Carboxypeptidase E
CPE | |||
---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||
Gene ontology | |||
Molecular function | |||
Cellular component | |||
Biological process | |||
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO |
Ensembl | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UniProt | |||||||||
RefSeq (mRNA) | |||||||||
RefSeq (protein) | |||||||||
Location (UCSC) | Chr 4: 165.36 – 165.5 Mb | Chr 8: 65.05 – 65.15 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an
CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones.[6] The production of neuropeptides and peptide hormones typically requires two sets of enzymes that cleave the peptide precursors, which are small proteins. First, proprotein convertases cut the precursor at specific sites to generate intermediates containing C-terminal basic residues (lysine and/or arginine). These intermediates are then cleaved by CPE to remove the basic residues. For some peptides, additional processing steps, such as C-terminal amidation, are subsequently required to generate the bioactive peptide, although for many peptides the action of the proprotein convertases and CPE is sufficient to produce the bioactive peptide.[7]
Tissue distribution
Carboxypeptidase E is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the
Species distribution
Carboxypeptidase E is found in all species of vertebrates that have been examined, and is also present in many other organisms that have been studied (nematode, sea slug). Carboxypeptidase E is not found in the fruit fly (Drosophila), and another enzyme (presumably carboxypeptidase D) fills in for carboxypeptidase E in this organism. In humans, CPE is encoded by the CPE gene.[5][8]
Function
Carboxypeptidase E | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identifiers | |||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
|
Carboxypeptidase E functions in the production of nearly all neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The enzyme acts as an exopeptidase to activate neuropeptides. It does that by cleaving off basic C-terminal amino acids, producing the active form of the peptide. Products of carboxypeptidase E include insulin, the enkephalins, vasopressin, oxytocin, and most other neuroendocrine peptide hormones and neuropeptides.
It has been proposed that membrane-associated carboxypeptidase E acts as a
Clinical significance
Mice with mutant carboxypeptidase E, Cpefat, display
Mutations in the CPE gene are not common within the human population, but have been identified. One patient with extreme obesity (Body Mass Index >50) was found to have a mutation that deleted nearly the entire CPE gene.[11] This patient had intellectual disability (inability to read or write) and had abnormal glucose homeostasis, similar to mice lacking CPE activity.
In obesity, high levels of circulating free fatty acids have been reported to cause a decrease in the amount of carboxypeptidase E protein in pancreatic
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000109472 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037852 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CPE carboxypeptidase E".
- PMID 2897826.
- )
- PMID 2334405.
- S2CID 18629145.
- S2CID 19798125.
- PMID 26120850.
- PMID 18550819.
Further reading
- Goodge KA, Hutton JC (August 2000). "Translational regulation of proinsulin biosynthesis and proinsulin conversion in the pancreatic beta-cell". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 11 (4): 235–42. PMID 10966857.
- Beinfeld MC (January 2003). "Biosynthesis and processing of pro CCK: recent progress and future challenges". Life Sciences. 72 (7): 747–57. PMID 12479974.
- Fricker LD, Snyder SH (June 1982). "Enkephalin convertase: purification and characterization of a specific enkephalin-synthesizing carboxypeptidase localized to adrenal chromaffin granules". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (12): 3886–90. PMID 6808517.
- O'Rahilly S, Gray H, Humphreys PJ, Krook A, Polonsky KS, White A, Gibson S, Taylor K, Carr C (November 1995). "Brief report: impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function". The New England Journal of Medicine. 333 (21): 1386–90. PMID 7477119.
- Naggert JK, Fricker LD, Varlamov O, Nishina PM, Rouille Y, Steiner DF, Carroll RJ, Paigen BJ, Leiter EH (June 1995). "Hyperproinsulinaemia in obese fat/fat mice associated with a carboxypeptidase E mutation which reduces enzyme activity". Nature Genetics. 10 (2): 135–42. S2CID 19798125.
- Song L, Fricker L (July 1995). "Processing of procarboxypeptidase E into carboxypeptidase E occurs in secretory vesicles". Journal of Neurochemistry. 65 (1): 444–53. S2CID 6650995.
- Hall C, Manser E, Spurr NK, Lim L (February 1993). "Assignment of the human carboxypeptidase E (CPE) gene to chromosome 4". Genomics. 15 (2): 461–3. PMID 8449522.
- Guest PC, Arden SD, Rutherford NG, Hutton JC (August 1995). "The post-translational processing and intracellular sorting of carboxypeptidase H in the islets of Langerhans". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 113 (1): 99–108. S2CID 25659964.
- Rovere C, Viale A, Nahon J, Kitabgi P (July 1996). "Impaired processing of brain proneurotensin and promelanin-concentrating hormone in obese fat/fat mice". Endocrinology. 137 (7): 2954–8. PMID 8770919.
- Alcalde L, Tonacchera M, Costagliola S, Jaraquemada D, Pujol-Borrell R, Ludgate M (August 1996). "Cloning of candidate autoantigen carboxypeptidase H from a human islet library: sequence identity with human brain CPH". Journal of Autoimmunity. 9 (4): 525–8. PMID 8864828.
- Cool DR, Normant E, Shen F, Chen HC, Pannell L, Zhang Y, Loh YP (January 1997). "Carboxypeptidase E is a regulated secretory pathway sorting receptor: genetic obliteration leads to endocrine disorders in Cpe(fat) mice". Cell. 88 (1): 73–83. S2CID 18629145.
- Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Mizuno K, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (May 1997). "Analysis of an expression profile of genes in the human adipose tissue". Gene. 190 (2): 227–35. PMID 9197538.
- Cain BM, Wang W, Beinfeld MC (September 1997). "Cholecystokinin (CCK) levels are greatly reduced in the brains but not the duodenums of Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice: a regional difference in the involvement of carboxypeptidase E (Cpe) in pro-CCK processing". Endocrinology. 138 (9): 4034–7. PMID 9275097.
- Lacourse KA, Friis-Hansen L, Rehfeld JF, Samuelson LC (October 1997). "Disturbed progastrin processing in carboxypeptidase E-deficient fat mice" (PDF). FEBS Letters. 416 (1): 45–50. S2CID 9680236.
- Utsunomiya N, Ohagi S, Sanke T, Tatsuta H, Hanabusa T, Nanjo K (June 1998). "Organization of the human carboxypeptidase E gene and molecular scanning for mutations in Japanese subjects with NIDDM or obesity". Diabetologia. 41 (6): 701–5. PMID 9662053.
- Reznik SE, Salafia CM, Lage JM, Fricker LD (December 1998). "Immunohistochemical localization of carboxypeptidases E and D in the human placenta and umbilical cord". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 46 (12): 1359–68. PMID 9815277.
- Fan X, Olson SJ, Johnson MD (June 2001). "Immunohistochemical localization and comparison of carboxypeptidases D, E, and Z, alpha-MSH, ACTH, and MIB-1 between human anterior and corticotroph cell "basophil invasion" of the posterior pituitary". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 49 (6): 783–90. PMID 11373325.
- Friis-Hansen L, Lacourse KA, Samuelson LC, Holst JJ (June 2001). "Attenuated processing of proglucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 in carboxypeptidase E-deficient mice". The Journal of Endocrinology. 169 (3): 595–602. PMID 11375130.
External links
- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M14.005
- Carboxypeptidase+E at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)