Carantania
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Carantania *Korǫtanъ | |||||||||
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658–828 | |||||||||
Proto-Slavic | |||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||
658 | |||||||||
• Tributary to Franks | 745 | ||||||||
• Integration to Franks | 828 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Austria Slovenia |
History of Austria |
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Austria portal |
Carantania, also known as Carentania (
Origin of the name
The name Carantania is of proto-Slavic origin. Paul the Deacon mentions Slavs in Carnuntum, which is erroneously called Carantanum (Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum).[1]
A possible etymological explanation is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre-Indo-European root *karra meaning 'rock', or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from *karant- meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slavic name *korǫtanъ was adopted from the Latin *carantanum. The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *carantia.[2] In Slovenian, Korotan remained a synonym for both Carinthia and Carantania well into the 19th and early 20th century.[3] Nowadays, Karantanija is used for the early medieval Slavic principality, while Koroška for the duchy and region that emerged from it from the 10th century onward.
The name, like most toponyms beginning with *Kar(n)- in this area of Europe, are in turn most likely linked to the pre-Roman tribe of the Carni that once populated the eastern Alps.[citation needed]
Territory
Carantania's capital was most likely
The borders of the later Carantania state, which was under the feudal overlordship of the
History
In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio[4] in AD 451.
In the aftermath of the
In the 6th century Chur was also conquered by the Franks.[8]
Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the
Slavic settlement in the Eastern Alps region is assumed to be connected to the collapse of local dioceses in the late 6th century, a change in population and material culture, and most importantly, in the establishment of a Slavic language group in the area. The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by the remains of the indigenous Romanized population, which preserved Christianity.
Slavs in both the Eastern Alps and the Pannonian region are assumed to be originally subject to Avar rulers (kagans). After Avar rule weakened around 610, a relatively independent March of the Slavs (marca Vinedorum), governed by a duke, emerged in southern Carinthia in the early 7th century. Historical sources mention Valuk as the duke of Slavs (Wallux dux Winedorum).
The year 626 brought an end to Avar dominance over Slavs, as the Avars were defeated at
When about 740 Prince
In 828, Carantania finally became a
The city of Chur suffered several invasions by the
The Ducal Inauguration
The principality of Carantania is particularly notable for the ancient ritual of installing Carantanian dukes (or princes, both an approximate translation of
The coronation of Carinthian Dukes consisted of three parts: first, a ritual in Slovene was performed at the Prince's Stone; then a
The ceremony was first described by the chronicler John of Viktring on the occasion of the coronation of Meinhard II of Tyrol in 1286. It is also mentioned in Jean Bodin's book Six livres de la République in 1576.
Mentions in late medieval literature
Chronicle of Fredegar mentions Carantania as Sclauvinia, Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) mentions Carantania as Chiarentana. The same name was also used by Florentines, such as the poet Fazio degli Uberti (circa 1309–1367), the famous chronicler Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), who wrote that the Brenta River rises from the mountains of Carantania, a land in the Alps dividing Italy from Germany.
Ethnic and social structure
The population of ancient Carantania had a polyethnic structure. The core stratum was represented by two groups of Slavs who had
Language
In its early stages, the language of Carantanian Slavs was essentially Proto-Slavic. In Slovenian linguistic literature and reference books it is sometimes provisionally termed Alpine Slavic (alpska slovanščina). Its Proto-Slavic character can be deduced from language contacts of Alpine Slavs with the remainders of the Romanised aboriginal population, later also with Bavarians. The adopted Pre-Slavic placenames and river names and their subsequent phonetic development in Alpine Slavic, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names, shed light on the characteristics of the Alpine Slavic language.[12]
From the 9th century onwards, Alpine Slavic underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations which were characteristic of South Slavic languages. By roughly the 13th century, these developments gave rise to the Slovene language.[13]
See also
- Prince's Stone
- Duke's Chair
- Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)
- Black panther (symbol)
- Timeline of Slovenian history
References
- ^ Simoniti, Vasko & Peter Štih (1996): Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva. Klagenfurt: Mohorjeva družba and Korotan.
- ^ France Bezlaj, Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika (Slovenian Etymological Dictionary). Vol. 2: K-O / edited by Bogomil Gerlanc. - 1982. p. 68. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1976–2005.
- ^ "STA: Kaj pomeni Korotan?".
- ^ Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historical Dictionary Archived 2009-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)
- ^ a b Peter Štih, Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku: osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od začetka 6. stoletja do konca 9. stoletja [The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages: a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century], Ljubljana, 2001.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-631-57011-1.
- ^ Paulus Diaconus, "Historia Langobardorum".
- ^ Franks, page at Switzerland Historical Dictionary
- ^ a b Peter Štih. "Slovenska zgodovina: Od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca srednjega veka". [Slovenian history: From prehistoric cultures to late Middle Ages] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- ^ Mate Božić; (2019) "Hrvat" i "Hrvati" – od toponima do etnonima ("Croat" and "Croats" - from toponyms to ethnonyms) p. 143-143; Pleter: Časopis udruge studenata povijesti, Vol. 3. No. 3 [1]
- ^ Snoj, Marko; Greenberg, Marc (2012). "O jeziku slovanskih prebivalcev med Donavo in Jadranom v srednjem veku (pogled jezikoslovcev)" [On the Language of the Medieval Slavic Population in the Area between the Danube and the Adriatic (from a Linguistic Perspective)] (PDF). Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review] (in Slovenian). 66 (3–4).
- ^ Tine Logar, "Pregled zgodovine slovenskega jezika" (An Outline of the History of Slovene Language). In: Slovenski jezik, literatura in kultura. Ed.: Matjaž Kmecl et al. Ljubljana: Seminar slovenskega jezika, literature in kulture pri Oddelku za slovanske jezike in književnosti Filozofske fakultete Univerze, 1974, p. [103]-113.
Further sources
- Rajko Bratož, ur., Slovenija in sosednje dežele med antiko in karolinško dobo : začetki slovenske etnogeneze = Slowenien und die Nachbarländer zwischen Antike und karolingischer Epoche : Anfänge der slowenischen Ethnogenese, 2 zv. Ljubljana, 2000.
- Paul Gleirscher, Karantanien - das slawische Kärnten. Klagenfurt, 2000. ISBN 3-85378-511-5.
- Bogo Grafenauer, Ustoličevanje koroških vojvod in država karantanskih Slovencev : Die Kärntner Herzogseinsetzung und der Staat der Karantanerslawen. Ljubljana, 1952.
- Hans-Dietrich Kahl, Der Staat der Karantanen: Fakten, Thesen und Fragen zu einer frühen slawischen Machtbildung im Ostalpenraum, Ljubljana, 2002.
- Peter Štih, »Karantanci - zgodnjesrednjeveško ljudstvo med Vzhodom in Zahodom«, Zgodovinski časopis 61 (2007), s. 47-58.