Carcharhiniformes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ground sharks
Temporal range: Bathonian–present
A finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Clade:
Neoselachii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Superorder: Galeomorphii
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Compagno, 1977
Groundsharks, like this blacknose shark, have a nictitating membrane which can be drawn over the eye to protect it.

Carcharhiniformes

swellsharks, and the sandbar shark
.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a

anal fin, and five gill
slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent

monophyletic
.

The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic, which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks.[1] Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous, initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.[2][3]

Families

According to FishBase, the nine families of ground sharks are:[4]

Family Image Common name Genera Species Description
Carcharhinidae
Requiem sharks
 11 59 Requiem sharks are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the
viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as 69 cm (2.26 ft) adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to 4 m (13 ft) adult length in the oceanic whitetip shark.[5] Requiem sharks are responsible for a large proportion of attacks on humans
.
†Florenceodontidae?[6] 1 1 Extinct
Galeocerdonidae Tiger shark 1 1 extant A formerly diverse genus, only one species exists today. The tiger shark is the largest member of this order
Hemigaleidae Weasel sharks 4 8 Weasel sharks are found from the eastern
bony fishes and invertebrates; at least two species specialize on cephalopods. They are not known to have attacked people.[8]
Leptochariidae
 Barbeled houndsharks 1 1 The only species of barbeled houndshark is Leptocharias smithii. It is a
near threatened, as heavy fishing pressure occurs throughout its range and it is used for meat and leather
.
Proscylliidae Finback catsharks 3 7
Pseudotriakidae False catsharks 3 5 False catsharks are a small family containing false catsharks and gollumsharks. It contains the only ground shark species to exhibit intrauterine oophagy, in which developing fetuses are nourished by eggs produced by their mother.[9]
†Pseudoscyliorhinidae[1] 2 3 Extinct
Scyliorhinidae
 Catsharks 17 >150 Catsharks are distinguished by their elongated,
mermaid's purses. The swell sharks of the genus Cephaloscyllium fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened, increasing their girth by a factor of two to three. Some catsharks are called dogfish
.
Sphyrnidae
 Hammerhead sharks 2 9 Hammerhead sharks are named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a "hammer" shape called a
continental shelves
. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night.
Triakidae
 Houndsharks 9 40 Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from 37 to 220 cm (1.21 to 7.22 ft) in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.[11]

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:[12]

Timeline of genera

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousJurassicHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicPrionaceSphyrnaParagaleusGaleorhinusChaenogaleusNegaprionRhizoprionodonMustelusMegascyliorhinusIsogomphodonHemipristisGaleocerdoCarcharhinusEogaleusPremontreiaPachygaleusPhysogaleusTriakisAbdouniaSquatigaleusPalaeogaleusArchaeotriakisPteroscylliumParatriakisPterolamiopsScyliorhinusMacrourogaleusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousJurassicHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly Jurassic

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 155785248
    .
  2. PMID 31548392
    .
  3. PMID 36535995
    .
  4. ^ Fish Identification: Ground sharks FishBase. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  5. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).
  6. ISSN 0891-2963
    .
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Hemigaleidae" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  8. ISBN 92-5-101384-5
    .
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Pseudotriakidae" in FishBase. December 2012 version.
  10. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Scyliorhinidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  11. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Triakidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  12. ^ "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2024-03-06.

Further reading

External links

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