Cariban languages
Cariban | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Mostly within north-central South America, with extensions in the southern Caribbean and in Central America. |
Linguistic classification | Je–Tupi–Carib?
|
Glottolog | cari1283 |
Present location of Cariban languages, c. 2000, and probable extent in the 16th century. |
The Cariban languages are a
In the 16th century, Cariban peoples expanded into the
Genetic relations
The Cariban languages share irregular morphology with the
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Extensive lexical similarities between Cariban and various
Family division
The Cariban languages are closely related. In many cases where one of the languages is more distinct, this is due to influence from neighboring languages rather than an indication that it is not closely related. According to Kaufman (2007), "Except for Opon, Yukpa, Pimenteira and Palmela (and possibly Panare), the Cariban languages are not very diverse phonologically and lexically (though more so than Romance, for example)."[2]
Previous classifications
Good data has been collected around ca. 2000 on most Cariban languages; classifications prior to that time (including Kaufman 2007, which relies on the earlier work) are unreliable.
Several such classifications have been published; the one shown here, by Derbyshire (1999) divides Cariban into seven branches. A traditional geographic classification into northern and southern branches is cross referenced with (N) or (S) after each language.[3]
- Cariban
- Kaliña] (N)
- Guiana Carib (Taranoan):
- Trio: Hianákoto(S)
- Kashuyana: Kaxuiâna[Warikyana] † (S)
- Waiwai: Hixkaryána (S), Waiwai (N)
- Kaufman breaks this up into its constituent branches
- Trio:
- North Amazonian Carib:
- Yawaperi: Atruahí[Atrowari, Waimiri] (N)
- Pemong: Patamona(= Kapong, Ingariko) (N)
- Paravilyana: Pawishiana †
- Kaufman breaks this up into its constituent branches, adding Purukotó † to Pemong; Boanarí † to Atruahí; Paravilyana † and Sapará † to Pawishiana
- Yawaperi:
- Central Carib:
- Wayana–Apalaí (N)
- Maquiritari[Dekwana] (S)
- Pémono(N)
- Kaufman adds Yao † and Tiverikoto †; Wajumarᆠ(to Makiritare)
- Tamanaku is close to Mapoyo
- Kaufman adds
- South Amazonian Carib:
- Yukpa:
- Japrería(N)
- Yukpa (N)
- Coyaima(N) †
- Panare (N)
- Opon[Opón-Karare] †
- Unclassified:
- Pimenteira †
- Palmela †
The extinct
Meira (2006)
Preliminary internal classification of the Cariban languages according to Sérgio Meira (2006):[4]: 169
- Cariban
- Guianan branch
- Palmella† (?)
- Taranoan group
- Karihona
- Akuriyó
- Parukotoan group
- Katxuyana
- Waiwai; Hixkaryana
- Venezolano branch
- Waimirian branch
- Waimiri-Atroari(?)
- Yukpano branch
- Yukpa (Motilón)
- Hapreria(Japreria)
- Southern (or Pekodian) branch
- Kuikuroan branch
- Kuikuro(Kalapalo, etc.)
- Pimenteira † (?)
- Guianan branch
Gildea (2012)
As of Gildea (2012), there had not yet been time to fully reclassify the Cariban languages based on the new data. The list here is therefore tentative, though an improvement over the one above; the most secure branches are listed first, and only two of the extinct languages are addressed.[6]
- Cariban
- Parukotoan
- Katxúyana (Shikuyana, † Warikyana)
- Waiwai: Waiwai (Wabui, Tunayana), Hixkaryana
- Pekodian
- Venezuelan Carib
- Pemóng–Panare
- Mapoyo–Tamanaku
- † Kumaná(Chaima, Cumanagota, Tamanaku)
- Mapoyo-Yawarana (Mapoyo, Wanai, Yawarana, Pémono)
- †
- Nahukwa: Kuikúro, Kalapalo
- Guianan Carib
- Parukotoan
- Unclassified:
- Apalaí
- Waimirí Atroarí
- Yukpa: Japréria
Meira et al. (2015)
Meira, Birchall & Chousou-Polydouri (2015) give the following phylogenetic tree of Cariban, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis of 100-item Swadesh lists.[7]
- Cariban
- Opon-Carare
- Yukpa
- Nuclear Cariban
- Sapara
- Pekodian
- Kuhikugu
- Pemongan
- Pemon
- Taurepang
- Makushi
- Arekuna
- Wayumaran
- Wayumara
- Purukoto
- Parukotoan
- Katxuyana
- Hixkaryana, Waiwai
- Kumanan
- Chayma
- Cumanagoto
- Tamanaku
- Mapoyan
- Yawarana
- Mapoyo
- Panare
- Dekwana
- Guianan
- Apalai
- Taranoan
- Karihona
- Akuriyo
- Karina
- Waimiri
Meira, Birchall & Chousou-Polydouri (2015) conclude that the Proto-Cariban homeland was located north of the Amazon River, and that there is no evidence for a northward migration from the south, as previously proposed by Rodrigues (1985).[8] Rather there were two southern migrations (Pekodian and Nahukwa into the Upper Xingu).
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
- Karib
- Karib, Western †
- Karare†
- Opon†
- Karib, Central
- Karib, Southern
- Kuikuro
- Kalapalo
- Kuikuro
- Matipu
- Nahukwa
- Pekodi
- Pimenteira †
- Kuikuro
- Karib, Northern
- Parukoto
- Purukoto
- Kapong: Patamona
- Makushi
- Pemon: Taurepang
- Purukoto
- Kapong:
- Venezuela
- De'kwana-Wayumara
- De'kwana
- Wayumara
- Eñepa
- Kumana
- Chayma
- Kumanagoto†
- Mapoyo-Yabarana
- Mapoyo
- Pemono
- Yabarana
- Tamanaku †
- Yao †
- Tiverikoto †
- Yao†
- De'kwana-Wayumara
- Yawaperi-Paravilhana
- Sapara-Paravilhana
- Paravilhana
- Sapara
- Yawaperi
- Bonari†
- Waimiri-Atroari
- Sapara-Paravilhana
- Yukpa-Japreria
- Karib, Western †
Varieties
Below is a full list of Cariban language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[9]
Cariban language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
|
---|
Western languages: Caraib / Calinago / Karib – language spoken by the insular and continental Caraibes, with many dialects:
|
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cariban (Karaib) languages.[9]
Language | Branch | head | eye | tooth | man | one | two | three |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yaruma | Xingú | u-vite | ye-nguru | u-én | yó | |||
Bakairí | Xingú | x-ináraxu | x-ánu | x-yéri | aguróto | tokolele | asage | ahágetokólo |
Nahukwá | Xingú | u-víterö | u-vínuru | u-vire | utoto | álechi | atake | etila |
Kuikutl | Xingú | u-ritöl | u-ínuru | u-íl | utóto | |||
Kalapalo | Xingú | u-íköre | u-ínoru | |||||
Yamarikuná | Xingú | u-ínoru | u-igl | utóto | ||||
Arára | Arára | muchína | oñuruma | yéri | ukone | náne | atag | ataganané |
Parirí | Arára | mũchí | unguru | heéngo | l'ügóro | nané | atág | atáganane |
Apingi | Arára | i-montxi | angrungo | yeri | ukone | toiné | asakoro | aséruao |
Palmela | Palmela | na-ápo | óno | yeré | óka | aropé | aha | ohehua |
Pimenteira | Pimenteira | baburi | önthuburü | yari | chä | |||
Pijao | Pijao | luːn | tínki | oréma | ||||
Opone | Opone | yu-úh | yéu | xór | okír | seneároko | sá | sáura |
Carare | Opone | sü-oko | yeo | |||||
Guaque | Carijona | xutuye | yeri | gire | ||||
Carijona | Carijona | utuhé | yénuru | yéri | kire | téui | sekeneré | seaueré |
Umáua | Carijona | bútuhe | yenuːru | yeːli | gelé | téui | sakénele | dyelauele |
Patagon | Patagon | |||||||
Yupe | Motilon | o-hárza | áno | kiíko | kürpa | tukumarkó | kosárko | koserárko |
Chaque | Motilon | o-harza | anó | kiíko | kürpa | kumarko | kasarko | kosera |
Macoa | Motilon | yu-wasá | anu | kiyiːko | mashá | kumárko | kósak | koséra |
Maraca | Motilon | yu-wasa | yo-nu | |||||
Parirí | Motilon | yu-wása | yá-nu | kiʔiko | kipantu | kumárku | kósaʔ | |
Shapáru | Motilon | yu-wása | yá-nu | yi | kumárko | kósa | ||
Iroca | Motilon | tʔkúmaː | ||||||
Itoto Maimy | Tamanaco | Pùpoo | Enury | Jery | Itoto | Tewin | Aisake | Aisoroaw |
Tivericoto | Tamanaco | o-putpa | o-neana | ovin | oko | orwa | ||
Palenque | Tamanaco | |||||||
Yao | Yao | boppe | vokre | hioseli | tewin | tage | terewaw | |
Shebayi | Shebayi | wa-kewüri | wa-daköli | nu-yeri | ||||
Decuána | Maquiritaré | u-huhé | énu | yéde | tokomo | toːni | hake | aduáne |
Yecuaná | Maquiritaré | hóuf | u-yenuru | yeːri | areifhe | tauíni | ake | hedáue |
Cunuaná | Maquiritaré | hú-ha | ||||||
Ihuruána | Maquiritaré | hú-he | yeːde | |||||
Mapoyo | Mapoyo | uastari | xene-yonuru | xe-ñeiri | tokomo | tóskena | sakane | tominiakeré |
Yauarána | Mapoyo | exne-oaixtéli | exne-nuru | exne-yéli | tokúnu | enix-péte | asáke | petomeyákele |
Panáre | Panáre | oʔó | yoʔón | |||||
Taurepán | Taurepán | upai | yénu | u-yé | kurai | teukinán | sákeʔené | seulúana |
Arecuna | Taurepán | pu-pai | yenú | u-yé | uarati | täukináng | sakeine | isélehaúvane |
Camaracoto | Taurepán | pupai-to | enu-to | warato | taʔakin | tsagane | etserau | |
Ingarico | Taurepán | u-paí | u-yenú | u-yé | orauó | teukíng | atsalongkong | etseuluaong-kóng |
Uaica | Taurepán | ienuru | ||||||
Acawai | Taurepán | yu-popo | yenuru | yu | wínow | tidzyine | asakró | asorwo |
Macusi | Macusi | po-pai | tenu | u-yeká | uaratáe | tiwing | sagaré | siruane |
Keseruma | Macusi | yenu | pemóngó | tivín | ||||
Purucoto | Macusi | hau-pupe | hau-yenú | hau-yée | walaitó | aleini | iniperkuru | inialé |
Wayumara | Macusi | i-hubé | yenurú | i-yelé | totó | tueviné | asále | eseuluó |
Paraviyana | Macusi | i-pupá | e-rénialö | e-lelö | meimun | teuén | aköunien | olaulé |
Zapará | Macusi | une-kapú | u-yonú | topúpesó | itxemené | tulekalenó | oláno | |
Yauapery | Yauapery | ki-yó | kembá | ki-äri | marabá | asiki | usono | |
Uaimiri | Yauapery | ki-fó | kopanamareː | ki-eri | kumutareː | unionoː | tukunumá | uruanoː |
Orixaná | Yauapery | u-pai | u-ini | u-yeté | itiamon | tuimo | sananeburé | sarsiua |
Pauishana | Pauishana | puːpo | yoːno | ye | yungwei | níkenaːna | ataːre | ãná-mokaːre |
Waiwai | Waiwai | a-tipiri | e-oru | ko-yóri | tata | chewñé | asakí | chorohoko |
Parucoto | Waiwai | o-yúla | ko-yali | tukinkaré | asakené | serkuané | ||
Uaiboi | Waiwai | ku-nurú | kamuhí | |||||
Hishcariana | Waiwai | kui-kuturu | ku-yo | tamushi | tonishá | sakó | sorowão | |
Bonari | Waiwai | iri-opó | nuru-bá | yoré | ukeré | abané | pademaká | uruá |
Chiquena | Chiquena | ya-nũru | yoli | soto | winali | asaga | sorawau | |
Saluma | Chiquena | yiwu-tupuli | ye-nu | |||||
Pauxi | Chiquena | toto | ||||||
Uayeué | Chiquena | vu-turú | u-yari | totó | ||||
Cachuena | Chiquena | yo-soru | yo-núru | yoré | totó | tuinarí | asáki | osoruaul |
Mutuan | Chiquena | ko-nofati | yurú | |||||
Trio | Trio | í-pútupo | ye-nuru | i-yeri | kirí | tinki | ökönö | voyerau |
Urucuyena | Trio | putpí | i-eú | yi-eːda | okirí | wanána | shakené | heruáu |
Wama | Trio | wi-pupo | ye-nuru | ye-ri | ||||
Tliometesen | Trio | oba-tuwiri | en-nuru | oliː | enkili | tonikini | sokororo | ebemüni |
Ocomayana | Trio | u-nu | ye | |||||
Pianocoto | Trio | ye-nei | yu-tali | okirí | ||||
Rangú | Trio | |||||||
Waiana | Eastern | e-putiü | ye-nuru | yére | okiri | uaptö | hakené | eheruaé |
Upurui | Eastern | e-putpiʔi | ye-nuru | yére | okiri | |||
Rucuyene | Eastern | ité-puru | e-nuru | yeré | okiri | tavené | sakené | héléuʔau |
Apalai | Eastern | u-pupu | anu | deri | eritua | seni | asakoro | eseuʔau |
Aracajú | Eastern | seresa | apükaua | |||||
Caraib | Western | búpu | é-hulu | yeri | uakuri | ábama | bíama | eleva |
Galibi | Western | u-pupu | e-nuru | yeré | okiri | awín | okuo | tereva |
Caribisi | Western | ye-pupo | ye-nuru | wokiri | ówé | oko | orwá | |
Caribe | Western | ada-puxo | dhere | buköre | óbin | óko | órwa | |
Cariniaco | Western | é-nuru | yeri | okiri | owi | uariri | orowa | |
Carif | Western | nábulu | tágu | bári | ugíri | ábana | biáma | íruwa |
Language | Branch | water | fire | sun | moon | maize | jaguar | arrow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yaruma | Xingú | páru | kampón | tsizi | nunó | |||
Bakairí | Xingú | páru | páto | chíshi | núna | anádzyi | aká | püráu |
Nahukwá | Xingú | tuna | itó | riti | nune | aná | ikere | hüré |
Kuikutl | Xingú | tuna | ñorotéke | liti | núne | tonuríñe | ||
Kalapalo | Xingú | itoː | turúgitiñe | |||||
Yamarikuná | Xingú | liti | núne | |||||
Arára | Arára | parú | kampot | titi | núna | konat | okoró | puiram |
Parirí | Arára | parú | kampó | titi | tunó | honát | hogró | puyrém |
Apingi | Arára | paru | kampot | chichi | nuno | anat | okori | pirem |
Palmela | Palmela | tuná | vava | yéyu | ñúña | éña | okóro | puera |
Pimenteira | Pimenteira | tuna | vafundi | titi | nulu | thauato | prümachö | pürarü |
Pijao | Pijao | tána | nuhúgi | huíl | núna | xaguáde | ||
Opone | Opone | tuná | fotó | bueno | kanó | mues | ixáke | yahá |
Carare | Opone | kʔara | bwenuñe | menye | pak'anye | |||
Guaque | Carijona | tuna | maxoto | vehi | nuna | kaikuchi | ||
Carijona | Carijona | tuna | apoto | bei | nunua | kaikusi | xarakue | |
Umáua | Carijona | tuːna | mahóto | wéi | nuːne | anaːdzyi | kaikudzyi | huːya |
Patagon | Patagon | tuná | anás | |||||
Yupe | Motilon | kuna | guesta | güichó | kuna | mé | isóʔo | samás |
Chaque | Motilon | kuna | hueto | gichio | kuno | me | isó | |
Macoa | Motilon | kúna | huéto | huichol | kuník | me | ísho | puréyi |
Maraca | Motilon | kuːna | whishta | huicho | kunu | eːsho | puraye | |
Parirí | Motilon | kána | wueta | wíchu | kúnu | |||
Shapáru | Motilon | kúna | wuéta | |||||
Iroca | Motilon | kuːna | esho | |||||
Tamanaco | Tamanaco | duná | uapto | veyu | nuna | xexe | akére | preu |
Chayma | Tamanaco | tuna | apoto | vieyu | nonin | amapo | kocheiku | pure |
Cumanagota | Tamanaco | tuna | veyu | nonum | añaze | kozeiko | preu | |
Tivericoto | Tamanaco | tuna | apoto | vé | niano | |||
Palenque | Tamanaco | tuna | ekere | |||||
Yao | Yao | tuná | uapoto | veyo | nona | arua | mapuru | |
Shebayi | Shebayi | wekulüe | kirtrire | heweri | ||||
Decuána | Maquiritaré | tona | wáto | céi | nona | nakchi | máedo | haxkúdi |
Yecuaná | Maquiritaré | tuná | wato | zyi | nuːna | maro | shimaːra | |
Cunuaná | Maquiritaré | uáʔto | shi | núna | shimáda | |||
Ihuruána | Maquiritaré | tuná | wáto | zyiː | nuːne | |||
Mapoyo | Mapoyo | tuna | kátun | nuna | oxonai | ékire | úbuʔare | |
Yauarána | Mapoyo | túna | wáto | yãtonu | núne | náchi | hékele | pákuli |
Panáre | Panáre | echár-kun | güegua | kenak | xadpoʔót | |||
Taurepán | Taurepán | tuná | apóg | wéi | kapéi | anain | kaikusé | peléu |
Arecuna | Taurepán | tuna | apo | väi | kapeá | aʔanaig | kaikusi | pureu |
Camaracoto | Taurepán | apoiʔ | be | kapui | anaiʔ | kakutse | purau | |
Ingarico | Taurepán | tuná | ápo | wéi | kapéi | anaí | kaikushí | pelé |
Uaica | Taurepán | tuna | apok | uey | nuna | |||
Acawai | Taurepán | tuno | wato | vieyu | nuno | kaikushi | pulewa | |
Macusi | Macusi | tuna | uató | wei | kapoi | anain | kaikushí | eriu |
Keseruma | Macusi | |||||||
Purucoto | Macusi | tuna | apotó | wéi | nánõ | kaikudzé | poyá | |
Wayumara | Macusi | túna | wató | weyú | nuná | mazyiná | kaikushi | heló |
Paraviyana | Macusi | dóna | vuatú | tamana | noné | ainiain | ekölé | arámöu |
Zapará | Macusi | tuná | wató | wé | kapéi | anáe | ekelé | urapóno |
Yauapery | Yauapery | tuná | uató | eyú | déʔeli | kokoshí | ibikuari | |
Uaimiri | Yauapery | tunã | uatoː | eioː | nunueba | uhi | kúkúboi | maprú |
Orixaná | Yauapery | tuná | uató | ueihu | teparé | euá | ekeré | upreu |
Pauishana | Pauishana | tuná | uató | uai | núna | uátaka | uraːpa | |
Waiwai | Waiwai | tuná | wehtó | kamo | nuné | yaypí | waywí | |
Parucoto | Waiwai | tuna | witu | uchi | kapube | akeré | ||
Uaiboi | Waiwai | tuna | zyitó | núna | ||||
Hishcariana | Waiwai | toná | wuhritó | kamaːna | noːná | waiwí | ||
Bonari | Waiwai | tuná | uatú | weyu | keri | pureːná | ||
Chiquena | Chiquena | tuna | wihala | sesi | imho | klaho | ||
Saluma | Chiquena | tuna | ||||||
Pauxi | Chiquena | tuna | isire | nune | uau | préu | ||
Uayeué | Chiquena | tuná | piéto | kamo | nuná | maipuri | kurumuri | |
Cachuena | Chiquena | tuná | mirótó | isóso | imnó | honese | kaikesú | praué |
Mutuan | Chiquena | tuna | ritó | soːro | zyairú | purí | ||
Trio | Trio | túna | mata | veyu | nunö | anai | maipuri | pléu |
Urucuyena | Trio | tuná | mato | uwi | nuna | maipurí | puréu | |
Wama | Trio | tuna | mato | wei | paora | |||
Tliometesen | Trio | tono | mato | wei | nunu | potireru | mashibuli | pureri |
Ocomayana | Trio | tuna | mato | uwi | nuna | |||
Pianocoto | Trio | tuna | matto | weh | nuna | eñaye | maipuri | purau |
Rangú | Trio | tuma | mato | nuna | ||||
Waiana | Eastern | tuna | uapot | shishi | nunuö | enai | yauéri | pleu |
Upurui | Eastern | tuna | uapot | shishi | nunu | enai | yaueri | piréu |
Rucuyene | Eastern | tuna | uapot | chichi | nunu | enai | maipuri | piréu |
Apalai | Eastern | tuna | apotó | chichi | nunó | ashinase | machipuri | piróu |
Aracajú | Eastern | tuna | uapto | chichi | yasüe | uárapára | ||
Caraib | Western | tóne | uátu | hueyu | núnú | aoashi | kahikushi | buleúa |
Galibi | Western | tuna | uato | veyu | nuno | auoasi | kaikusi | plia |
Caribisi | Western | tuna | watú | wiyeyu | nuno | purewa | ||
Caribe | Western | túna | bedu | núno | peröwa | |||
Cariniaco | Western | túna | wato | wedo | nuno | puriui | ||
Carif | Western | dúna | wátu | uéyu | hát | auás | gáigusi | láru |
Proto-language
Proto-Cariban | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Cariban languages |
Proto-Cariban phonology according to Gildea (2012):[6]: 448
Proto-Cariban consonants p t k m n w r j
Proto-Cariban vowels i ɨ u e ô o a
Proto-Cariban reconstructions by Gildea (2007, 2012):[11][12]
Proto-Cariban reconstructions by Gildea (2007, 2012)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
See also
- List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
- Arawak peoples
- Arawakan languages
- Carib language
- Taíno language
- Garifuna language
Further reading
- Anselmo, L.; Gutiérrez Salazar, M. (1981). Diccionario Pemón. Caracas: Ediciones CORPOVEN.
- Camargo, E. (2002). Léxico bilingüe aparai – português / português – aparai. (Languages of the World: Dictionaries, 28.). München: Lincom Europa.
- Courtz, H. (2008). A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto: Magoria Books.
- Gildea, S. Payne, D. (2007). Is Greenberg's “Macro-Carib” viable? Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Humanas, 2:19–72.
- Girard, V. (1971a). Proto-Carib phonology. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Mattei-Müller, M. (1994). Diccionario ilustrado Panare-Español con índice español-panare. Caracas: Comisión Nacional Quinto Centenario.
- Pet. W. J. A. (1987). Lokono Dian: the Arawak Language of Suriname: A Sketch of its Grammatical Structure and Lexicon. Ithaca: Cornell University. (Doctoral dissertation).
- Puig, M. M. P. (1944). Diccionario de la Lengua Caribe Cuna. Panamá: La Estrella de Panamá.
- Vitorino, M. M. (1991). Dicionário bilíngüe Wai-Wai/Português, Português/Wai-Wai. Boa Vista: Missão Evangélica da Amazônia.
References
- ^ a b c Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. "South America". In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition), 59–94. London: Routledge.
- ^ Desmond Derbyshire, 1999. "Carib". In Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages. CUP.
- ^ Meira, Sérgio. 2006. A família lingüística Caribe (Karíb). Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas v.3, n.1/2, p.157-174. Brasília: FUNAI. (PDF)
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2020). Tocantins Apiaká, Parirí and Yarumá as Members of the Pekodian Branch (Cariban). Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas – RBLI. Macapá, v. 3, n. 1, p. 85-93, 2020.
- ^ a b Gildea, Spike. 2012. "Linguistic studies in the Cariban family", in Campbell & Grondona, eds, The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
- ^ Meira S, Birchall J, Chousou-Polydouri S. 2015. A character-based internal classification of the Cariban family. Talk presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguisticae Europaea, Leiden, Netherlands, Sept. 4.
- ^ Rodrigues, Aryon. 1985. Evidence for Tupi-Carib relationships. In South American Indian Languages: Retrospect and Prospect, ed. HE Manelis Klein, LR Stark, pp. 371–404. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Gumilla, Joseph. 1745. El Orinoco ilustrado, y defendido: Historia natural, civil, y geographica de este gran Rio, y de sus caudalosas vertientes. 2nd ed., in 2 pts. Madrid. (New ed., Barcelona, 1791.)
- ^ Gildea, S. & Payne, D. (2007). Is Greenberg's "Macro-Carib" viable? In Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, Belém, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 19–72. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
- ^ Gildea, S. (2012). Linguistic studies in the Cariban family. In Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. 441–494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Accessed from DiACL Archived 2020-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, 9 February 2020.
External links
- Etnolinguistica.Org: online resources on native South American languages
- Ka'lina (Carib) Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)