Caria
Caria (Καρία) | |
---|---|
Ancient region of Anatolia | |
Asia Minor/Anatolia |
Caria (, which could be an earlier name for Carians.
Municipalities of Caria
Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns is based entirely on ancient sources.[3] The multiple names of towns and geomorphic features, such as bays and headlands, reveal an ethnic layering consistent with the known colonization.
Coastal Caria
Coastal Caria begins with
On the tip of the Bodrum Peninsula (Cape Termerium) is Termera (Telmera, Termerea), and on the other side Ceramicus Sinus (
On the south of the Ceramicus Sinus is the Carian Chersonnese, or Triopium Promontory (
South of the Carian Chersonnese is Doridis Sinus, the "Gulf of Doris" (Gulf of
South of there is the
Then follow some cities that some assign to Lycia and some to Caria: Calynda on the Indus River, Crya and Alina in the Gulf of Glaucus (Katranci Bay or the Gulf of Makri), the Glaucus River being the border. Other Carian towns in the gulf are Clydae or Lydae and Aenus.
Inland Caria
At the base of the east end of
Further inland towards
Other towns on the Orsinus are Timeles and Plarasa.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2022) |
Bronze Age
Caria is often identified with the Bronze Age region of Karkiya (or Karkisa) known from Hittite texts, though this identification is uncertain.[6][7][8]
Greek settlement
Caria was settled by Greek immigrants in the
The coast of Caria was part of the
An account also cited that Aristotle claimed Caria, as a naval empire, occupied Epidaurus and Hermione and that this was confirmed when the Athenians discovered the graves of the dead from Delos.[10] Half of it were identified as Carians based on the characteristics of the weapons they were buried with.[10]
Lydian province
The expansionism of Lydia under Croesus (560-546 BC) incorporated Caria briefly into Lydia before it fell before the Achaemenid advance.
Persian satrapy
Caria was then incorporated into the Persian
During the
After the unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece in 479 BC, the cities of Caria became members of the Athenian-led
The Carians were incorporated into the
Halicarnassus was the location of the famed Mausoleum dedicated to Mausolus, a satrap of Caria between 377–353 BC, by his wife, Artemisia II of Caria. The monument became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and from which the Romans named any grand tomb a mausoleum.
Macedonian empire
Caria was conquered by
Roman-Byzantine province
As part of the Roman Empire the name of Caria was still used for the geographic region. The territory administratively belonged to the province of Asia. During the administrative reforms of the 4th century this province was abolished and divided into smaller units. Caria became a separate province as part of the Diocese of Asia.
Dissolution under the Byzantine Empire and passage to Turkish rule
In the 7th century, Byzantine provinces were abolished and the new military
There are only indirect clues regarding the population structure under the Menteşe and the parts played in it by Turkish migration from inland regions and by local conversions. The first
Archaeology
In July 2021, archaeologists led by Abuzer Kızıl have announced the discovery of two 2,500-year-old marble statues and an inscription during excavations at the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Euromus. According to Abuzer Kızıl, one of the statues was naked while other was wearing armor made of leather and a short skirt. Both of the statues were depicted with a lion in their hands.[18][19][20]
See also
Notes
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b The Histories, Book I Section 171.
- ^ Cramer (1832), pages 170-224.
- ^ Page 170.
- ^ Page 176.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25279-0.
- .
- ISBN 9781107194175.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25279-0.
- ^ ISBN 9781107434585.
- ^ Herodotus Histories Book 5: Terpsichore
- ^ On the identification with Artemisia: "...Above the ships of the victorious Greeks, against which Artemisia, the Xerxes' ally, sends fleeing arrows...". Original German description of the painting: "Die neue Erfindung, welche Kaulbach für den neuen hohen Beschützer zu zeichnen gedachte, war wahrscheinlich "die Schlacht von Salamis“. Ueber den Schiffen der siegreichen Griechen, gegen welche Artemisia, des Xerxes Bundesgenossin, fliehend Pfeile sendet, sieht man in Wolken die beiden Ajaxe" in Altpreussische Monatsschrift Nene Folge p.300
- ^ Herodotus Histories Book 8: Urania [19,22]
- ^ Themistocles By Plutarch "Yet Phanias writes that the mother of Themistocles was not of Thrace, but of Caria, and that her name was not Abrotonon, but Euterpe; and Neanthes adds farther that she was of Halicarnassus in Caria."
- ^ ISBN 9780195170726.
- ISBN 0-87471-038-3.
- Muğla University. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2011.
- ^ "2,500-year-old statues, inscription unearthed in western Turkey". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ Gershon, Livia. "Archaeologists in Turkey Unearth 2,500-Year-Old Temple of Aphrodite". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ "2,500-year-old statues, inscription unearthed in western Turkey". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
Bibliography
- Bean, George E. (1971). Turkey beyond the Maeander. London: Frederick A. Praeger. ISBN 0-87471-038-3.
- Cramer, J.A. (1832). Geographical and Historical Description of Asia Minor; with a Map: Volume II. Oxford: University Press. Section X Caria. Downloadable Google Books.
- Herodotus (1910) [original c. 440 BC]. . Translated by George Rawlinson – via Wikisource.
Further reading
- Olivier Henry and Koray Konuk, (eds.), KARIA ARKHAIA; La Carie, des origines à la période pré-hékatomnide (Istanbul, 2019); ISBN 978-2-36245-078-5.
- Riet van Bremen and Jan-Mathieu Carbon (ed.), Hellenistic Karia: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hellenistic Karia, Oxford, 29 June-2 July 2006 (Talence: Ausonius Editions, 2010). (Etudes, 28).
- Lars Karlsson and Susanne Carlsson, Labraunda and Karia (Uppsala, 2011).
External links
- Livius.org: History and Culture of Ancient Caria Archived 1 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Historia Numorum Online, Caria: ancient Greek coins from Caria
- Asia Minor Coins: ancient Greek and Roman coins from Caria
- Ancient Caria: In the garden of the sun, CANAN KÜÇÜKEREN, Hürriyet Daily News, 28 March 2011