Captaincy General of Chile
33°27′00″S 70°40′00″W / 33.45°S 70.666667°W
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General Captaincy of Chile Kingdom of Chile Capitanía General de Chile Reino de Chile | |||||||||
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1541-1810 1814-1818 | |||||||||
Ferdinand VII | |||||||||
Casimiro Marcó del Pont | |||||||||
Historical era | Spanish Empire | ||||||||
• Established | 1541 | ||||||||
September 18, 1810 | |||||||||
October 2, 1814 | |||||||||
February 12 1818 | |||||||||
Currency | Spanish Real | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | CL | ||||||||
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The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile
Name
The Captaincy General of Chile was incorporated to the
Benjamin Vicuna Mackena noted that Chile has always been officially and unofficially the Kingdom of Chile.[2] In the XVI century Pedro Marino de Lobera, “Corregidor de Valdivia”, 1575 wrote the Chronicles of the Kingdom of Chile.[3] Other publications of the XVI, XVII and XVIII centuries confirm the name and/or status of what is known as the Kingdom.[4] However, although the status of kingdom was officially used and recognised in Court the jurisdiction of the kingdom was still under Spanish control for most of its existence, later it became a republic.[5]
The administrative apparatus of the Captaincy General of Chile was subordinate to the Council of the Indies and the Laws of the Indies, like the other Spanish colonial possessions. The day-to-day work was handled mostly by viceroys and governors, who represented the king in the overseas territories. The areas of the Americas, which had been the site of complex civilizations or became rich societies were usually referred to by the Spanish as "kingdoms".
History
Exploration and conquest
In 1536
Collapse of southern Chile
A
Over the next few years the Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of seven Spanish cities in Mapuche territory:
17th century: Consolidation of the kingdom
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In the 17th century, the Spanish overseas territory of Chile saw a rearrangement of its population center. While in the 16th century, most of the cities founded by the Spanish were located from
18th century: Reforms and development
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Political history
History of Chile |
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Timeline • Years in Chile |
As noted, the area had been designated a
The greatest setback the Spanish settlements suffered was the
Chile lost an important part of its territory with the
Society
Societal groups
The Chilean colonial society was based on a
During late colonial times new migration pulses took off leading to large numbers of
Sex and marriage
Native indigenous peoples in colonial society appeared, to the average Catholic Spaniard, to be somewhat liberal in their approach to sexual relationships.[12]
16th century Spaniards are known to have been pessimistic about marriage.
Chilean Antarctica in colonial times
For many years, cartographers and European explorers speculated about the existence of the Terra Australis Incognita, a vast territory located in the south of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego and reached the South Pole.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed on June 7 of 1494, set the areas of influence of Spain and Portugal, west and east, respectively, of a line running from pole to pole that was never demarcated (at 46° 37 'W in the Spanish classical interpretation, and further west, according to the Portuguese interpretation), so the Antarctic areas claimed by Chile today, while still unknown at that time, fell within the control of Spain. The treaty, backed by the papal bull Ea quae pro bono pacis in 1506 was made mandatory for all Catholic countries, was not recognized by European non-Catholic states and even by some that were, like France. For Britain, Dutch, Russia and other countries, the Antarctic areas were considered res nullius, a no man's land not subject to the occupation of any nation.
In 1534, The Emperor Charles V divided in three governorates the South American territory :
- New Castile or Peru to Francisco Pizarro,
- New Toledo or Chile to Diego de Almagro and
- New León or Magellanic Lands for Simón de Alcazaba y Sotomayor , which was subsequently extended to the Straits of Magellan.
In 1539, a new governorate was formed south of New León called
Proof of this are numerous historical documents, among which include a Royal Decree of 1554:
Because it was personally consulted, we will grant, to the Captain Jeronimo de Alderete the land across the Magellan Strait
Later, in 1558, the Royal Decree of Brussels it prompted the Chilean colonial government to take ownership in our name from the lands and provinces that fall in the demarcation of the Spanish crown in Referring to the land across the Strait, because at that time it was thought that Tierra del Fuego was an integral part of the Terra Australis.
One of the most important works of Spanish literature, the epic poem La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla (1569), is also considered by Chile as favorable to their argument, as you can read in the seventh stanza of his Canto I:
Is Chile North South very long,
new sea coast of the south called;
will from East to West of wide
one hundred miles, so wider taken,
under the Antarctic Pole height
twenty-seven degrees,
prolonged until the sea Ocean and Chilean
mix their waters within narrow.
In the fourth stanza of his Canto III:
This was the one who found the sections
Indians of Antarctic regions.
There are also stories and maps, both Chilean and Europeans, indicating the membership of the Terra Australis Antarctica as part of the Captaincy General of Chile.
The Spanish navigator
Sailed under the Admiral don Gabriel of Castile with three ships along the coasts of Chile towards Valparaiso, and from there to the strait. In March of 1603 he reached 64 degrees and they had a lot of snow there. In the following April they returned back to the coast of Chile
Another Dutch document, published in Amsterdam in three languages in 1622, says that at 64°S there are "very high and mountainous, snow cover, like the country of Norway, all white, land It seemed to extend to the Solomon Islands" This confirms a previous sighting of the lands would be the South Shetland Islands.
Other historians attribute the first sighting of Antarctic land to the Dutch marine
At this time was already known the existence of a white continent in south of the
Economy
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See also
- Real Audiencia of Concepción
- Royal Governor of Chile
- Spanish immigration to Chile
- Chilean Antarctica in colonial times
References
- ^ "Descripción Histórico-Geográfica del Reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile".
- ^ ¿Por qué se Illamó “Reino” a Chile?
- ^ "Crónica del reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena".
- ^ The Grand Araucanian Wars (1541-1883) In The Kingdom Of Chile
- ^ "El Reino de Chile". Genealogía y Pueblos. 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967). Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile. Editorial Universitaria.
- ^ a b Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1985). Los Títulos Históricos: Historia de Las Fronteras de Chile. Andrés Bello.
(p. 197) We note that the Loa river is at 22 degrees and that Baleato, in 1793, indicated 21.5 degrees for the beginning of the Kingdom of Chile, with the Loa at its mouth in the Pacific. (...) (p. 540) According to the Map of Cano y Olmedilla, the limit of the Kingdom of Chile "(...) through the desert of Atacama (...) From here it turns to the S., S.E., S.E., and S., keeping in general this last course until near the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction. SE. and S., generally keeping this last course until the vicinity of the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction, skirting to the east the 'Province of Cuyo' which, of course, appears to be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Chile. In the latitude of 32°30' the line turns to the S.W. until reaching the Quinto river, which, as the legend says 'communicates by channels with the Saladillo in time of floods'. It follows the river down to the meridian 316°, counting to the E. of Tenerife, where it turns a stretch until it reaches the Hueuque-Leuvu river (or Barrancas river) at 371/2° latitude. From here it runs along the river for a stretch to the S.E., and then turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic Sea in the vicinity of parallel 37° between Cape Lobos and Cape Corrientes", "a little north of the current Mar del Plata". (...) (p. 543) In this document it is seen that those of the province of Cuyo end to the south at the source of the Diamante River, and that from that point to the east, the dividing line goes to the point where the Quinto River crosses the road that goes from Santiago to Buenos Aires.
- ^ Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1985). Títulos de la República de Chile a la soberanía i dominio de la Estremidad.
- ^ Morla Vicuña, Carlos (1903). Estudio histórico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
- ^ OCLC 1259676.
- ISBN 0-87417-625-5
- ^ a b c d e f Historia de la vida privada en Chile. El Chile tradicional. De la conquista a 1840. 2005. Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones S.A. pp. 53-63.
- ^ Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944). La Antártica Chilena (in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello.
- ^ Calamari, Andrea (June 2022). "El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida" (in Spanish). Jot Down.
- ^ Mancilla González, Pablo (July 1, 2011). "Antecedentes históricos sobre el Territorio Antártico Chileno conocidos hacia la década de 1950" (in Spanish). Punta Arenas: Repositorio Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
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