found very little evidence to support this idea.[10][11]
Developing conservation strategies for some species presents a particular challenge in that scientists do not have enough data to determine whether or not a species is endangered due to the difficulty in locating, identifying, and/or categorizing their limited number (e.g. 10,000) known to exist, a good example being the
In history and popular culture
- Nighthawk as a name has been applied to numerous places, characters, and objects throughout history.
- semi-professional soccer team in Nebraskanow uses the Bugeaters moniker.
- Nightjars feature prominently in the lyrics of the Elton John/Bernie Taupin song "Come Down in Time": "While a cluster of nightjars sang some songs out of tune". Sting, in an interview about this song and about Elton John, said, "It's a very beautiful song. ... I love Bernie's lyrics, and uh, ... It is one of those songs you wish you had written...."[15]
- They are also featured prominently in the lyrics of Joanna Newsom's bird-heavy fourth album Divers; the opening track "Anecdotes" name-checks four different varieties (Rufous, Whip-poor-will, Star-Spotted and Sickle-Winged) and the final track ends with a repeated radio transmission to the fictional soldier Rufous Nightjar.
References
- ^ a b U. S. An Index to the United States of America: Historical, Geographical and Political. A Handbook of Reference Combining the "curious" in U. S. History. Boston, MA: D. Lothrop Company. 1890. p. 77.
- ^ "Taxonomic Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-07-29.
- ISSN 2056-2799.
- S2CID 32140353.
- ^ Boyd, John (2007). "Caprimulgidae: Nightjars, Nighthawks" (PDF). John Boyd's website. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- IOC World Bird List. v8.1. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ S2CID 216484216. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- .
- S2CID 87154795.
- S2CID 84823011.
- Wilson Bulletin. 97 (3): 381–385.
- Birdlife International/Lynx Edicions, 1999
- ^ "The State of Nebraska - An Introduction to the Cornhuskers State from NETSTATE.COM". www.netstate.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ Nancy Capace, Encyclopedia of Nebraska. Somerset Publishers, Inc., Jan 1, 1999, p2-3
- ^ Sting – Come Down In Time (New York – October 22 1991) – YouTube
External links
- Nightjar videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Nightjar sounds on xeno-canto.org