Carlo Gesualdo

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Carlo Gesualdo
Portrait of Gesualdo, 16th century
Born(1566-03-30)30 March 1566
Died8 September 1613(1613-09-08) (aged 47)
WorksList of compositions

Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa (between 8 March 1566 and 30 March 1566 – 8 September 1613) was Prince of

madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th century. He is also known for killing his first wife and her aristocratic lover upon finding them in flagrante delicto
.

Biography

Early life

Gesualdo's family had acquired the principality of

Carlo Borromeo, later Saint Charles Borromeo. His mother was the niece of Pope Pius IV.[citation needed
]

Carlo was most likely born at Venosa, then part of the Kingdom of Naples, but little else is known about his early life.[citation needed] "His mother died when he was only seven, and at the request of his uncle Carlo Borromeo, for whom he was named, he was sent to Rome to be set on the path of an ecclesiastical career. There he was placed under the protection of his uncle Alfonso (d. 1603), then dean of the College of Cardinals, later unsuccessful pretender to the papacy, and ultimately Archbishop of Naples."[1] His brother Luigi was to become the next Prince of Venosa, but after his untimely death in 1584, Carlo became the designated successor. Abandoning the prospect of an ecclesiastical career,[citation needed], he married, in 1586, his first cousin, Donna Maria d'Avalos,[2] the daughter of Carlo d'Avalos, prince of Montesarchio and Sveva Gesualdo.[1] They had one child, a son, Don Emmanuele.[2]

Gesualdo had a musical relationship with

accademia included the composers Giovanni de Macque, Scipione Dentice, Scipione Stella, Scipione Lacorcia, Ascanio Mayone, and the nobleman lutenist Ettorre de la Marra.[4]

Homicide

Some years into her marriage with Gesualdo, Donna Maria began an affair with Fabrizio

in flagrante by Gesualdo, who killed them both on the spot.[6][2]

The day after the killing, a delegation of Neapolitan officials inspected the room in Gesualdo's apartment where the killings had taken place, and interrogated witnesses. The delegation's report did not lack in gruesome details, including the mutilation of the corpses and, according to the witnesses, Gesualdo going into the bedroom a second time "because he wasn't certain yet they were dead".[7]

The Gran Corte della Vicaria found Gesualdo had not committed a crime.[8]

Successor

About a year after the gruesome end of his first marriage,[citation needed] Gesualdo's father died and he thus became the third Prince of Venosa and eighth Count of Conza.[1][7]

Ferrara years

By 1594, Gesualdo had arranged for another marriage, this time to

madrigal; Gesualdo was especially interested in meeting Luzzasco Luzzaschi, one of the most forward-looking composers in the genre.[citation needed] Leonora was married to Gesualdo and moved with him back to his estate in 1597.[9] In the meantime, he engaged in more than two years of creative activity in the innovative environment of Ferrara, surrounded by some of the finest musicians in Italy.[citation needed] While in Ferrara, he published his first book of madrigals.[9] He also worked with the concerto delle donne, the three virtuoso female singers who were among the most renowned performers in the country, and for whom many other composers wrote music.[citation needed
]

In a letter of June 25, 1594, Gesualdo indicated he was writing music for the three women in the concerto delle donne; however, it is probable that some of the music he wrote, for example that in the newly developing monodic and/or concertato styles, has not survived.[10]

Return to Gesualdo and final years

Castle of Gesualdo

After returning to his castle at

chromatic and difficult portions of it were all written during his period of self-isolation.[citation needed
]

The relationship between Gesualdo and his new wife was not good; she accused him of abuse, and the Este family attempted to obtain a divorce. She spent more and more time away from the isolated estate. Gesualdo wrote many angry letters to Modena where she often went to stay with her brother. According to Cecil Gray and Peter Warlock, "She seems to have been a very virtuous lady ... for there is no record of his having killed her."[13]

In 1600, Gesualdo's son by his second marriage died. It has been postulated[by whom?] that after this Gesualdo had a large painting commissioned for the church of the Capuchins at Gesualdo, showing Gesualdo, his uncle Carlo Borromeo, his second wife Leonora, and his son, underneath a group of angelic figures; however, some sources suspect the painting was commissioned earlier, as the identity of the child is unclear.[citation needed]

Late in life he suffered from

Psalm 51, the Miserere, is distinguished by its insistent and imploring musical repetitions, alternating lines of monophonic chant with pungently chromatic polyphony in a low vocal tessitura.[citation needed
]

Gesualdo died in isolation,[citation needed] at his castle Gesualdo in Avellino,[15] three weeks after the death of his son Emanuele, his first son by his marriage to Maria.[citation needed] One 20th-century biographer has raised the possibility that he was murdered by his wife.[13] He was buried in the chapel of Saint Ignatius[citation needed], in the Church of the Gesù Nuovo, in Naples.[15] The sepulchre was destroyed in the earthquake of 1688.[citation needed] When the church was rebuilt, the tomb was covered over, and now lies beneath it.[citation needed] The burial plaque, however, remains visible.[citation needed]

Compositions and style

Moro lasso al mio duolo (2:40)
Performed by MIT Chamber Chorus (William Cutter, director)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
See also: List of compositions by Carlo Gesualdo

The evidence that Gesualdo was tortured by guilt for the remainder of his life is considerable, and he may have given expression to it in his music. One of the most obvious characteristics of his music is the extravagant text setting of words representing extremes of emotion: "love", "pain", "death", "ecstasy", "agony" and other similar words occur frequently in his madrigal texts, most of which he probably wrote himself. While this type of

word-painting is common among madrigalists of the late 16th century, it reached an extreme development in Gesualdo's music.[citation needed
]

His music is among the most experimental and expressive of the Renaissance, and without question is the most wildly chromatic. Progressions such as those written by Gesualdo did not appear again in Western music until the 19th century, and then in a context of tonality.[citation needed]

Gesualdo's published music falls into three categories: sacred vocal music, secular vocal music, and instrumental music. His most famous compositions are his six books of madrigals, published between 1594 and 1611, as well as his

St. Peter in having betrayed him.[citation needed
]

The first books of madrigals that Gesualdo published are close in style to the work of other contemporary madrigalists. Experiments with

concerto di donne.[citation needed
]

Characteristic of the Gesualdo style is a sectional format in which relatively slow-tempo passages of wild, occasionally shocking chromaticism alternate with quick-tempo

diatonic passages. The text is closely wedded to the music, with individual words being given maximum attention. Some of the chromatic passages include all twelve notes of the chromatic scale within a single phrase, although scattered throughout different voices. Gesualdo was particularly fond of chromatic third relations, for instance juxtaposing the chords of A major and F major,[citation needed] or even C-sharp major and A minor, as he does at the beginning of "Moro, lasso, al mio duolo".[16]

Reception

Portrait of Carlo Gesualdo, Painting by Francesco Mancini, c. 18th century

The fascination for Gesualdo's music has been fuelled by the sensational aspects of his biography. In 2011 Alex Ross wrote in The New Yorker:[7]

If Gesualdo had not committed such shocking acts, we might not pay such close attention to his music. But if he had not written such shocking music we would not care so much about his deeds. Many bloodier crimes have been forgotten; it’s the nexus of high art and foul play that catches our fancy.

In his own lifetime, the salacious details of Gesualdo's killing of his first wife and her lover were widely publicized, including in verse by poets such as Tasso and an entire flock of Neapolitan poets, eager to capitalize on the sensation.[citation needed] The accounts of his cruelty were expanded with apocryphal stories such as the alleged killing of an illegitimate child of Donna Maria and her lover, which according to one variant of the made-up story was "suspended in a bassinet and swung to the point of death".[7] Until the 1620s his music was imitated by Neapolitan composers of polyphonic madrigals such as Antonio Cifra, Michelangelo Rossi, Giovanni de Macque, Scipione Dentice, Girolamo Frescobaldi and Sigismondo d'India.[17][18][19][20]

After the Renaissance Gesualdo's life story and his music were largely forgotten until the 20th century: in 1926 Gray and Warlock published their book on Gesualdo.[7][21] The life of Gesualdo provided inspiration for numerous works of fiction and musical drama, including a novel by Anatole France[citation needed] and a short story by Julio Cortázar.[22] Several composers responded to Gesualdo's music: In 1960 Igor Stravinsky wrote Monumentum pro Gesualdo, containing an arrangement of Gesualdo's madrigal "Beltà, poi che t'assenti".[citation needed] In 1995 Alfred Schnittke wrote an opera based on Gesualdo's life.[citation needed] Another Gesualdo opera was written by Franz Hummel in 1996.[23] Salvatore Sciarrino arranged several of Gesualdo's madrigals for an instrumental ensemble.[citation needed]

Music based on Gesualdo's life and music

Operas based on Gesualdo's life and music:

Other music inspired by Gesualdo or his music includes:

Legacy

The Conservatorio di Musica Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa ([State] Conservatory of Music Carlo Gesualdo do Venoza), Potenza, in the region of Basilicata, Italy, was founded in 1971 and named for the composer.[27]

In The Doors of Perception (1954), Aldous Huxley writes of Gesualdo's madrigals:

Mozart's C-Minor Piano Concerto was interrupted after the first movement, and a recording of some madrigals by Gesualdo took its place.

'These voices' I said appreciatively, 'these voices – they're a kind of bridge back to the human world.'

And a bridge they remained even while singing the most startlingly chromatic of the mad prince's compositions. Through the uneven phrases of the madrigals, the music pursued its course, never sticking to the same key for two bars together. In Gesualdo, that fantastic character out of a Webster melodrama, psychological disintegration had exaggerated, had pushed to the extreme limit, a tendency inherent in modal as opposed to fully tonal music. The resulting works sounded as though they might have been written by the later Schoenberg.

'And yet,' I felt myself constrained to say, as I listened to these strange products of a

Counter-reformation
psychosis working upon a late medieval art form, 'and yet it does not matter that he's all in bits. The whole is disorganized. But each individual fragment is in order, is a representative of a Higher Order. The Highest Order prevails even in the disintegration. The totality is present even in the broken pieces. More clearly present, perhaps, than in a completely coherent work. At least you aren't lulled into a sense of false security by some merely human, merely fabricated order. You have to rely on your immediate perception of the ultimate order. So in a certain sense disintegration may have its advantages. But of course it's dangerous, horribly dangerous. Suppose you couldn't get back, out of the chaos...'

David Pownall's play Music to Murder By (1976) juxtaposes the life of Gesualdo with that of twentieth-century composer Peter Warlock.[28] In 1985 the French writer Michel Breitman published the novel Le Témoin de poussière [fr] based on the latter part of the life of Gesualdo.[citation needed] In 1995,[29] Werner Herzog directed the film Gesualdo: Death for Five Voices about the life and music of Gesualdo.[30]

In the NME musician Anna Calvi named Gesualdo as one of her ultimate cult heroes:[31]

Gesualdo was an Italian composer who, because of mental illness, murdered his wife and her lover, and wrote music in the 16th century that was so progressive and extreme that no one attempted to recreate his style until the 20th century... It wasn't until centuries later that he was rediscovered, and his work is a huge inspiration to me.

Gesualdo's name is used by The Gesualdo Six, a British vocal consort, directed by Owain Park. The group was founded in Cambridge in 2014 for a performance of the Tenebrae Responsories for Maundy Thursday in Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge. The group perform a broad-ranging repertoire, from the music of the medieval period through to contemporary compositions of the present day.[32]

Score editions

  • Carlo Gesualdo: Madrigali a cinque voci (Libro Quinto – Libro Sesto), Edizione critica a cura di Maria Caraci Vela e Antonio Delfino, testi poetici a cura di Nicola Panizza, con uno scritto di Francesco Saggio, prefazione di Giuseppe Mastrominico, La Stamperia del Principe Gesualdo, Gesualdo, 2013.
    ISBN 978-88-906830-2-2

Recordings

Gesualdo's madrigals and his Tenebrae Responsoria are often recorded.

Madrigals

  • Gesualdo, Madrigaux. Les Arts Florissants: Harmonia Mundi France CD 901268 (selection from madrigal books 4–6)
  • Gesualdo, Complete Sacred Music for Five Voices. Oxford Camerata, Jeremy Summerly: Naxos 8.550742
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali Libri I-III. Gesualdo Consort Amsterdam: CPO 777 138–2
  • Carlo Gesualdo de Verona, "The Complete Madrigals" [Libri I-VI]. 7 discs. Marco Longhini & Delitiæ Musicæ. Naxos 8507013.
  • Gesualdo, "Madrigali a 5 voci" Books 1-6 [Complete] 6 discs. Quintetto Vocale Italiano Newton Classics 8802136
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro I. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5221 (only complete edition of Gesualdo's madrigals currently available)
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro II. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5222
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro III. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5223
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro IV. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5224
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro V. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5225
  • Gesualdo, Madrigali, Libro VI. The Kassiopeia Quintet: GLO5226
  • Gesualdo, Quarto Libro di Madrigali. La Venexiana: Glossa GCD920934
  • Gesualdo, Quinto Libro di Madrigali. La Venexiana: Glossa GCD920935
  • Gesualdo, Quinto Libro di Madrigali. The Hilliard Ensemble: ECM New Series. ECM 2175 476 4755
  • Gesualdo, Quinto Libro di Madrigali. The Consort of Musicke, Anthony Rooley. L'Oiseau-Lyre 475 9110 DM
  • Gesualdo, Sesto Libro di Madrigali. IL Complesso Barocco: Symphonia SY94133 (deleted), now Pan Classics PC10229
  • Gesualdo, Sesto Libro di Madrigali. La Compagnia del Madrigale: Glossa GCD922801

Tenebrae

Further information: Tenebrae Responsoria (Gesualdo) § Recordings

Other

  • Il cembalo intorno a Gesualdo, Paola Erdas (harpsichord)[33]
  • Gesualdo, Sacrae Cantiones Liber Secundus. Vocalconsort Berlin,
    James Wood: HMC 902123[citation needed
    ]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Watkins 2010, p. 15.
  2. ^ a b c d Ober 1973, p. 635.
  3. ^ a b Newcomb 1968.
  4. ^ Watkins 1991, p. 297.
  5. ^ Gray & Warlock 1926, p. 18.
  6. ^ Mullenger 1998.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ross 2011.
  8. ^ Ober 1973, p. 636.
  9. ^ a b c d "Carlo Gesualdo, principe di Venosa, conte di Conza". Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  10. ^ Watkins 1991, p. 300.
  11. ^ Sadie 1980.
  12. ^ Giovanni Giacomo Carlino at www.lastamperiadelprincipegesualdo.it
  13. ^ a b Gray & Warlock 1926, p. 43.
  14. ^ Gray & Warlock 1926, p. 51.
  15. ^ a b "A Gesualdo Photojournal". Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  16. ^ Free scores of Moro, lasso, al mio duolo in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
  17. ^ Bianconi 2001.
  18. ^ Brown & Stein 1999, p. 350.
  19. ^ Arnold 1984, p. 85.
  20. ^ Mann 2002, p. 10.
  21. ^ Gray & Warlock 1926.
  22. ^ Roberts 2013.
  23. ^ Death for Five Voices Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine at arthaus-musik.com
  24. ^ "Wrekmeister Harmonies: Night of Your Ascension". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
  25. ^ "Pernambuco 156". 19 February 2019. p. 10.
  26. ^ a b "The Second Violinist". OperaVision. 2018-01-08.
  27. ^ www.conservatoriopotenza.it
  28. ^ Radio Times listing, Issue 2765, 9 November, 1976
  29. ISBN 9781350091665
    .
  30. ISBN 0-571-20708-1
    .
  31. ^ Ultimate Cult Heroes: Gesualdo at www.nme.com
  32. ^ "Meet the team". The Gesualdo Six. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  33. ^ "Discografia". Paola Erdas.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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