Carlos Marighella
Carlos Marighella | |
---|---|
Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
In office 5 February 1946 – 10 January 1948[a] | |
Constituency | Bahia |
Personal details | |
Born | Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 5 December 1911
Died | 4 November 1969 São Paulo, Brazil | (aged 57)
Manner of death | Assassination |
Resting place | Cemitério Público da Quinta dos Lázaros, Salvador, Bahia |
Political party | PCB (1932–1964) |
Spouse |
Clara Charf (m. 1948) |
Domestic partner(s) | Elza Sento Sé Zilda Xavier Pereira |
Children | Carlos Augusto |
Parents |
|
Occupation | Politician, guerrilla fighter, poetist, professor |
Organization | ALN (1964–1969) |
Carlos Marighella (
Biography
Marighella was born in
Son of an Italian
Arrests
Marighella was first arrested in 1932, after he wrote an offensive poem about the administration of Bahia intervener Juracy Magalhães. On 1 May 1936, during the Getúlio Vargas time in presidency, he was once again arrested for subversion. He was arrested again by the political police led by Filinto Müller. He remained in jail for a year. He was released by "macedada" (the measure which freed political prisoners without pressing charges against them). After his release, he once again entered clandestinity, along with all members of PCB. He was recaptured in 1939. He was not released until 1945, when an amnesty during the democratization process of the country benefited all political prisoners.
The following year, Marighella was elected constituent federal deputy by the Bahian branch of PCB, but he lost his office in 1948 under the new proscription of the party. Back in clandestinity, he occupied several offices in the leadership of the party. Invited by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Marighella visited China between 1953 and 1954 in order to learn more about the Chinese Communist Revolution. In May 1964, after the military coup, he was shot and arrested by agents of the Department of Political and Social Order (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS), the political police, at a movie theater in Rio. He was released in the following year by a court order.
Writing
In 1966, he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, opting for the armed struggle against the
In August 1967, he participated at the 1st Conference of Latin American Solidarity in Havana, contradicting what party had determined. In Havana, he wrote Some Questions About the Guerrillas in Brazil, dedicated to the memory of Che Guevara and made public by Jornal do Brasil on 5 September 1968. That same year he was expelled from PCB, and founded the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) in February 1968.
Ação Libertadora Nacional
The
1969 kidnapping of the United States Ambassador
In September 1969, ALN members kidnapped the U.S. ambassador
Death
After a series of successful robberies and kidnappings, the police force was determined to eliminate him.[16] He was shot by police at an ambush at 8:00 pm on 4 November 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca, São Paulo. This ambush was organized by police deputy Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, known for his work inside DOPS.
Marighella was buried at Cemitério Público da Quinta dos Lázaros, a cemetery in Salvador, Bahia. His tombstone was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer, and is the only grave monument designed by the architect. It bears a quote from Marighella: "I didn't have time to be afraid" (Não tive tempo para ter medo).[17]
Legacy
Marighella's most famous contribution to revolutionary struggle literature[11] was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla,[12] consisting of advice on how to disrupt and overthrow a military regime as part of a Marxist revolution. Written shortly before his death in late 1969 in São Paulo, Minimanual was first published in North America by the Berkeley Tribe in Berkeley, California in July 1970 in an English edition.[18][19]
In popular culture
In the 2006 biographical drama film Baptism of Blood, Marighella was portrayed by Brazilian actor and musician Marku Ribas.[20]
In the 2019 drama Marighella, Marighella was portrayed by Seu Jorge; the film was accomplished actor Wagner Moura's directorial debut. The movie was exhibited at international film festivals, but Brazil's Agência Nacional do Cinema (National Agency of Cinema), during Bolsonaro's government, barred it from distribution in Brazil,[21] citing "subversive elements"; it finally appeared on Brazilian screens in November, 2021.[22]
Notes
- ^ Term extinct of the 38th Legislature on 10 January 1946 due to Law no. 211 of 7 January 1948, Article 2 and in the terms of the Director's Board Act of the Chamber of Deputies of 10 January 1948.
References
- ^ Marighella, Carlos (1 December 1966). "Carta à Comissão Executiva do Partido Comunista Brasileiro". Marxists.org. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ISBN 9788580864717.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ISSN 0149-0389.
- "Urban Terrorism in Latin America" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S. Of America. 6 November 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ISBN 9781412980166, retrieved 18 February 2019
- ^ Müller, Kai (15 February 2019). "Carlos Marighella - der gute Terrorist". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ Schaefer, Annette (1 December 2017). "Inside the Terrorist Mind". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- OCLC 170034858.
- ^ "Marighella: who is the terrorist brought by Wagner Moura to the movies?". Gazeta do Povo. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ a b White, Jonathan. "Ideological Terrorism." Chapter 12 in Terrorism and Homeland Security, 5thEdition. Mason, Ohio, Cengage Learning, 2006. Page 218.
- ^ ISSN 0149-0389.
- ^ ""Não tive tempo para ter medo": 50 anos após Marighella, militante ainda inspira gerações". Dialogosdosul.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ "Quem foi Charles Rodney Chandler, militar americano morto pela luta armada citado por Bolsonaro nos EUA". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "Marighella: who is the terrorist brought by Wagner Moura to the movies? | Texto em inglês com áudio". Wise Up News: textos em inglês com áudio da Gazeta do Povo. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3.
- Wikidata Q107380297.
- ^ library of congress.gov/chronicling america/berkeley tribe
- ^ University of Michigan.gov/archives/underground newspapers/microfilm collection
- ^ "Batismo de Sangue at Recanto das Letras". Recanto das Letras (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
- ^ Oliveira, Joana (14 September 2019). "'Marighella', na zona cinzenta entre cortes, problemas na Ancine e censura sob Bolsonaro". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ "'Marighella' chega aos cinemas com aura de fenômeno pop".
External links
- (in English) "Pattern of Terror", Time, 24 August 1970
- (in English) Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla by Carlos Marighella
- (in Portuguese) "Estratégia para matar o terror", Veja, 12 November 1969