Cardiff
Cardiff
Caerdydd ( Cardiff City Centre, City Hall clock tower, Welsh National War Memorial | |
---|---|
Nickname(s): The City of Castles, City of Arcades The 'Diff | |
Motto(s): "Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn" (English: 'The red dragon will lead the way') From crest on the coat of arms: "Deffro mae'n ddydd!" (English: 'Awake, it is day!') | |
Coordinates: 51°29′N 03°11′W / 51.483°N 3.183°W | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | Wales |
Ceremonial county | South Glamorgan |
Historic County | Glamorgan |
Principal Area | Cardiff |
Local government | Cardiff Council |
City status | 1905 |
Capital city | 1955 |
Government | |
• Cardiff Council Leader | Huw Thomas |
• Senedd | List |
• UK Parliament | List |
Area | |
• Ranked 1st) from Office for National Statistics | |
• Density | 2,562/km2 (6,640/sq mi) |
• Urban | 488,153[2] |
• Metro | 1,097,000 (Cardiff-Newport) |
• Cardiff Capital Region | 1,543,293 (est) |
Demonym | Cardiffian |
Ethnicity (2011)[3]
| |
US$36.0 billion[4] | |
GDP per capita | US$29,674[4] |
Website | cardiff.gov.uk |
Cardiff (
Cardiff is the main commercial centre of
Cardiff is a major centre for television and film production (such as the 2005 revival of Doctor Who,[10] Torchwood and Sherlock) and is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters.
Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building and the Wales Millennium Centre arts complex. Work continues at Cardiff Bay and in the centre on projects such as Cardiff International Sports Village, BBC drama village,[11] and a new business district.[12]
Etymology
Caerdydd (the
The anglicised Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f [v] borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff (from Welsh Taf) and Llandaff (from Welsh Llandaf).
The antiquarian William Camden (1551–1623) suggested that the name Cardiff may derive from *Caer-Didi ("the Fort of Didius"), a name supposedly given in honour of Aulus Didius Gallus, governor of a nearby province at the time when the Roman fort was established. Although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce.[14]
History
Origins
Until the
Little is known of the fort and civilian settlement in the period between the Roman departure from Britain and the Norman Conquest. The settlement probably shrank in size and may even have been abandoned. In the absence of Roman rule, Wales was divided into small kingdoms; early on, Meurig ap Tewdrig emerged as the local king in Glywysing (which later became Glamorgan). The area passed through his family until the advent of the Normans in the 11th century.[31]
Norman occupation and Middle Ages
In 1081 William I, King of England, began work on the castle keep within the walls of the old Roman fort.[32] Cardiff Castle has been at the heart of the city ever since.[33] The castle was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and the architect William Burges. Original Roman work can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings.
A town grew up under the castle, consisting mainly of settlers from England.[34] Cardiff had a population of between 1,500 and 2,000 in the Middle Ages – a normal size for a Welsh town in the period.[35] It was the centre of the Norman Marcher Lordship of Glamorgan. By the end of the 13th century, Cardiff was the only town in Wales with a population exceeding 2,000, although it remained relatively small compared with notable towns in England and continued to be contained within its walls, which were begun as a wooden palisade in the early 12th century.[36] It was of sufficient size and importance to receive a series of charters, notably in 1331 from William La Zouche, Lord of Glamorgan through marriage with the de Clare family,[37] Edward III in 1359,[38] then Henry IV in 1400,[38] and later Henry VI.
In 1404,
County town of Glamorganshire
In 1536, the
Cardiff became a
A
During the Second English Civil War St Fagans, just to the west of the town, the Battle of St Fagans, between Royalist rebels and a New Model Army detachment, was a decisive victory for the Parliamentarians that allowed Oliver Cromwell to conquer Wales.[39] It was the last major battle in Wales, with about 200, mostly Royalist soldiers killed.[34]
Cardiff was at peace throughout the ensuing century. In 1766,
Building the docks
In 1793, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute was born. He spent his life building the Cardiff docks and was later hailed as "the creator of modern Cardiff".[34] A twice-weekly boat service between Cardiff and Bristol opened in 1815,[48] and in 1821, the Cardiff Gas Works was established.[48]
After the Napoleonic Wars Cardiff suffered some social and industrial unrest, starting with the trial and hanging of Dic Penderyn in 1831.[49]
The town grew rapidly from the 1830s onwards, when the
A permanent military presence was established with the completion of Maindy Barracks in 1877.[52]
Cardiff faced a challenge in the 1880s when David Davies of Llandinam and the Barry Railway Company promoted rival docks at Barry. These had the advantage of being accessible in all tides: David Davies claimed his venture would cause "grass to grow in the streets of Cardiff". From 1901 coal exports from Barry surpassed those from Cardiff, but the administration of the coal trade remained centred on Cardiff, in particular its Coal Exchange, where the price of coal on the British market was determined and the first million-pound deal was struck in 1907.[47] The city also strengthened its industrial base when the owners of the Dowlais Ironworks in Merthyr (who would later form part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds) built a steelworks close to the docks at East Moors, which Lord Bute opened on 4 February 1891.[53]
County Borough of Cardiff
Cardiff became a county borough on 1 April 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. The town had grown rapidly and had a population of over 123,000. It retained its county borough status until 1974.[54][clarification needed]
City and capital city status
After a brief post-war boom, Cardiff docks entered a prolonged decline in the
The city was recognised as the
Cardiff therefore celebrated two important anniversaries in 2005. The Encyclopedia of Wales notes that the decision to recognise the city as the capital of Wales "had more to do with the fact that it contained marginal Conservative constituencies than any reasoned view of what functions a Welsh capital should have." Although the city hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1958, Cardiff only became a centre of national administration with the establishment of the Welsh Office in 1964, which later prompted the creation of various other public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Development Agency, most of which were based in Cardiff.
The East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978 and Cardiff lost population in the 1980s,[59] consistent with a wider pattern of counter-urbanisation in Britain. However, it recovered to become one of the few cities outside London where population grew in the 1990s.[60] During this period the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was promoting the redevelopment of south Cardiff; an evaluation of the regeneration of Cardiff Bay published in 2004 concluded that the project had "reinforced the competitive position of Cardiff" and "contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the built environment, although it had "failed "to attract the major inward investors originally anticipated".[61]
In the
Government
The Senedd (Welsh Parliament;
Cardiff elects four constituency Members of the Senedd to the Senedd; the constituencies for the Senedd are the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city's electors have an extra vote for the South Wales Central regional members; this system increases proportionality to the Senedd. The most recent Senedd general election was held on 6 May 2021.
In the Senedd, Cardiff is represented by Jenny Rathbone (Labour) in Cardiff Central, Julie Morgan (Labour) in Cardiff North, Former First Minister Mark Drakeford (Labour) in Cardiff West and Current First Minister of Wales Vaughan Gething (Labour) in Cardiff South and Penarth.
At Westminster, Cardiff is represented by four Labour MPs: Jo Stevens in Cardiff Central, Anna McMorrin in Cardiff North, Stephen Doughty in Cardiff South and Penarth, and Kevin Brennan in Cardiff West.
The Welsh Government is headquartered in Cardiff's Cathays Park, where most of its civil servants are based, with smaller numbers in other central locations: Cathays, Canton, and Cardiff Bay.[67] There are other Welsh Government offices in other parts of Wales, such as Llandudno and Aberystwyth, and there are international offices.[68]
Local government
Between 1889 and 1974 Cardiff was a county borough governed by Cardiff County Borough Council (known as Cardiff City Council after 1905). Between 1974 and 1996, Cardiff was governed by Cardiff City Council, a district council of South Glamorgan. Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years.
Between the 2004 and 2012 local elections, no individual political party held a majority on Cardiff County Council. The Liberal Democrats held the largest number of seats and Cllr Rodney Berman was Leader of the council.[69] The Liberal Democrats and Plaid Cymru formed a partnership administration.[70] In the 2012 elections the Labour Party achieved an outright majority, after gaining an additional 33 seats across the city.
Cardiff is divided into communities, several with their own community council and the rest governed directly by Cardiff City Council. Elections are held every five years. The last contested elections would have been held at the same time as the 2017 Cardiff Council election had there been more candidates standing than available seats. Those with community councils are:
- Lisvane (10 seats)[71]
- Old St. Mellons (9 seats)[72]
- Pentyrch (13 seats)[73]
- Radyr & Morganstown (13 seats)[74]
- Tongwynlais (9 seats)[75]
- St Fagans (9 seats)[76]
Geography
The centre of Cardiff is relatively flat and bounded by hills to the east, north and west. Its location influenced its development as the world's largest coal port, notably its proximity and easy access to the coalfields of the
Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of
Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district of the Vale of Glamorgan, also known as the Garden of Cardiff,[82] to the east by the city of Newport; to the north by the South Wales Valleys, and to the south by the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. The River Taff winds through the city centre and together with the River Ely flows into the freshwater Cardiff Bay. A third river, the Rhymney, flows through the east of the city directly into the Severn Estuary.
Cardiff lies near the
Cityscape
"Inner Cardiff" consists of the wards of Plasnewydd, Gabalfa, Roath, Cathays, Adamsdown and Splott ward on the north and east of the city centre, and Butetown, Grangetown, Riverside and Canton to the south and west.[84] The inner-city areas to the south of the A4161 road, known as the "Southern Arc", are with the exception of Cardiff Bay some of the poorest districts of Wales, with low levels of economic activity.[85] On the other hand, Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays north of the 'arc' have large student populations,[86] and Pontcanna (north of Riverside and alongside Canton) is a favourite for students and young professionals. Penylan, to the north east of Roath Park, is an affluent area popular with older parents and the retired.
To the west lie Ely and Caerau, which have some of the largest housing estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some outlying privately built estates at Michaelston-super-Ely, this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of unemployed households. Culverhouse Cross is a more affluent western area of the city. Fairwater, Heath, Birchgrove, Gabalfa, Mynachdy, Llandaff North, Llandaff, Llanishen, Radyr, Whitchurch & Tongwynlais, Rhiwbina, Thornhill, Lisvane and Cyncoed lie in an arc from the north-west to the north-east of the centre. Lisvane, Cyncoed, Radyr and Rhiwbina contain some of the most expensive housing in Wales.
Further east lie the wards of Pontprennau and Old St Mellons, Rumney,
Since 2000, there has been a marked change of scale and building height in Cardiff, with the development of the
Climate
Cardiff | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Cardiff, in the
The northern part of the county, being higher and inland, tends to be cooler and wetter than the city centre.[95]
Cardiff's maximum and minimum monthly temperatures average 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) (July) and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) (February).
For Wales, the temperatures average 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) (July) and 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) (February).[96][97]
Cardiff has 1,518 hours of sunshine in an average year (Wales 1,388.7 hours). Cardiff is sunniest in July, with an average 203.4 hours during the month (Wales 183.3 hours), and least sunny in December with 44.6 hours (Wales 38.5 hours).[96][97]
Cardiff experiences less rainfall than average for Wales. It falls on 146 days in an average year, with total annual rainfall of 1,151.9 mm (45.35 in). Monthly rainfall patterns show that from October to January, average monthly rainfall in Cardiff exceeds 100 mm (3.9 in) each month, the wettest month being December with 125.3 mm (4.93 in) and the driest from April to June, with average monthly rainfall fairly consistent between 65 and 75 mm (2.6 and 3.0 in).[96][97]
Climate data for Cardiff (Bute Park) WMO ID: 99610; coordinates 51°29′17″N 3°11′19″W / 51.48818°N 3.18859°W; elevation: 9 m (30 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present[a] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.7 (1.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 127.0 (5.00) |
93.0 (3.66) |
85.3 (3.36) |
72.1 (2.84) |
78.5 (3.09) |
73.5 (2.89) |
83.6 (3.29) |
104.8 (4.13) |
86.3 (3.40) |
129.1 (5.08) |
130.7 (5.15) |
139.6 (5.50) |
1,203.5 (47.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 15.6 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 15.0 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 153.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53.5 | 76.2 | 116.6 | 177.0 | 198.4 | 195.2 | 199.6 | 185.3 | 151.9 | 103.9 | 65.0 | 50.4 | 1,573 |
Source 1: Met Office[98][99][100] Ordnance Survey[101] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[102] Starlings Roost Weather[103][104] |
- ^ Extreme temperature records were measured at Cardiff (1913–1976), Cardiff Weather Centre (1982–2006) and Bute Park (1977–present).
Demography
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1801 | 6,342 | — |
1851 | 26,630 | +319.9% |
1861 | 48,965 | +83.9% |
1871 | 71,301 | +45.6% |
1881 | 93,637 | +31.3% |
1891 | 142,114 | +51.8% |
1901 | 172,629 | +21.5% |
1911 | 209,804 | +21.5% |
1921 | 227,753 | +8.6% |
1931 | 247,270 | +8.6% |
1941 | 257,112 | +4.0% |
1951 | 267,356 | +4.0% |
1961 | 278,552 | +4.2% |
1971 | 290,227 | +4.2% |
1981 | 274,500 | −5.4% |
1991 | 272,557 | −0.7% |
2001 | 292,150 | +7.2% |
2011 | 346,100 | +18.5% |
2021 | 362,400 | +4.7% |
Source: Vision of Britain except 2011, which is the 2011 census data from the Office for National Statistics. Historical populations are calculated with the modern boundaries |
After a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, Cardiff's population is growing again. It reached 362,400 in the
Official census estimates of the city's total population have been disputed. The city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census seriously under-reported the population of Cardiff, and in particular the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas.[111][112]
The Welsh Government's official mid-year estimate of the population of the Cardiff local authority area in 2019 was 366,903.[113] At the 2011, census the official population of the Cardiff Built Up Area (BUA) was put at 447,287.[114][115] The BUA is not contiguous with the local authority boundary and aggregates data at a lower level; for Cardiff this includes the urban part of Cardiff, Penarth/Dinas Powys, Caerphilly and Pontypridd.
Cardiff has an ethnically diverse population due to past trading connections, post-war immigration and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city. The ethnic make-up of Cardiff's population at the 2011 census was: 84.7% White, 1.6% mixed White and Black African/Caribbean, 0.7% mixed White and Asian, 0.6% mixed other, 8.1% Asian, 2.4% Black, 1.4% Arab and 0.6% other ethnic groups.[6] This means almost 53,000 people from a non-white ethnic group reside in the city. This diversity, especially that of the city's long-established African[116] and Arab[117] communities, has been recorded in cultural exhibitions and events, along with books published on this subject.[118][119]
Health
There are seven NHS hospitals in the city, the largest being the
St. David's Hospital, the city's newest hospital, built behind the former building, is located in Canton and provides services for the elderly and children. Cardiff Royal Infirmary is on Newport Road, near the city centre. The majority of this hospital was closed in 1999, but the west wing remained open for clinic services, genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation treatment. Rookwood Hospital and the Velindre Cancer Centre are also located within Cardiff. They are administered by the Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, with the exception of Velindre, which is run by a separate trust.[121][122] Spire Healthcare, a private hospital, is in Pontprennau.[123]
Language
Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with
The city's first Welsh-language school (Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf) was established in the 1950s. Welsh has since regained ground.
In addition to English and Welsh, the diversity of Cardiff's population (including foreign students) means that many other languages are spoken. One study has found that Cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages, with
The modern
- Substitution of ⟨iə⟩ by ⟨jøː⟩[132][133]
- here [hiːə] pronounced as [(h)jøː] in the broader form[clarification needed]
- The vowel of start may be realised as [æː] or even [ɛː], so that Cardiff is pronounced [ˈkæːdɪf].
Language schools
Due to its diversity and large student population, more people now come to the city to learn English. Foreign students from Arab states and other European countries are a common sight on the streets of Cardiff.[107] The British Council has an office in the city centre and there are six accredited schools in the area.[134]
Religion
Since 1922, Cardiff has included Llandaff within its boundary, along with the Anglican Llandaff Cathedral, the parish church of Llandaff and the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, head of the Church in Wales and the Diocese of Llandaff.
There is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city. Since 1916, Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholic archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic population, with numbers in 2006 around 25,000 fewer than in 1980.[136] Likewise, the Jewish population appears to have fallen – there are two synagogues in Cardiff, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to seven at the turn of the 20th century.[137] There are several nonconformist chapels, an early 20th century Greek Orthodox church and 11 mosques.[138][139][140] In the 2001 census, 66.9% of Cardiff's population described itself as Christian, a percentage point below the Welsh and UK averages.
The oldest of the non-Christian communities in Wales is Judaism. Jews were not permitted to live in England and Wales between the 1290
is in Adamsdown.Cardiff's Muslim population is much above the Welsh average and the longest established in the UK, being started by Yemeni and Somali sailors settling in the 19th century.[144] Cardiff now has over 11,000 Muslims with various national affiliations[145] – nearly 52 per cent of the Muslim population in Wales.[146]
The proportion of Cardiff residents declaring themselves Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all considerably higher than the Welsh averages, but lower than the UK figures. The city has had a Hindu community since Indian immigrants settled in the 1950s and 1960s. The first Hindu temple in the city was opened in Grangetown on 6 April 1979 on the site of an abandoned synagogue.[147] The 25th anniversary of the founding was celebrated in September 2007 with a parade of over 3,000 people through the city centre, including Hindus from across the United Kingdom and members of Cardiff's other religious communities.[148] There are over 2,000 Hindus in Cardiff, worshiping at three temples.[145]
In the 2001 census 18.8% of the city's population stated they had no religion, while 8.6% did not state a religion.[149]
Economy
As the capital city of Wales, Cardiff is the main engine of growth in the Welsh economy. Though the population of Cardiff is about 10% of the Welsh population, the economy of Cardiff makes up nearly 20% of Welsh GDP and 40% of the city's workforce are daily in-commuters from the surrounding South Wales area.[150][151]
Industry has played a major part in Cardiff's development for many centuries. The main catalyst for its transformation from a small town into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel, brought to sea by
At its peak, Cardiff's port area, known as
Cardiff today is the main finance and business
Cardiff is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United Kingdom, receiving 18.3 million visitors in 2010 and generating £852 million for the city's economy.[162] One result is that one in five employees in Cardiff is based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the city.[160] The city has many hotels of varying sizes and standards, providing almost 9,000 available beds.[163]
Cardiff is home to the Welsh media and a large media sector with
Cardiff has several regeneration projects, such as St David's 2 Centre and surrounding areas of the city centre, and the £1.4 billion International Sports Village in Cardiff Bay, which played a part in the London 2012 Olympics. It features the only Olympic-standard swimming pool in Wales, the Cardiff International Pool, which opened on 12 January 2008.
According to the Welsh Rugby Union, the Principality Stadium contributed £1 billion to the Welsh economy in the ten years after it opened in 1999, with around 85% of that staying in the Cardiff area.[166]
Shopping
Most of Cardiff's shopping portfolio is in the
The Castle Quarter is a commercial area in the north of the city centre, which includes some of Cardiff's Victorian and Edwardian arcades: Castle Arcade, Morgan Arcade and Royal Arcade, and principal shopping streets: St Mary Street, High Street, The Hayes, and Queen Street.
Transport
Rail
Metro
The
Air
Domestic and international air links to Cardiff and South & West Wales are provided from Cardiff Airport (CWL), the only international airport in Wales. The airport lies in the village of Rhoose, 10 miles (16 km) west of the city. There are regular bus services linking the airport with Cardiff city centre, and a train service from Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station to Cardiff Central.
Road and bus
The M4 motorway connects Cardiff with Swansea to the west and Newport and London to the east, with four junctions on the M4, including one with the A48(M). The A470 provides an important link from the city to the Heads of the Valleys road. When completed, the A4232 – also known as the Peripheral Distributor Road – will form part of the Cardiff ring-road system, along with the M4 motorway between junctions 30 and 33.[172]
Cardiff has a comprehensive bus network, whose providers include the
Cycle
The
Nextbike previously operated a public bike-hire scheme in the city between March 2018 and January 2024,[173] with the scheme allegedly being scrapped due to theft. Cardiff Council are seeking a replacement operator.
Water
The Aquabus water taxi runs every hour between the city centre (Taff Mead Embankment) and Cardiff Bay (Mermaid Quay), and between Cardiff Bay and Penarth Cardiff Bay Barrage. Throughout the year, Cardiff Waterbus[174] sail between the Pierhead on The Waterfront and the Penarth end of the Cardiff Bay Barrage with short sightseeing cruises.
Between March and October boats depart from Cardiff Bay for Flat Holm Island. The PS Waverley and MV Balmoral sail from Britannia Quay (in Roath Basin) to various destinations in the Bristol Channel.
-
Cardiff Central railway station
-
Cardiff Bus has the most bus services operating in the Cardiff area.
-
Typical cycle lane in Cardiff
-
Aquabus
Telecommunications
029 is the current telephone dialling code for Cardiff,[175] as well as for the neighbouring towns of Penarth, Dinas Powys and Caerphilly. The dialling code is optional when dialling within the area: one can dial between any two phones within the 029 code using only the eight-digit local number.
Prior to the Big Number Change on 22 April 2000 the area had shorter, six-digit local numbers with an area code of 01222.[175] This was 0222 before May 1995, derived from 0 (indicating it was a trunk call), 22 (CA on a telephone pad, for CArdiff) and 2 (as 220 was used for CAmbridge and 221 for BAth). Before the introduction of automated trunk call dialling, non-local numbers were accessed through a system of manual telephone exchanges, in common with rest if the United Kingdom.
There remains a common misconception that local numbers are still six digits long and that the code is 02920, even though there are newer Cardiff numbers in the ranges (029) 21xx xxxx and (029) 22xx xxxx.[175]
Education
Cardiff is home to four major institutions of higher education: Cardiff University, Cardiff Metropolitan University, University of South Wales and the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.
Cardiff University was founded by a
The total number of higher education students in the city is around 43,900.[177][178] The city also has two further education colleges: Cardiff and Vale College and St David's College. The former is the result of a merger, completed in August 2011, between Coleg Glan Hafren and Barry College. Further education is also offered at most high schools in the city.
Cardiff has three state nursery schools (one bilingual), 98 state primary schools (two bilingual, fifteen
Notable schools include Whitchurch High School (the largest secondary school in Wales),[181] Fitzalan High School (one of the most multi-cultural state schools in the UK),[182] and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf (the largest Welsh medium secondary school in Wales).
As well as academic institutions, Cardiff is also home to other educational and learning organisations such as Techniquest, a hands-on science discovery centre that now has franchises throughout Wales, and is part of the Wales Gene Park in collaboration with Cardiff University, NHS Wales and the Welsh Development Agency (WDA).[183] Cardiff is also home of the largest regional office of the International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO). This office is home to the organisation's curriculum and assessment centre, which is responsible for overseeing the creation and grading of various IBDP assessments.
Landmarks and attractions
Cardiff has many landmark buildings such as the Principality Stadium, Pierhead Building, the Welsh National Museum and the Senedd building, the home of the Welsh Parliament. Cardiff is also famous for Cardiff Castle, St David's Hall, Llandaff Cathedral and the Wales Millennium Centre.
In addition to Cardiff Castle, Castell Coch is a castle in Tongwynlais, in the north of the city. The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian folly designed by William Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s, as an occasional retreat. However, the Victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older medieval castle possibly built by Ifor Bach, a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions. It rarely fulfilled its intended role as a retreat for the Butes, who seldom stayed there. For the Marquess, the pleasure had been in its creation, a pleasure lost following Burges's death in 1881.
Cardiff claims the largest concentration of
There is also the ruined
|
Other major tourist attractions are the
Cardiff has over 1,000 listed buildings, ranging from the more prominent buildings such as the castles, to smaller buildings, houses and structures.[190] Cathedral Road was developed by the 3rd Marquis of Bute and is lined by fine villas, some backing on to Sophia Gardens.
Cardiff has walks of special interest for tourists and ramblers alike, such as the Centenary Walk, which runs for 2+1⁄4 miles (3.5 km) within Cardiff city centre. This route passes through many of Cardiff's landmarks and historic buildings. The Animal Wall, designed by William Burges in 1866, marks the south edge of Bute Park on Castle Street. It bears 15 carved animal statues.
Culture and recreation
Cardiff has many cultural sites varying from the historical Cardiff Castle and out of town Castell Coch to the more modern Wales Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay. Cardiff was a finalist in the European Capital of Culture 2008.[191] In recent years Cardiff has grown in stature as a tourist destination, with recent accolades including Cardiff being voted the eighth favourite UK city by readers of the Guardian.[192]
The city was also listed as one of the top 10 destinations in the UK on the official British tourist boards website Visit Britain,[193] and US travel guide Frommers have listed Cardiff as one of 13 top destinations worldwide for 2008.[194] Annual events in Cardiff that have become regular appearances in Cardiff's calendar include Sparks in the Park, The Great British Cheese Festival, Pride Cymru (formerly Cardiff Mardi Gras), Cardiff Winter Wonderland, Cardiff Festival and Made in Roath.
Music and performing arts
A large number of concerts are held in the city, the larger ones at St David's Hall, Cardiff International Arena and occasionally the Principality Stadium. A number of festivals are also held in Cardiff, the largest being the
Cardiff hosted the
The
The Cardiff music scene is established and wide-ranging: home to the
Visual arts
Cardiff has held a photomarathon in the city each year since 2004, in which photographers compete to take the best 12 pictures of 12 previously unknown topics in 12 hours. An exhibition of winners and other entries is held in June/July each year.[201]
Sporting venues
Sporting venues include the
Recreation
Cardiff has strong nightlife. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city centre, especially St Mary Street. More recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene, with many modern bars and restaurants. The Brewery Quarter on St Mary Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central courtyard. Charles Street is also a popular part of the city.
Cardiff is known for its extensive parks and other green spaces covering around 10% of the city's total area.
Cardiff is one of the top ten retail destinations in the UK with
Media
Cardiff is the Welsh base for the main national broadcasters (
Several contemporary television programmes and films are filmed in and/or set in Cardiff such as
The main local newspaper is the
The Principality Stadium was one of the first six British landmarks to be fully mapped on
Sport
Cardiff hosts many high-profile sporting events at local, national and international level and in recognition of the city's commitment to sport for all was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport 2014.
Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C. of the Athletic Union of Cardiff Metropolitan University, based in Cyncoed, play in the Cymru Premier, having been promoted from Welsh League Division One in 2016. They were winners of the Welsh League Cup for the 2018–19 season. [220]
Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs including Bridgend Street A.F.C., Caerau (Ely) A.F.C., Cardiff Corinthians F.C., Cardiff Grange Harlequins A.F.C., and Ely Rangers A.F.C., which all play in the Welsh football league system.[221]
In addition to men's football teams
During the 1990s, London-based football club
Cardiff Arms Park (Welsh: Parc yr Arfau Caerdydd), in central Cardiff, is among the world's most famous venues—being the scene of three Welsh Grand Slams in the 1970s (1971, 1976 and 1978) and six Five Nations titles in nine years—and was the venue for Wales' games in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.[223][224][225][226] The Arms Park has a sporting history dating back to at least the 1850s, when Cardiff Cricket Club (formed 1819) relocated to the site.[214] The ground was donated to Cardiff CC in 1867 by the Marquess of Bute. Cardiff Cricket Club shared the ground with Cardiff Rugby Football Club (founded 1876) — forming Cardiff Athletic Club between them — until 1966, when the cricket section moved to Sophia Gardens. Cardiff Athletic Club and the Welsh Rugby Union established two stadia on the site—Cardiff RFC played at their stadium at the northern end of the site, and the Wales national rugby union team played international matches at the National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, which opened in 1970. The National Stadium was replaced by the 74,500 capacity Millennium Stadium (Welsh: Stadiwm y Mileniwm) in 1999—in time for the 1999 Rugby World Cup—and is home stadium to the Wales national rugby and football teams for international matches.[214][223][227][228] In addition to Wales' Six Nations Championship and other international games, the Principality Stadium held four matches in the 2007 Rugby World Cup and six FA Cup finals (from the 2001–02 to 2005–06 seasons) while Wembley Stadium was being rebuilt.[224]
is also based at the stadium.Cardiff has a long association with boxing, from 'Peerless' Jim Driscoll — born in Cardiff in 1880 — to more recent, high-profile fights staged in the city.[230] These include the WBC Lennox Lewis vs. Frank Bruno heavyweight championship fight at the Arms Park in 1993, and many of Joe Calzaghe's fights, between 2003 and 2007.
Cardiff's professional ice hockey team, the Cardiff Devils, plays in the 3,000-seat Ice Arena Wales in the Cardiff International Sports Village. It plays in the 12-team professional Elite Ice Hockey League. Founded in 1986, it was one of the most successful British teams in the 1990s.
Cardiff's only American-flag football team is the Hurricanes. It won the British Championship in 2014 after falling short by 2 points in a quarter-final to eventual winners, the London Rebels, the previous year. It is based at Roath Recreational Ground.
The
The Principality Stadium hosts motor-sport events such as the World Rally Championship, as part of Wales Rally GB. The first indoor special stages of the World Rally Championship were held at the Principality Stadium in September 2005 and have been an annual event since.[235] The British Speedway Grand Prix, one of the World Championship events, is held at the Principality Stadium.[228] While the track—a temporary, purpose built, shale oval—is not universally loved, the venue is considered the best of the World Championship's 11 rounds.[236]
The
The Principality Cardiff Half Marathon takes place each October and is one of the largest road races in the United Kingdom, attracting over 20,000 participants and many overseas visitors annually. The event is organised by the not-for-profit social enterprise Run 4 Wales, and has grown considerably since its establishment in 2003. It has hosted the World (2016) Commmonwealth (2018) British (2014/2015) and Welsh (Annually) Half Marathon Championships and has held a World Athletics Elite Road Race Label since 2017.[242] The race is also a part of the SuperHalfs, a series of leading international half marathon races which also includes Lisbon, Prague, Berlin, Valencia and Copenhagen.
Notable people
Many notable people have hailed from Cardiff, ranging from historical figures such as the 12th-century Welsh leader Ifor Bach to more recent figures such as Roald Dahl, Ken Follett, Griff Rhys Jones, Catrin Dafydd, and the former Blue Peter presenter Gethin Jones.
Notable actors include
).Also notable is Siân Grigg, BAFTA winner and Oscar nominated Hollywood make-up artist.
The city has been the birthplace of sports stars such as
Saint Teilo (c. 500 – 9 February c. 560) is the patron saint of Cardiff. He was a British Christian monk, bishop, and founder of monasteries and churches. Reputed to be a cousin, friend, and disciple of Saint David, he was Bishop of Llandaff and founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is 9 February.
Cardiff is also well known for its musicians. Ivor Novello inspired the Ivor Novello Awards. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff. Dame Shirley Bassey was born and raised in Cardiff. Charlotte Church is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. Shakin' Stevens was one of the top-selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metal act in the 1980s, also hailed from Cardiff. A number of Cardiff-based bands, such as Catatonia and Super Furry Animals, were popular in the 1990s.[243]
Twinning
- Luhansk, Ukraine[244]
- Hordaland county, Norway[244]
- Sucre, Bolivia[244]
- Nantes, France[244][245]
- Stuttgart, Germany[244]
- Xiamen, China[244]
- Lima, Peru[244]
Namesakes
Diplomatic presence
A total of 28 countries have a diplomatic presence in Cardiff.[246] Many of these, such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Denmark, Canada, Thailand and the Czech Republic, are represented by honorary consulates. The United States Embassy to the UK operates a satellite office.[247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254]
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Cardiff; they are listed with the date that they received the honour.
Individuals
- Andrew Fulton: 31 March 1886
- Alfred Thomas, 1st Baron Pontypridd: 13 August 1888
- William Gladstone: 6 July 1889
- Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale: 17 September 1890
- Sir Henry Morton Stanley: 27 March 1891
- Sir David Evans: 1 July 1892
- Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar: 26 January 1894
- Sir Edward Reed: 28 September 1895
- Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII): 27 June 1896
- Robert Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth: 3 June 1897
- David Jones: 18 April 1898
- Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener: 2 December 1897
- Lieutenant General Lord Baden-Powell: 29 May 1903
- William Lewis, 1st Baron Merthyr : 10 March 1905
- Prince of Wales (later King George V): 29 June 1905
- David Lloyd George: 24 June 1908
- Godfrey Morgan, 1st Viscount Tredegar: 25 October 1909
- Francis John Beavan: 10 October 1910
- Charles Thompson, Esquire of Penhill Close, Llandaff: 28 October 1912
- Sir William James Thomas: 12 April 1915
- William Morris Hughes: 24 March 1916
- Lord Rhondda: 27 October 1916
- William Massey: 8 May 1917
- Field Marshal Jan Smuts: 27 October 1917
- Sir Robert Borden: 24 July 1918
- Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh of Patiala: 24 July 1918
- Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII): 26 June 1919
- Joseph Larke Wheatley: 13 October 1919
- Sir Charles Hayward Bird: 5 July 1923
- Duke of York: 22 October 1926
- William Tatem, 1st Baron Glanely: 26 March 1928
- Sir William Reardon Smith: 26 March 1928
- [Herbert Metford Thompson: 14 April 1930
- Lord Davies of Llandinam: 26 October 1931
- Sir Illtyd Thomas: 26 October 1931
- Prince George, Duke of Kent: 25 October 1932
- John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey: 5 March 1934
- Sir Goscombe John: 26 October 1936
- Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth: 26 October 1936
- William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield: 15 October 1937
- Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal: 15 October 1937
- F.H. Turnbull: 10 February 1947
- R.G. Hill-Snook: 10 February 1947
- Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II): 27 May 1948
- Sir Winston Churchill: 16 July 1948
- Sir William Richard Williams: 11 May 1954
- [ Sir Herbert Hiles: 11 May 1954
- Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh: 1 December 1954
- Major Lord Tenby of Bulford: 26 October 1956
- Prince of Wales(Later King Charles III): 5 July 1969
- Lord Callaghan of Cardiff: 16 March 1975
- Lord Tonypandy: 16 March 1975
- Diana, Princess of Wales: 29 October 1981
- Pope John Paul II: 2 June 1982
- Sir Cennydd Traherne: 29 January 1985
- Philip Dunleavy: 25 January 1993
- Nelson Mandela: 16 June 1998
- Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos: 4 December 2000
- Baroness Grey-Thompson: 27 November 2003
- Colin Jackson: 27 November 2003
- Major Sir Tasker Watkins: 12 April 2006
- Dame Shirley Bassey: 23 February 2012
Military units
- The Welch Regiment: 10 June 1944
- The Welsh Guards: 27 April 1957
- The Royal Regiment of Wales: 11 June 1969
- The Royal Welch Fusiliers: 7 November 1973
- The 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards: 29 July 1985
- HMS Cardiff, RN: 3 February 1988
- The Merchant Navy Association (Wales): 3 September 2001
- 203 (Welsh) Field Hospital (Volunteers) RAMC: 21 April 2014
- HMS Dragon, RN: 18 May 2014
See also
- Cardiff city centre
- Cardiff music scene
- List of cultural venues in Cardiff
- List of parliamentary constituencies in South Glamorgan
- List of places in Cardiff
- List of places of worship in Cardiff
- List of streets and squares in Cardiff
- Senedd
References
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Cardiff Population 2023 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". Worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales" Archived 24 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. ONS. Retrieved 25 December 2012
- ^ a b "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ "Eurocities". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ "Welsh Government Official Data – Stats Wales". Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ "'Gem' Cardiff in world's top 10 places to visit in 2011". BBC News. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Cardiff Boasts Record Visitor Numbers During 2017". Business News Wales. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Doctor Who filming location in South Wales". VisitWales. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Proposed BBC Drama Village at Media Capital, Roath Basin". Welsh Assembly Government. 14 December 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Cardiff Business District 'needs skills and transport'". BBC Wales. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ISBN 1-84323-901-9, p. 70.
- ^ Pierce, Gwynedd O. "What's In A Name? – Cardiff". BBC Wales. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ "St Lythans Chambered Long Cairn, Maesyfelin; Gwal-y-Filiast, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Tinkinswood Chambered Cairn, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 29 January 2003. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Cae-Yr-Arfau; Cae'Rarfau Burial Chamber, site details, Coflein". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Gwern-Y-Cleppa, Long Barrow, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 10 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Your guide to Stonehenge, the World's Favourite Megalithic Stone Circle". Stonehenge.co.uk website. Longplayer SRS Ltd (trading as http://www.stonehenge.co.uk). 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Garth Hill, Barrow I". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ "Castle Field Camp E OF Craig-Llywn, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 22 October 2004. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Craig-Y-Parc, enclosure, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 1990. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Llwynda-Ddu, Hillfort, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 14 June 1989. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ "Caerau Hillfort, site details". The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 5 February 2003. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ISBN 0-14-014581-8.
- ^ "Cardiff Roman settlement – Site details – coflein". RCAHMW website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ Rees, William (1969). Cardiff: A History of the City. The Corporation of the City of Cardiff. p. 1.
- ^ Rees, William (1969). Cardiff: A History of the City. The Corporation of the City of Cardiff. p. 2.
- ^ Rees, William (1969). Cardiff: A History of the City. The Corporation of the City of Cardiff. p. 3.
- ^ "About Cardiff >> Cardiff History >> Cardiff History". The official website for Cardiff. Cardiff & Co. 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ Rees, William (1969). Cardiff: A History of the City. The Corporation of the City of Cardiff. pp. 4–5.
- ^ "Cardiff Castle – Site details – coflein". RCAHMW website. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff history". Visit Cardiff. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Cardiff Timeline". Cardiffians. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d "A short history of Cardiff". Tim Lambert. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ Campbell, Bruce M S (25 August 2006). "Benchmarking medieval economic development: England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, circa 1290" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 1". Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 4". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ a b c "A Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan Chronology up to 1699". Bob Sanders. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
- ^ "The manors of Cardiff district: Descriptions". british-history.co.uk.
- ^ "Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 12 – Exemplifications of Confirmation". Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "Cardiff Borough Council Records: Charter 13 – Charter of Liberties". Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "A History Lovers Guide to Cardiff". GoogoBits.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ "Anniversary of 1607 killer wave". BBC News. 30 January 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Jenkins, William L. (1854). A History of the Town and Castle of Cardiff. Charles Wakeford. pp. 31–33. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ "Cardiff Castle and Bute Park" (PDF). Coflein. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
- ^ a b "A Cardiff & Vale of Glamorgan Chronology 1700–1849". Bob Sanders. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ISBN 978-1847710185.
- ISBN 978-0-85323-858-4. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-521-43816-2. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ "Detroit & St Vincent block at Maindy Barracks, Cathays". British Listed buildings. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
- ^ "East Moors Steelworks, Cardiff collection (record of information achival)". Glamorgan Records Office. 1 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ^ Row, B. W.; Squire, F. G. (1974). Cardiff 1889–1974: The Story of the County Borough. The Corporation of Cardiff. pp. 13–15.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-5067-6. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ^ "Capital of Principality (Cardiff) (Hansard, 20 December 1955)". hansard.millbanksystems.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- ^ "Cardiff as Capital of Wales: Formal Recognition by Government". The Times. 21 December 1955.
- ^ from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "Cardiff Wales Through Time – Population Statistics". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "The Growth and Decline of Cities and Regions" (PDF). 1 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ Esys Consulting Ltd, Evaluation of Regeneration in Cardiff Bay. A report for the Welsh Assembly Government, December 2004.
- ^ Denis Balsom, "The referendum result". James Barry Jones and Denis Balsom, eds: The Road to the National Assembly for Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000.
- ^ "Wales: The Post-Nation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Where To Now for the Welsh Assembly?". BBC Wales. 25 November 1997. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Welsh Assembly Accommodation" (PDF). 2 October 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Queen to open Wales' Senedd". WalesOnline.co.uk. 1 March 2006. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ "Offices in Cardiff". Welsh Government. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ "Office locations". Welsh Government. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ "Council Composition". Cardiff County Council. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ Shipton, Martin (13 May 2008). "Lib Dems and Plaid set for a coalition in Cardiff". WalesOnline. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ "Your Local Councillors". Lisvane Community Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Councillors". Old St Mellons Community Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Councillors". Pentyrch Community Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Councillors and staff". Radyr & Morganstown Community Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Community Councillors". Tongwynlais Community Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Your Community Councillors". St Fagans Community Council. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Cardiff Supplementary Planning Guidance: Archaeologically Sensitive Areas". Cardiff County Council. 20 July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ "Triassic building sandstone resources". Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- ^ "Geological Walks in Wales: Cathays Park" (PDF). Geologists Association South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ Iowerth, Dylan (1998). "Castell Morgraig". Castle Studies Group Newsletter. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ "The Garden of Cardiff". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Smuggling Around Kenfig". Kenfig.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ "Places to live in Cardiff". cardifflife.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ISBN 0-7083-2063-5. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Areas of Cardiff". Cardiff University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "Old St Mellons History". Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "Landscape Study of Cardiff". Cardiff County Council. 17 October 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
- ^ "Bus interchange future for Cardiff to be revealed". BBC News. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ "St Fagans Conservation Area Appraisal". Cardiff County Council. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-7083-2063-1. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Skyscrapernews.com search results: Cardiff". Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
- ^ "Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales". Met Office website. Met Office. 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U". Airports guides website. TravelSmart Ltd. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ISBN 0-319-22771-5.
- ^ a b c "Met Office: averages 1971–2000". Met Office website. Met Office. 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ a b c "Met Office: averages 1971–2000". Met Office website. Met Office. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff 1991–2020 Averages". Met Office. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Hot Spell August 1990". Met Office. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ "Record Breaking Heat and Sunshine - 2006". Met Office. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 map, spot height adjacent to the specified coordinates
- ^ "Cardiff – STAID 2126 and 17483". KNMI. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "How the population changed in Cardiff: Census 2021". ONS website. Office for National Statistics. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ "2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for Wales, March 2011". ONS website. Office for National Statistics. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ a b "2008 Mid-year Estimates of Population" (PDF). National Office of Statistics for Wales. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ Pointer, Graham, The UK's major urban areas, Focus on People and Migration, 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2008. Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "REG 7 1300_cover2.indd" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "ESPON Project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 1". Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ "Cardiff Council Representations to ONS on the 2001 Census: Section 2". Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ "Population estimates by local authority and year". statswales.gov.wales. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "KS101EW (Usual resident population) – Nomis – Official Labour Market Statistics". Nomisweb.co.uk. 27 March 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ISBN 978-0714641072.
- ISSN 1478-1913.
- ISBN 978-0-7524-1582-6.
- ^ "Black History in Butetown". Butetown History & Arts Centre. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "About Cardiff University – All-Wales Role". Cardiff University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust. Archived from the originalon 3 August 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ "Velindre Cancer Centre". Velindre NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ "Spire Cardiff Hospital". Spire Healthcare. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7083-1418-0.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 0-7083-1467-8.
- ^ "Census shows Welsh language rise". BBC Wales. 14 February 2003. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ "Bilingual Cardiff – Cardiff.gov.uk". cardiff.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Mapiau Cyfrifiad 2011 | Statiaith". statiaith.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ^ "Improving Bilingual Services with the Welsh Language Standards". Business News Wales. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ "Annual Population Survey – Ability to speak Welsh by local authority and year". statswales.gov.wales. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Positively Plurilingual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
- ISBN 9781853590313. Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Accents and dialects of the UK: Cardiff Accessed 2 March 2010". Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
- ^ "A-Z list of accredited centres". Archived from the original on 1 June 2010.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Archdiocese of Cardiff – Statistics". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "JCR-UK – Cardiff Community". 14 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Cardiff, Llandaff & Roath chapels database". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "The Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain". Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Muslim Directory – Mosques in Cardiff". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Multicultural Wales". British Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ Chief visits Bristol and Cardiff Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Somethingjewish.co.uk (16 December 2003). Retrieved on 17 July 2013.
- ^ Holt, Faygie Levy (17 September 2015). "Cardiff Rabbi Builds Sukkah Awareness Through BBC Radio Show in Wales". Chabad.org Jewish News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Educational options for adults are also expanding, says Rabbi Rose, noting that the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute's (JLI) "Journey of the Soul" course
- ISBN 978-1-85065-686-9. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Census 2001 – Profiles – Cardiff". Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
- ^ "A Social Audit of the Muslim Community in Wales" (PDF). 3 September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015.
- ^ "History of Shree Swaminarayan Temple Cardiff". Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
- ^ "Worshippers celebrate with parade". BBC Wales. 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2008.
- ^ "Census 2001 – Profiles – Cardiff – Ethnicity & Religion". 19 February 2003. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Clifton-Fearnside, Alex; Adam Douglas (14 May 2002). "Sub-regional and local area gross domestic product" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "Statistics on Commuting in Wales". Statistics for Wales. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
- ^ "The Glamorganshire Canal". Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ "Cardiff's millennium makeover, Cardiff – Travel". The Guardian. London. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Capital claims – A city's struggle". BBC News. 22 April 2003. Archived from the original on 13 July 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Cardiff – Coal and Shipping Metropolis of the World". National Museum of Wales. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ "Why Did Cardiff Grow?". Glamorgan Record Office. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ Davies, J. (1908). The South Wales Coal Annual For 1908 (1908 ed.). Cardiff.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Ports' resurgence as imports grow". BBC News Wales. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
- ^ "Tallest building for Cardiff gets 'topped out'". BBC News. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Labour Market:An overview of Cardiff Employment and the local economy". Cardiff County Council. 9 April 2004. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- ^ "European Cities & Regions of the Future 2008/09" (PDF). 1 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
- Cardiff County Council. 13 May 2011. Archived from the originalon 2 April 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ "Cardiff Essential Facts – Tourism". Cardiff County Council. 1 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
- ^ a b "The Film, TV and Multimedia Sector in Cardiff". Economic Development Division, Cardiff County Council. 1 December 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ "BBC Wales drama village's first phase completed". BBC News. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Stadium has boosted economy by £1bn in". WalesOnline website. 24 June 2000. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- ^ a b "St Davids 2 and Cardiff". Archived from the original on 23 July 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
- ^ "St David 2 Worlds best shopping mall". 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ New platform at Cardiff Central will help to ease congestion as railway upgrade in South Wales continues Archived 12 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Network Rail 1 December 2016.
- ^ "Station usage". Office of Rail Regulation. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ "Network Map – Valleys & Cardiff local routes". Arriva Trains Wales. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Ring Roads". Paul Berry. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ^ "Nextbike Cardiff: Bike sharing scheme scrapped due to theft". BBC News. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ "The original Cardiff Waterbus". cardiffwaterbus.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ a b c Malone, Sam (18 April 2013). "New phone numbers for Cardiff as first sets of 029 prefixes begin running out". Wales Online. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ^ "About Cardiff University – Milestones". Cardiff University. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
- ^ "Table 0a – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Archived from the original (XLS) on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
- ^ "FAQs, Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries, University of Glamorgan". University of Glamorgan. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
- ^ "Schools Search Page". Cardiff Council. Retrieved 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "The Top 100 Senior Schools A*and A Grade at A Level". Best-Schools.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ Medhurst, B W (28 March 2003). "Whitchurch High School: 2003 Inspection Report" (PDF). Estyn. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
- ^ Owen, G (13 December 2004). "Fitzalan High School: 2004 Inspection Report" (PDF). Estyn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
- ^ "Wales Gene Park". Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "2007 Rugby World Cup City Guides – Cardiff". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Twmpath Castle". 2002. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
- ^ "The Gatehouse: Treoda, Whitchurch". 8 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ a b "Llandaff". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "Listed and Locally Listed Buildings". Cardiff County Council. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
- ^ "Liverpool named as European Capital of Culture". BBC News. 4 June 2003. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
- ^ "Observer Travel Awards: Your holiday winners". The Guardian. London. 4 November 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ "Visit Britain". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ "Frommer's Top Destinations for 2008". 4 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ "BBC Wales – Big Weekend". Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
- ^ "The Automatic / Band". theautomatic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ "Manic Street Preachers on MySpace Music – Free Streaming MP3s, Pictures & Music". Manic Street Preachers. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- BBC Wales. Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ Mugan, Chris (30 November 2006). "Cardiff music scene: 'The scene is more alive than ever'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ "Bristol names Britain's most musical city" Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Daily Mirror
- ^ Karen Price (21 June 2013) "Cardiff Photomarathon 2013: New views of the city unveiled" Archived 9 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, WalesOnline. Retrieved 28 July 2014
- ^ "City takes European sports capital title for 2014". South Wales Echo. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Olympic football in Cardiff". Visit Cardiff. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "Cardiff Population Trends". 4 January 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "Useful information". Howardian Local Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ "Glasgow named top for shops at Christmas". 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
- ^ Morris, Steven (12 December 2006). "World's oldest record shop (est. 1894) is threatened with closure". guardian.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona; Coates, Sam; Savage, Michael (1 December 2006). "World's oldest record shop in the death grip of a developer". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
The owners of Spillers Records, recognised by Guinness World Records as the oldest such emporium on Earth, say that it will close unless a buyer is found.
- ^ Remake of Upstairs Downstairs filming in Wales Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Wales Online 13 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- ^ "BBC News Locations". BBC News. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff is named European Capital for Sport". Sport Cardiff. Cardiff Council. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ "Cardiff announced as 2014 European Capital of Sport". yourCardiff. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ "European Capitals of Sport list". European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Cricinfo.com". ESPN Cricinfo website. ESPN EMEA Ltd. 6 January 2005. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "Wayback Machine- Web cite query result" (PDF). www.webcitation.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "Cardiff to host Olympics football". 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Cardiff City – Club – Club History – Club History – The Foundations and Early Y". Cardiff City FC website. Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive. 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Cardiff City – Club – Club History – Club History – The Roaring Twenties". Cardiff City FC website. Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive. 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff City – Club Honours and History". Cardiff City Football Club & FL Interactive. 17 November 2004. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
In 2013 the Club won promotion to the Premier League, the second Welsh Club do so as Swansea City had gained the honour of being the first in the 2010–2011 season. Cardiff struggled all season and returned to the Championship having finished bottom.
- ^ "BBC Sport – Football-My Club-C-Cardiff". BBC News website. BBC. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "Directory of Clubs". Welsh League website. The Welsh Football League. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ Warren, Dan (6 April 2004). "Dons' darkest day". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Cardiff RFC – CRFC History". Cardiff RFC website. Cardiff Rugby Football Club. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ a b "RWC 2007 – The Millennium Stadium". 2007 RWCL website. RWCL. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff or the pride of being Welsh!". ViaMichelin website. ViaMichelin SAS. 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Cardiff travel guide: Cardiff vacation ideas: Travel Channel". Travel Channel website. The Travel Channel L.L.C. 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Millennium Stadium:Information:About the Venue:Facts&Figures". Millennium Stadium website. Millennium Stadium plc. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Millennium Stadium:Information:Stadium History:Stadium History". Millennium Stadium website. Millennium Stadium plc. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "WalesOnline – News – Wales News – What the Ashes could do for Cardiff". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "Untitled Normal Page". Newtown Association website. Newtown Association. 2000. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
- ^ "ACGA Past Games 1958". Australian Commonwealth Games Association website. Australian Commonwealth Games Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ "£32m world-class pool is opened". BBC News. 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff new ice rink to be complete by 2011, says Berman". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ "Olympic training venues – Wales". BBC Sport. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
- ^ "WalesOnline – News -Wales News – Funding withdrawal threatens Wales Rally GB". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 15 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- ^ "Moto:Stars put boot into Millennium Stadium Track". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 30 June 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ "WalesOnline – News – Wales News – Jacko back to his roots to open city's new sports arena". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "WalesOnline – Rugby Nation – Blues – End of an era for city landmark". WalesOnline website. Media Wales Ltd. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "Cardiff – Home, Cardiff International Sports Stadium". Cardiff Council website. Cardiff Council. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "Welsh Athletics – Contact Us". Welsh Athletics website. Welsh Athletics Ltd. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "National Indoor Athletics Centre". Uwic website. University of Wales Institute, Cardiff – Athrofa Prifysgol Cymru, Caerdydd. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "About The Race". Principality Cardiff Half Marathon. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Children's entertainer, Bristol, Bath and Cardiff. Lucy Lost IT". Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Home page of Cardiff Council – Cardiff's twin cities". Cardiff Council. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ "About Us". The Consular Association of Wales. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ "Expanding International Links". Capital Times / Cardiff County Council. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
- ^ "Cardiff on the Web – German Consul". Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "Danish Honorary Consulates and Vice Consulates in the UK". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "Cardiff on the Web – Italian Vice-Consulate". Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "Swiss UK Consulates". Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "Honorary Consulate, Cardiff". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "New Czech Honorary Consulate in Cardiff". Embassy of the Czech Republic in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "Wales in the World" (PDF). European and External Affairs Committee, Welsh Assembly. 12 June 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
- ^ "HONORARY FREEMAN OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF CARDIFF" (PDF). Cardiff City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
External links
- Cardiff Council site
- Visit Cardiff
- Cardiff Records: the full text of the edition of historical records for Cardiff, edited by J. H. Matthews (1898–1905). Part of British History Online.