Carley float

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A Carley float

The Carley float (sometimes Carley raft) was a form of invertible

liferaft designed by American inventor Horace Carley (1838–1918).[1] Supplied mainly to warships, it saw widespread use in a number of navies during peacetime and both World Wars until superseded by more modern rigid or inflatable designs. Carley was awarded a patent in 1903 after establishing the Carley Life Float Company of Philadelphia.[2]

Description

Carley float cross-section

The Carley float was formed from a length of copper or steel tubing 12–20 inches (30–50 cm) in diameter bent into an oval ring.

baffles.[4] The raft was thus rigid, and could remain buoyant, floating equally well with either side uppermost, even if the waterproof outer was punctured. The floor of the raft was made from wood slats or a webbing grid. Boxes containing paddles, water, rations and survival equipment were lashed to the floor grid. Men could either sit around the rim of the raft, or, if in the water, cling to rope loops strung around its edge.[5] The largest model could accommodate up to fifty men, half inside the raft, and the others in the water holding onto the ropes.[6]

Not all Carley float tubing had a round outer cross section. Some had square cross sections. And those with square cross-section may have been exclusively associated with a square-shaped boat perimeter, similar to a punt.

Some variants included a

flare that would automatically ignite on immersion in water. The flare could however expose a raft to hostile fire, as then-Lt. Stuart Bonham Carter found during the 1918 Zeebrugge Raid as he escaped the scuttled blockship HMS Intrepid. Only the smoke of the burning vessel behind him prevented him from being targeted.[7]

Operation

Nested Carley floats visible on the wall on HMS Rodney

Simply by casting it over the side, the lightweight Carley float could be launched more rapidly than traditional rigid lifeboat designs, and without the need for specialised hoists.

HMCS Esquimalt, sunk offshore of Nova Scotia in April 1945, lost at least 16 to hypothermia during the six hours in which they awaited rescue. Few of the survivors could still walk.[8]

Despite these shortcomings many seamen did owe their lives to the Carley float. Chinese sailor

South Atlantic aboard a Carley float after his freighter SS Benlomond was sunk on 23 November 1942. He fashioned fishing gear from components of the raft. He was close to death when discovered off the coast of Brazil on 5 April 1943, but was able to walk ashore unaided.[6]

A shrapnel-ridden Carley float carried

DNA testing had shown the body to be that of Able Seaman Thomas Welsby Clark, a sailor who had been lost with Sydney.[9] A second Carley float, also believed to be from Sydney, was recovered drifting 300 km off the Australian coast one week after the ship sank. It had been badly damaged by shellfire, but was empty. The float is now displayed at the HMAS Sydney exhibit of the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.[3]

In fiction

External image
image icon Scene from In Which We Serve

The 1942 British war film In Which We Serve centres on a group of survivors clinging to a Carley float. As they suffer from both the elements and repeated strafing attacks, the story of how they each came to be there is told through a series of flashbacks.[10]

In the 1964 film Ensign Pulver, after an altercation on deck during a storm, the captain (played by Burl Ives) falls overboard in an apparent state of shock. The title character Ensign Pulver (Robert Walker), upon finding the captain cannot swim, releases a nearby Carley float as a life preserver. The captain in his state can't swim to the boat, so Ensign Pulver jumps in and pulls the captain onto the liferaft. The two spend some time in the raft together before washing up on an island.

In the 2016 film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage the crew are stranded in South Pacific clinging to square-shaped Carley floats.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carley float.
  1. ^ a b c "Horace Carley: Unknown Inventor". CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military Museum. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  2. ISBN 1-57958-278-8
    .
  3. ^ a b Ashton, John; Challenor, Cathy; Courtney, Bob (1993). The scientific investigation of a Carley float (PDF) (Technical report). Australian War Memorial. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2008. The float comprises a hard rolled copper tube ... Diameter of tube ... 12 in ... 20 in ... [figure 1 shows oval ring shape]
  4. ^ a b U.S. patent 734,118 – Life Raft. Horace S. Carley. (Filed May 14, 1902; Issued July 21, 1903.)
  5. ^
    ISBN 1-84486-032-9
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-7360-0215-4
    .
  7. ^ Henry John Newbolt (1919). Submarine and Anti-Submarine. Longmans, Green and Co.
  8. ^ Fisher, Robert C. (1997). "Within Sight of Shore: The Sinking of HMCS Esquimalt, 16 April 1945". Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  9. ^ "Unknown HMAS Sydney II sailor named after 80 years". Department of Defense Ministries. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  10. ISBN 0-8386-3862-7
    .
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