Cardinal (Catholic Church)

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A cardinal (

As of 19 April 2024,[update] there are 237 serving cardinals, of whom 127 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope.

History

There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that "cardinalis" is

In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France.^[8] Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France.^[7] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.

While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordat (usually earning either its primate or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a patriarch: the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment.^[9]

Papal elections

In 1059,

In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70:^[11] six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff church offices.^[12] In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem, Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave.^[13] In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college.^[14]

Popes can

Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals.^[19][20] In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave.

Titular churches

Each cardinal is assigned a

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan,^[25] hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service,^[26] say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church.^{[27][28][29][30]} This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences.^[31] Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title,^[32] probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.^[22]

The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the

The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by Pope Francis, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him."^[34] The term is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals.^[35][36]

Orders and their chief offices

Cardinal bishops

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order;

Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.^[40][g] Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.^[42][h]

In 1965,

At the June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily)^[46] and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80.^[47] Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020,^[48][49] bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank.

Cardinal priests

Cardinal priests (

In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope.

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the

The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand.

Cardinal deacons

The cardinal deacons (

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied.[52] Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio.^[52]

As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).

When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual

they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Cardinal protodeacon

The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he

Renato Raffaele Martino

.

Cardinal protodeacons since 1887

Cardinal Martino, current Cardinal Protodeacon

• S.J.
  (20 December 1887 – 8 February 1890)
• John Henry Newman, C.O. (8 February 1890 – 11 August 1890)
• Joseph Hergenröther (11 August 1890 – 3 October 1890)
• O.P.
  (3 October 1890 – 1 June 1891)
• Isidoro Verga (1 June 1891 – 22 June 1896)
• 1903
  )
• S.J.
  (29 March 1907 – 15 October 1907)
• Francesco Segna (15 October 1907 – 4 January 1911)
• 1914
  )
• 1922
  )
• Camillo Laurenti (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
• 1939
  )
• 1958
  )
• 1963
  )
• Arcadio Larraona Saralegui, CMF (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
• William Theodore Heard
  (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
• Antonio Bacci (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
• Michael Browne, OP (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
• Federico Callori di Vignale (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
• Charles Journet (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
• 1978
  )
• Sergio Pignedoli (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
• Umberto Mozzoni (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
• Opilio Rossi (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
• Giuseppe Caprio (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
• Aurelio Sabattani (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
• Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
• Eduardo Martínez Somalo (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
• Pio Laghi (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
• Luigi Poggi (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
• 2005
  )
• Darío Castrillón Hoyos (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
• Agostino Cacciavillan (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
• 2013
  )
• Renato Raffaele Martino (12 June 2014 –)^[55]

* Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest
† Was protodeacon at time of death

Special types of cardinals

Camerlengo

The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.^[56]

Cardinals who are not bishops

Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in

dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop.^[j] These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a papal conclave since the 1962 rule change. However, as of 19 April 2024 Ángel Fernández Artime, Rector Major of the Salesians, who was created a cardinal by Pope Francis

on 30 September 2023, has not been consecrated a bishop and is aged 63, is a cardinal elector.

A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other

ordination

or other rites reserved solely to bishops.

"Lay cardinals"

Main article: Lay cardinal

At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.^[59] Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.^[60]

Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals

Main article: In pectore

In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in the breast). During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V,^[5] cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore.^[61] A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.^[k]

Vesture and privileges

Main article: Pontifical vestments

• Pontifical vestments
• 
  Cardinal Sarr with a ferraiolo and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress.
• 
  Cardinals

  mozetta, scarlet biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto), and pectoral cross

  on a cord (or, in Danneels' case, wrongly on a chain).
• 
  Cardinal Bertone in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons).

When in

fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it.^[65] It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.^{[citation needed}

]

Morgan Library and Museum

, New York City)

Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.^[66]

In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969^[65] and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.^{[citation needed]}

To symbolize their bond with the

Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.^[69]

Cardinals have in

canon law

a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal.^[70]

Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.^[71]

See also

• Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
• Cardinal-nephew
• Cardinal protector
• Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
• List of current cardinals
• List of the creations of the cardinals

Notes

1. ^ The most recent recipient of such a dispensation is Raniero Cantalamessa.^[3]
2. ^ The rule set out in Universi Dominici gregis is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."
3. ^ They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page 493.
4. ^ As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.
5. ^ Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630). Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Urban VIII
6. ^ "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..."^[33] (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...")
7. ^ In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25 leagues of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of Frascati became vacant upon the death of Cardinal Tommaso Zigliara on 11 May 1893, Cardinal Francesco Ricci Paracciani was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.^[40][41]
8. Sabina e Poggio Mirteto on 26 March 1961.^[43] Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.^[44]
9. ^ But not until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.^[53]
10. ^ Examples include Domenico Bartolucci, Karl Josef Becker, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, Aloys Grillmeier, Henri de Lubac, Leo Scheffczyk, Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye.
11. ^ The three were:
    Joseph Zen Ze-kiun, Bishop of Hong Kong, Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, Archbishop of Moscow, and Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz, John Paul's longtime friend and secretary.^[62]

References

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2. ^ "Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church". Vatican State. 1983. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019.
3. ^ Glatz, Carol (19 November 2020). "Majority of cardinals-designate expected to attend consistory". Crux. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
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7. ^
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18. ISBN 9780385504560. Archived
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20. ^ Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). "Ad purpuratorum Patrum". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2017.]
21. S2CID 213779632. Archived
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22. ^ ^{a b} Pope Paul VI., Motuproprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (11 February 1965), par. II.
23. ^ Code of Canon law: 357-1.
24. ^ Code of Canon law: 350.
25. ^ Noonan, The Church Visible, p. 205.
26. ^ "Catholic News Service" (PDF). www.catholicnews.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2005.
27. ^ "cardinal". Religion Stylebook. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
28. ^ "University of San Francisco Editorial Style Guide: "On first reference capitalize these titles before the individual's name: Cardinal Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2014.
29. ^ "Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is ... Cardinal Daniel DiNardo"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2014.
30. ^ "At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" (Reuters Handbook of Journalism Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine).
31. ^ The websites of the Holy See Archived 29 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine (except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in the United States Archived 12 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, England and Wales Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Ireland Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine and the Australia Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine agree with the stylebooks. The Bishops' Conference of Scotland Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of Boston Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago, Dublin Archived 8 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, New York Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Toronto, Washington Archived 1 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Galveston-Houston Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Detroit Archived 23 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Durban Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Colombo, Bombay Archived 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of Armagh Archived 26 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine,Los Angeles Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Philadelphia Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, St Andrews and Edinburgh Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Wellington Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Westminster Archived 29 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
32. ^ cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in Stimmen der Zeit 2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323.
33. ^ "Election – BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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35. ^ "'Felt himself to be a prince': Vatican comes to grips with the death of George Pell". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
36. ^ "Prince of the Church, Philip Ayres". July 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
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38. ^ Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1911) Archived 11 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Pope Pius X, motu proprio Edita a Nobis of 5 May 1914 in Acta Apostolicae Sedis VI (1914), pp. 219–220 Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine; "History of Papal Electoral Law". www.ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
39. ^ Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962). "Suburbicariis sedibus" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
40. ^ ^{a b} "Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux". Annuaire pontifical catholique (in French). Vol. XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option". Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
41. ^ Acta Sanctae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
42. ^ John XXIII (10 March 1961). "Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
43. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 199. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
44. ISBN 9780615353722. Archived
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48. ^ "RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
49. ^ Esmaquel, Paterno II (1 May 2020). "Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals". Rappler. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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51. OCLC 10100806.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
52. ^ ^{a b} Thomas J. Reese, Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church, Harvard University Press, 1996 pp. 92–93.
53. ^ Ap. Const. Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89 Archived 6 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
54. ^ "Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies." Canon 355 §2 Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
55. ^ Scaramuzzi, Jacopo (12 June 2014). "Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam")". La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
56. ^ "Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 23 February 2001. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
57. ^ Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
58. ^ Motu proprio Cum gravissima, 15 April 1962 Archived 2 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
59. ^ canon 232 §1 Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
60. ^ Cf. canon 351 §1 Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.
61. ^ Rickaby, John (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. p. 337. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
62. ^ Boudreau, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
63. ^ The College of Cardinals – General Documentazion Archived 17 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
64. Sean Brady
    knelt before Pope Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian faith."
65. ^ ^{a b} "Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates". L'Osservatore Romano, English ed. 17 April 1969: vol.4. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
66. Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and Cardinal, wearing a galero on top of his red klobuk. Retrieved from http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg Archived 6 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    .
67. ^ Paulson, Michael (25 March 2006). "Bling! examination of the ring of Cardinal O'Malley". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
68. ^ John Abel Nainfa (1909). Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette. Baltimore-New York: John Murphy Company. p. 107.. The new cardinal had to pay for the ring, in exchange for which he received the right to make his own Last Will and Testament.
69. ^ "Elevated cardinals receive gold ring from the pope during Mass of Rings". www.fogcityjournal.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
70. ^ Canon 1405 §1 and canon 1406 §2 Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
71. ^ Canon 967 §1 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

Bibliography

• Kuttner, Steven (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". Traditio. 3: 129–214.
  S2CID 149333519
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• Battandier, Albert (1913). "Ecclesiastical Addresses" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking.
  ISBN 0-670-86745-4
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• Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). "Cardinal" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). "Cardinal" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Hollingswirth, Mary, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte, eds (2020), A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-41544-7

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardinals.

• Salvador Miranda. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution
• Next Cardinal Creating Consistory by Pope Benedict XVI – The Required Background Data (including statistical data and links). Popes and the Papacy website (Anura Guruge). Retrieved 2010-09-08.
• GCatholic on all Cardinals
  • List of All Cardinals By Precedence by GCatholic
  • List of all Cardinal Titular Churches by GCatholic
  • List of all Cardinal Deaconries by GCatholic
• Catholic-pages List of Cardinals
• Thomas J. Reese, Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church, Harvard University Press, 1996 [1]
• Cardinal Rating a website listing the day to day statements printed in the news by current cardinals