Carl Shipp Marvel

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Carl Shipp Marvel
Born(1894-09-11)September 11, 1894
University of Illinois, University of Arizona
ThesisA study of the possible asymmetry of the aliphatic diazo compounds (1920)
Doctoral advisorWilliam A. Noyes
Doctoral studentsH. E. Carter
John Stille

Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel (September 11, 1894 – January 4, 1988) was an American chemist who specialized in

aerospace industry, in fire-fighting equipment, and as a replacement for asbestos.[1] He has been described as "one of the world's outstanding organic chemists"[2] and received numerous awards, including the 1956 Priestley Medal and the 1986 National Medal of Science
, presented by President Ronald Reagan.

Early life and education

Carl Shipp Marvel was born on September 11, 1894, in Waynesville, Illinois, U.S., to farmers John Thomas Marvel and Mary Lucy Wasson Marvel. An uncle urged him to study chemistry. Marvel attended Illinois Wesleyan University from 1911 to 1915. He graduated with an A.B. and M.S. in chemistry.[3] On the recommendation of his advisor, Alfred W. Homberger, Marvel obtained a $250 scholarship to the University of Illinois.[1]

Marvel had to take extra classes to "catch up" during his first year at

University of Illinois. He obtained the nickname "Speed" early on in his career as a chemist from his habit of rushing to breakfast after studying all night. While at Illinois, Marvel became a friend of fellow student Wallace Carothers.[4] Marvel received his M.A. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1916.[3]

Marvel's studies were interrupted by World War I. As the war cut off previous sources of supply, it became difficult to obtain many of the chemicals used in synthetic organic chemistry and related industrial processes. Clarence Derick set up the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit at Illinois to make and sell chemicals that had previously been imported from Germany. From 1916 to 1919 Marvel worked at the production unit under Roger Adams. His work in the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit gave him extensive experience in chemical preparation.[1][5] Students were required to take careful notebook records of each preparation, including the cost of chemicals, apparatus, and the time needed. Marvel was known for his ability to modify poor procedures to make them more effective, and to describe procedures so that others could follow them. Many of these laboratory procedures were later published, first as pamphlets on Organic Chemical Reagents, by Roger Adams, O. Kamm, and C. S. Marvel, and later in the journal Organic Syntheses.[1][6]

Marvel was a member of

University of Illinois, in 1918.[8]

In 1919, Marvel returned to graduate study full-time, supported by a fellowship from

William Albert Noyes.[5] His thesis was A Study of the Possible Asymmetry of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds.[1]

University of Illinois

Marvel joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois as an instructor, in 1920.[3] He was promoted to associate in 1921, an assistant professor in 1923, an associate professor in 1927, and to Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1930.[3] Until 1940, he also supervised the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit, which became a summer program in which students synthesized difficult-to-obtain specialty chemicals.[6] From 1953 to 1961, Marvel was a research professor in the Department of Chemistry.[3]

Marvel's early research was in classical organic chemistry. He was an enthusiastic contributor to Organic Syntheses.[6] Approximately 20% of the 264 preparations in Collective Volume I of Organic Syntheses were either written or checked by Marvel.[1]

Marvel worked with a wide variety of compounds, including dialkyl mercury, hexa-substituted ethanes, dienynes, alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents, quaternary phosphonium, and ammonium compounds, preparing them and investigating their reactions. He developed organic chemical reagents to be used in the characterization, identification, and analysis of chemical compounds. Much of this research was carried out before techniques such as Infrared spectroscopy or Mass spectrometry were developed: for example, Marvel's exploration of intermolecular hydrogen bonding relied on studying solubilities and heats of mixing.[1][9]

He soon moved into polymer chemistry, again working on synthesis methods and structure determination. Using techniques such as determinations of elemental analysis, average molecular weight, end-group analysis, and examination of products, Marvel demonstrated a chemical methodology for establishing the principal structural features of polymers.[1] With his ability to improvise and refine new techniques, he made "major fundamental contributions" to the field of polymer science[1] for which he has been recognized as the "father" of synthetic polymer chemistry.[5]

Beginning in 1933, Marvel began studying olefin/sulfur dioxide polymers, determining their structure and examining the effects of initiators such as peroxide or ultraviolet light on polymerization reactions.[1] Examining vinyl polymers in 1937, Marvel was able to demonstrate that polymers prepared from polyvinyl chloride tended to form a head-to-tail structure with chlorine atoms on alternate carbon atoms, confirming the structural ideas of Hermann Staudinger, rather than a head-to-head structure which chlorine atoms on adjacent carbon atoms.[5] This work led in turn to the preparation and polymerization of new monomers.[10] For his work on SO
2, α-olefins and vinyl polymers, Marvel received the William H. Nichols Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1944.[11] In the early forties he was one of the first scientists to use optically active monomers and optically active initiators to examine properties of stereoregular polymers.[1][12]

DuPont Central Research

In 1928, Marvel was recommended by Roger Adams as a consultant for

Orlon.[15]

United States Rubber Reserve

Marvel participated heavily in the U.S. synthetic rubber program when supplies of natural rubber were disrupted during

emulsifiers, as an ingredient that was interfering with polymerization reactions.[13]

In 1946 Marvel went to Germany as one of a technical intelligence team, to report on the state of German rubber technology. They found that German scientists were using a redox polymerization process[17] at 5 °C (41 °F), considerably lower than previous processes. Marvel and his group developed this idea further, creating a cold rubber process for American industry.[1][18] With their new process, polymerization could be completed in only seven hours.[17]

As a result of his wartime work, Marvel received the President's Certificate of Merit for Civilians in World War II.[1][19]

Teaching

Marvel is credited, with Roger Adams and Reynold C. Fuson, with making the organic chemistry program at Illinois "preeminent in the United States".[20] As an instructor, Marvel saw the importance of working on essential problems.[21] He also emphasized "that the essential product of academic research was the students."[21] Marvel supervised 176 successful doctoral students, and at least 150 postdoctoral students during his career.[10] His students included H. E. Carter, Wallace Carothers, George Graves, William J. Sparks,[1] Samuel M. McElvain,[1] Arnold Beckman,[22] and future Nobel Laureates Vincent du Vigneaud[1] and Edwin G. Krebs.[23]

In 1961 Marvel formally "retired" from Illinois, but continued to be a research professor Emeritus from 1961 to 1988. In 1963, he was awarded an Honorary D. Sc. degree from the University of Illinois.[3]

University of Arizona

From 1961 to 1988 Marvel also held the position of Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Arizona.[3][4] At Arizona, Marvel continued work which he had begun at Illinois, the study of high temperature polymers.

High temperature polymers

Marvel made important advances in the development of high temperature polymers, including polybenzimidazoles and ladder polymers, using techniques of polyaddition and cyclopolymerization.[13][24]

Marvel was contacted by

Polybenzimidazole fiber.[1] Their best PBI was both nonflammable and stable at temperatures of up to 600 °C.[13] They registered patents for high molecular weight condensation polymers in the 1960s.[25] Because of its thermal and oxidative stability PBI was adopted by NASA in the 1960s for use in aerospace and defense applications.[26] In 1978, PBI began to be used in United States fire service equipment.[27]

Marvel also proposed the development of "ladder molecules" (ladder polymers), next generation polymers that would be even more stable than polybenzimidazoles.[28][29] Marvel had taken the first steps towards a process for creating ladder-type polymers as early as 1938, when he attempted the cyclization of poly(methyl vinyl ketone).[30] In the 1950s, he outlined a precursor approach to the creation of poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), a particularly difficult process. Marvel's approach contained the key elements of solutions which would not be developed for another thirty years: chain-growth polymerization of a cyclohexadiene monomer, and its subsequent aromatization. His work is therefore considered "an important milestone in the history of PPP synthesis."[31]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he continued to work as a principal contributor to the U.S. Air Force program on high temperature polymer synthesis, including the synthesis of thermally stable ladder or partial ladder polypyrrolones.[32] For his work Marvel was awarded a Distinguished Service Award (1966) by the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory and an Award for Outstanding Achievement (1966) by the Air Force Systems Command.[1]

He officially "retired" as a research professor at the University of Arizona in 1978, but still carried on some research, with the help of postdoctoral students, until his death in 1988.[13] The University of Arizona named the "Carl S. Marvel Laboratories of Chemistry" at 1213 E South Campus, Tucson, AZ, in his honor.[33] Marvel Hall, a conference room in the American Chemical Society Building in Washington, D.C., is also named for him.

Publications

Library resources about
Carl Shipp Marvel
By Carl Shipp Marvel

Dr. Marvel published nearly 500 articles in scientific journals worldwide, and four books including Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of High Polymers.[34] He served on the editorial board of journals including Macromolecules, the Journal of Organic Chemistry, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and the Journal of Polymer Science.[34] He also held 52 patents.[10]

An avid birdwatcher throughout his life, Marvel's publications include papers on bird-watching,[4] such as "The Unusual Feeding Habits of the Cape May Warbler" (1948) and "The Blue Grosbeck in Western Ontario" (1950).[34]

Honors and awards

Family

Carl Marvel married Alberta Hughes on December 26, 1933. They had two children, Mary Catharine (1935 - 2017) and John Thomas Marvel (1938 -2010). Carl Marvel died on January 4, 1988, John Thomas Marvel married Joyce Strand They y had three sons, Scott Thomas, Chris Andrew and Carl Randall Marvel. Scott Thomas Marvel married Sherry Cone Flusche . He has one daughter, Estelle Marvel, and two step sons, Zane and Carson Flusche. Carl Randall Marvel married Jennifer Price. They had two children, Christian Reed and Brooke Marie Marvel

External links

  • Mangravite, Andrew (2002). The Carl S. Marvel Papers 1960-1984. Click on 'Carl S. Marvel Papers finding aid' to see full finding aid. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  • Center for Oral History. "Carl S. Marvel". Science History Institute.
  • Gortler, Leon B.; Price, Charles C. (13 July 1983). Carl S. Marvel, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler and Charles Price in Wilmington, Delaware on 13 July 1983 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Center for History of Chemistry.
  • Leonard, Nelson J. (1994). Carl Shipp Marvel 1894-1988 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  • Audio interview with Carl Shipp Marvel.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Leonard, Nelson J. (1994). Carl Shipp Marvel 1894-1988 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  2. ISBN 9780792303008
    . Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gortler, Leon B.; Price, Charles C. (13 July 1983). Carl S. Marvel, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler and Charles Price in Wilmington, Delaware on 13 July 1983 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Center for History of Chemistry.
  4. ^ a b c Mangravite, Andrew (2002). The Carl S. Marvel Papers 1960-1984. Click on 'Carl S. Marvel Papers finding aid' to see full finding aid. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c d "Noyes Laboratory at the University of Illinois National Historic Chemical Landmark". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b c Shriner, Ralph L.; Shriner, Rachel H. (1975). "Part I. The Early History of Organic Syntheses". In Danheiser, R. L. (ed.). Cumulative Indices, Organic Syntheses, Collective Volumes I-V. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  7. ^ White, Russell S.; Winters, Lawrence M. (1917). "Tau Kappa Epsilon". The Illio: A Yearbook Produced by the Junior Class at the University of Illinois. MCMXIIX: 172.
  8. ^ a b "Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame". Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  9. ISBN 978-1-4684-2855-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780684315591
    . Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  11. ^
    doi:10.1038/153583b0
    .
  12. ISBN 978-90-277-1055-0
    . Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0941901031
    .
  14. ^ Beal, Tom (July 6, 2012). "Chemist brought polymer technology to UA". UA Science Biosphere 2. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  15. ISBN 9780521028523
    .
  16. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original
    on July 12, 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  17. ^
    Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original
    on July 12, 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  18. ^ "Marvel Uncovers Rubber Formula In Germany". Daily Illini. 15 March 1946. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  19. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original
    on July 12, 2016.
  20. ^ Kauffman, George B. "Carl Shipp Marvel American chemist". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  21. ^ a b Leonard, Nelson J. "Carl Shipp Marvel September 11, 1894 - January 4, 1988" (PDF). Organic Syntheses. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  22. ISBN 978-0-941901-23-9
    .
  23. ^ "Edwin G. Krebs - Biographical". The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  24. doi:10.1080/00222338408082079
    .
  25. ^ "Appendix C: Patents Resulting From Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  26. ^ Haertsch, Emilie; Meyer, Michal (2016). "Tough Stuff". Distillations. 2 (2): 12–13. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  27. ^ "Polymer Fabric Protects Firefighters, Military, and Civilians". NASA Spinoff. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
  28. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0769-96
    . In my view the most promising approach is one suggested by Carl S. Marvel of the University of Arizona. He proposes that the next generation of polymers be derived from 'ladder molecules.'
  29. ^ Pezdirtz, George F.; Bell, Vernon L.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center (1965). An Exploratory Study of a New Class of Stepladder and Ladder Polymers-Polyimidazopyrrolones (PDF). Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ISBN 9780824700508
    . Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  31. ISBN 9780824700508
    . Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  32. ^ Burks, Harold D. (1972). An annotated bibliography of Pyrrone and BBB publications (PDF). Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  33. ^ "Carl S. Marvel Laboratories Of Chemistry". The University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  34. ^
    ISBN 978-94-010-7584-8
    . Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  35. ^ "ACS Presidents, A Chronological List". ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  36. ^ "American Philosophical Society Member History". American Philosophical Society. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  37. ^ "The Willard Gibbs Medal" (PDF). ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  38. ^ "Gold Medal Award Winners". American Institute of Chemists. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Priestley Medal". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  40. ^ "Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780-2014" (PDF). Book of Members. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. p. 368. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  41. ^ "ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  42. doi:10.1021/cen-v043n007.p082
    .
  43. ^ "SCI Perkin Medal". Science History Institute. 2016-05-31. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  44. ^ "Chemical Pioneer Award Winners". American Institute of Chemists. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  45. ^ "Carl Marvel, A Founder of Polymer Chemistry". Chicago Tribune. January 7, 1988. p. 10. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
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