Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen | |
---|---|
Identifiers | |
Symbol | CEACAM |
Membranome | 211 |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL).[2] However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers.[3]
CEA are
History
CEA was first identified in 1965 by
Diagnostic significance
The CEA blood test is not reliable for diagnosing cancer or as a screening test for early detection of cancer.[8] Most types of cancer do not result in a high CEA level.[9]
CEA elevation is known to be affected by multiple factors. It varies inversely with tumor grade; well-differentiated tumors secrete more CEA. CEA is elevated more in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis than in organ-confined tumors and, thus, varies directly with tumor stage. Left-sided tumors generally tend to have higher CEA levels than right-sided tumors.[16] Tumors causing bowel obstruction produce higher CEA levels.[16] Aneuploid tumors produce more CEA than diploid tumors.[17] Liver dysfunction increases CEA levels as the liver is the primary site of CEA metabolism.[3]
Antibodies
An anti-CEA antibody is an
Genetics
CEA and related
In humans, the carcinoembryonic antigen family consists of 29 genes, 18 of which are normally expressed.[25] The following is a list of human genes which encode carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion proteins: CEACAM1, CEACAM3, CEACAM4, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, CEACAM7, CEACAM8, CEACAM16, CEACAM18, CEACAM19, CEACAM20, CEACAM21
See also
References
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- ^ a b "Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Exeter Clinical Laboratory International". www.exeterlaboratory.com. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Rodriguez-Bigas, Miguel A.; Lin, Edward H.; Crane, Christopher H. (2003), "Tumor Markers", Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition, BC Decker, retrieved 2023-10-13
- PMID 16924330."
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"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) - PMID 35201700, retrieved 2023-10-13
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- ^ Cheng KT (2013). "99mTc-Arcitumomab". Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD). Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
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External links
- Carcinoembryonic+Antigen at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- CEA at Lab Tests Online
- CEA: analyte monograph from The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- National Cancer Institute Definition of anti-CEA antibody