Capture of HMS Penguin
Capture of HMS Penguin | |||||||
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Part of War of 1812 | |||||||
The action between USS Hornet and HMS Penguin | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States | United Kingdom | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
James Biddle + |
James Dickenson † James McDonald (POW) | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
1 warship 20 guns 142 crew |
1 warship 19 guns 132 crew | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
1 killed 8 wounded, 1 mortally |
14 killed 28 wounded 90 prisoners 1 warship captured |
On 23 March 1815
Background
Late in 1814, the
On 15 January, Decatur took advantage of a north-westerly gale to break out alone in President, but the frigate went aground on the bar at the harbour mouth and received damage which delayed it for two hours and slowed it. Decatur was unable to turn back as the gale was still blowing, and President was captured after being pursued by the four frigates of the blockading British squadron.[1]
The commanders of the other American vessels were not aware of Decatur's fate. When another gale blew up on 22 January, they sailed out in broad daylight under storm canvas and evaded the blockaders through their speed and weatherliness.[2] They made for a pre-arranged rendezvous with President off Tristan da Cunha, which was being used by the Americans as a cruiser base.[3] During the voyage, Hornet lost touch with the other two vessels. Peacock and Tom Bowline reached the rendezvous first, on 18 March, but were then driven off by a gale. Hornet reached the island on 22 March.
Battle
Biddle, commanding Hornet, was about to drop anchor when a strange sail was sighted to the southeast. Biddle at once made for the stranger. This was the
As soon as Hornet was sighted, Dickenson steered for the sloop and prepared to engage. Penguin had the weather gage and for a time, Hornet ran before Penguin, yawing occasionally to avoid being raked. Then Penguin turned up-wind to port at almost the same moment as Hornet turned to starboard. The two vessels exchanged broadsides for 15 minutes, with the range gradually closing from "musket shot".
Dickenson turned downwind, to close with Hornet in an attempt to board and capture Hornet,[5] but was mortally wounded. Penguin's bowsprit ran across Hornet's deck between the main and mizzen masts, badly damaging the American rigging. Penguin's crew made no attempt to board Hornet and Hornet's crew prepared to board but Biddle stopped them, to continue the gunnery duel. Biddle believed that the British had surrendered at this point and prepared to step aboard Penguin but was wounded by musket balls.[6]
As the two vessels separated, Penguin's foremast fell, breaking off the bowsprit. The brig had already been severely battered by American shot, and with the brig unable to manoeuvre, Lieutenant McDonald, now in command of Penguin, surrendered. The British had lost 14 men killed and 28 wounded. The brig was "riddled through"[6] and most of the starboard side carronades had been dismounted. By comparison, the Americans had lost only one man killed, one mortally wounded and seven wounded, mostly to musketry. (Penguin had embarked twelve extra Royal Marines in Cape Town.)[4] Strikingly, not a single British carronade shot had hit the hull of Hornet.
Aftermath
Penguin was too badly damaged to be repaired and put into service, so the Americans prepared to destroy the brig after removing the stores. Another sail was sighted and the Americans hastily set the Penguin on fire, but the strange sails proved to be Peacock and Tom Bowline.[7]
Tom Bowline was sent to a neutral port (Rio de Janeiro, then part of the Portuguese Empire) with Penguin's crew, where they were escorted ashore by U.S. Marines. They became the last body of British troops and sailors to be taken prisoner during the war.[8][9]
The two American sloops of war waited in vain for President until 15 April, then headed for the
Since Hornet no longer had any fighting strength, Biddle had to turn home. He reached the Cape of Good Hope on 9 May, where he learned that the Senate had ratified the Treaty of Ghent on 18 February, ending the war more than a month before the engagement with Penguin.
References
- ^ Forester, pp.205-209
- ^ Forester, p.217
- ^ Mackay, Margaret (1963). Angry Island: The Story of Tristan da Cunha, 1506–1963. London: Arthur Barker. p. 30.
- ^ a b Roosevelt, p.236
- ISBN 9781598845303.
- ^ a b Roosevelt, p.237
- ^ Roosevelt, p.238
- ^ a b Forester, pp.219-220
- ^ Lloyd's List, No. 4980,[1] - accessed 8 March 2014.
- ^ Elting, p.234
Printed sources
- Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
- ISBN 0-939218-06-2.
- ISBN 0-375-75419-9.