Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius

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Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Martius in 1850.
Born17 April 1794
Erlangen, Germany
Died13 December 1868 (aged 74)
Munich, Germany
Scientific career
FieldsBotany, exploration
Author abbrev. (botany)Mart.[1]

Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer. Between 1817 and 1820, he travelled 10,000 km through Brazil while collecting botanical specimens. His most important work was a comprehensive flora of Brazil, Flora Brasiliensis, which he initiated in 1840 and was completed posthumously in 1906.

Life

Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary.[2]

He graduated PhD from Erlangen University in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the university's botanical garden. After that he continued to devote himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and Johann Baptist von Spix were sent to Brazil by Maximilian I Joseph, the king of Bavaria. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil and travelled up the Amazon River to Tabatinga, as well as exploring some of its larger tributaries.[3]

On his return to Europe in 1820 Martius was appointed as the keeper of the botanic garden at Munich, including the herbarium at the Munich Botanical Collection, and in 1826 as professor of botany in the university there, and he held both offices until 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium[4] (1823–1832, 3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium[5] (1827), both works being finely illustrated. He is credited for introducing the word hypothecium in this latter work, referring to a specific layer of tissue in a lichen fruiting body that his extensive microscopical work had revealed.[6]

An account of his travels in Brazil appeared in three volumes between 1823 and 1831, with an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best known is his

A. W. Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignatz Urban. At completion, the Flora described almost 23,000 plants, of which 5,689 were new to scinece.[8] He also edited several works on the zoological collections made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in 1826.[3] In 1837, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
.

On the outbreak of potato disease in Europe he investigated it and published his observations in 1842. He also published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil, on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich;[3] his gravestone is decorated with two palm fronds and the Latin inscription In palmis semper virens resurgo.

A species of South American snake, Hydrops martii, is named in his honor.[9] The Martiusstraße in Munich is named after him.

He married Franziska von Stengel [de] (1801–1843). His son was German chemist, entrepreneur and company founder Carl Alexander von Martius (1838–1920).[citation needed]

In 2012, botanists Harley & J.F.B.Pastore named a genus of flowering plants from Brazil and Peru, belonging to the family Lamiaceae as Martianthus in his honour.[10]

His birthday, Apr 17, is International Palm Day, an observance by the International Palm Society to raise awareness of the conservation plight of palms.

Herbarium Martii

Memorial plaque for Martius in Munich, erected 1968 by the State of Brazil.

As well as a huge collection of flora specimens owned by Martius prior to his departure to South America, he returned with another 12,000 specimens which together formed the Herbarium Martii. At the time of his death the collection had been further expanded and comprised 300,000 specimens representing 65,000 species from around the world, and was one of the largest private herbaria assembled. Between 1837 and 1841 Martius published an exsiccata-like series with the title Herbarium florae Brasiliensis. Plantae Brasilienses exsiccatae, quas denominatas, partim diagnosi aut observationibus instructas botanophilis offert Dr. C. Fr. Ph. de Martius. [11]

The

National Botanic Garden of Belgium
.

The Martius Project is an effort by the Botanic Garden to

digitize the entire collection.[12]

Route followed in Brazil during 1817–1820 expedition

Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817–1820

Martius and Spix, accompanied by

Emperor of Brazil. The party left from Trieste
on 10 April 1817.

The first natural history collections were made in the city of Rio de Janeiro at Laranjeiras, Corcovado, Aqueduto, Fonte da Carioca, Tijuca, Botafogo, Jardim Botanico immediately following the wedding.

Spix and Martius then spent some days at "Fazenda Mandioca" with

Ouro Prêto. On 1 May 1818, they left for Diamantina, Minas Novas and then Montes Claros
.

Route followed by Martius and Spix between 1817 and 1820

On 12 August 1818, they headed North-North East to

Piaui, Oeiras where they arrived on 3 May. They departed on 11 May, arriving on 15 May at São Gonçalo do Amarante, where Martius became seriously ill. Spix had at this time contracted the schistosomiasis
from which he eventually died.

On 3 June 1819, they arrived in

Santarém, arriving at Barra do Rio Negro on 22 October and leaving on 2 November. They reached Tefé
, then called Ega, on 26 November, then split up.

Spix left Tefé on 7 December 1819, for

Solimões and visiting Tabatinga before returning to Manaus on 3 February 1820. He then travelled up the Rio Negro to Moura, Barcelos returning to Manaus on 26 February. Martius left Tefé on 12 December, ascended Rio Japurá
, returning to Manaus on 11 March, where they reunited. They departed for Belém arriving on 16 April 1820, and left for Europe on 13 June 1820.

After this journey, Martius and Spix published their account of their travels and work in Brazil.[13][14] In the appendix, they included a piece of dance music, a lundu, the earliest example of this form of music recorded, now named Lundu: Recolhido por C.P.F. von Martius.[15][16] A performance of this work by Orquestra e Coro Vox Brasiliensis & Ricardo Kanji is included in their recording História da Música Brasileira – Período Colonial II.[17]

See also

Selected publications

  • Versuch einer Monographie der Sennesblätter . Junge, Erlangen 1857 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Goethe und Martius . Nemayer, Mittenwald 1932 Digital edition[permanent dead link] by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Martius, Karl Friedrich Philipp von (1835). Conspectus regni vegetabilis: secundum characteres morphologicos praesertim carpicos in classes ordines et familias digesti... (in Latin and German). Nuremberg
    : Schrag. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  • — (1824). Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in itinere per Brasiliam MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I., Bavariae regis augustissimi instituto. 3 vols (in Latin). Munich: Lindaueri.
The standard author abbreviation Mart. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[18]

References

Citations

  1. ISBN 1-84246-085-4
    .
  2. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  4. ^ Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von Auteur du texte (1823–1832). Nova genera et species plantarum brasiliensium. Vol. 1 / [2] / collegit et descripsit Carol. Frideric. Philip. de Martius,...
  5. ^ Icones selectae plantarum cryptogamicarum : quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX... ([Reprod.]) / collegit et descripsit Dr. C. F. P. de Martius,... 1827.
  6. ^ Mitchell, M.E. (2014). "De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis" (PDF). Huntia. 15 (1): 5–22 [14].
  7. ^ Plants and Gardens Portrayed: Rare and Illustrated Books from The LuEsther T
  8. ^ Global Plants database.
  9. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5
    . ("Martius", p. 170).
  10. ^ "Martianthus Harley & J.F.B.Pastore | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Herbarium florae Brasiliensis. Plantae Brasilienses exsiccatae, quas denominatas, partim diagnosi aut observationibus instructas botanophilis offert Dr. C. Fr. Ph. de Martius: IndExs ExsiccataID=1546299903". IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae. Botanische Staatssammlung München. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  12. ^ Martius Project
  13. ^ Spix, Johann Baptist von; Martius, K. Freidrich von (1981) [1821]. Travel through Brazil: 1817–1821. Belo Horizonte/Sao Paulo: Itatiaia/Edusp.
  14. ^ Lima, Edilson Vicente de (2010). "O enigma do lundu [in Portuguese=The riddle of the lundu]" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Mùsica, Escola de Música, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 2/23: 207–48. Retrieved 16 April 2020.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ Camargo, Guilherme de (2011). "A Viagem musical de Spix e Von Martius (1817–1821) [in Portuguese]". Musica Brasilis. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  16. ^ "Museu Von Martius celebra bicentenário com programação cultural". Prefeitura Guapimirim. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  17. ^ Orquestra e Coro Vox Brasiliensis; Kanji, Ricardo (2019). História da Música Brasileira – Período Colonial II. Tratore.
  18. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Mart.

Sources

External links

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