Carmania (region)
Carmania Kirmān | |
---|---|
Province of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Arsacid, and Sasanian Empire | |
6th century BC–650 AD | |
Capital | Karmana[1] Shiragan |
Historical era | Antiquity |
• Established | 6th century BC |
• Annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate | 650 AD |
Carmania (
History
Pre-Hellenistic Period
In the
Carmania was conquered by
By the time of
Hellenistic Period
The partition of Alexander's empire amongst the
Post-Hellenistic Period
Under the Arsacid Empire, in 210 AD, Carmania was a vassal kingdom ruled by a certain Balash who was defeated and captured by Ardashir, king of Persia, and the region was annexed to his domain.[14] Ardeshir rebelled in 212 AD and rallied soldiers from the region, using them in his campaigns against the Arsacid Empire.[3] He later appointed his son, Ardeshir, as governor of Carmania with the title of Kirmanshah, who continued to rule during the reign of Ardeshir's successor, Shapur I.[3] Ardeshir I also undertook military campaigns in Carmania after his victory over the Arsacid Empire and founded the city of Weh-Ardeshir as an outpost on the trade route to India.[3] Other settlements such as the oasis town of Bam and city of Mahan, which was founded by Adar Mahan, marzban (governor) of Carmania,[3] were founded during the Sasanian period as part of the settlement of Carmania.[15] The region surrounding Bam suffered from banditry and repeated nomadic incursions.[15] Carmania was ruled by the future Bahram I in 270 AD.[16]
Early in his reign,
Economy
Carmania was noted in Antiquity for its abundance of a number of mineral resources such as copper, salt, sulphur, ochre, orpiment and agate. The mines surrounding Carmana are also attested for the production of silver necessary for the minting of coinage. A mine near Carmana is known to have produced turquoise gems, but of lesser quality and number than the mines of Parthia.
Wines produced in Carmania proper, a cultivated and fertile area, were famous and, alongside other goods, were exported through Hormuz, the principal port within the region.[3] Effective road communications with the other provinces of the empire also facilitated trade and exportation of goods from within Carmania.[3] The region had economic relations with Mesopotamia during the reign of Khosrow I in the 6th century AD.[24]
Population
Carmanians (
Herodotus listed Carmanians amongst other Iranian tribes that had settled and abandoned nomadic life to take part in agriculture, as opposed to other tribes that had continued to practise nomadic pastoralism.[3] One such nomadic tribe was that of the Sagartians who also inhabited Carmania.[28] The Sagartians and Isatichae inhabited desert Carmania.[5] According to Ptolemy, Carmania was also home to the Pasargadai tribe.[29] Non-Iranians, known simply as the Turtle-eaters, inhabited the coast of Carmania at the time of Alexander the Great.[5]
See also
- Andanis River, Carmania
References
- ^ Roaf (2012)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lendering (1997)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Planhol & Hourcade (2014)
- ^ a b c Schmitt (1990), pp. 822-823
- ^ a b c Brunner (2004), pp. 326-344
- ^ Shahbazi (1986), pp. 489-499
- ^ a b Burstein (1989), pp. 165-166
- ^ Dandamayev (1988), pp. 785-786
- ^ a b c Shahbazi (1987), p. 788
- ^ Jacobs (2006)
- ^ Walbank (2015)
- ^ Mahaffy (1895), p. 256
- ^ Polybius 11.34
- ^ Chaumont & Schippmann (1988), pp. 574-580
- ^ a b Planhol & Pārīzī (1988)
- ^ Harper & Meyers (1981), p. 29
- ^ Oberling & Hourcade (1986), pp. 215-220
- ^ Klíma (1988), pp. 514-522
- ^ MacKenzie & Chaumont (1989), pp. 925-926
- ^ Kasheff (1982), pp. 63-64
- ^ a b c Morony (1986), pp. 203-210
- ^ Morony (2011), p. 214
- ^ Rawlinson (1875)
- ^ Morony (2006), pp. 543-550
- ^ a b c Briant (2001), p. 506
- ^ Wiesehöfer (2006)
- ^ Frye (2004), pp. 321-326
- ^ Eilers (1987), p. 701
- ^ Stronach & Gopnik (2009)
Bibliography
- Briant, Pierre (2001). "GERMANIOI". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Brunner, C. J. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Burstein, Stanley M. (1989). "BEROSSUS". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "BALĀŠ". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Dandamayev, M. A. (1988). "BARDIYA". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Eilers, W. (1987). "ASAGARTA". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2016-12-18. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Frye, Richard Nelson (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Harper, Prudence Oliver; Meyers, Pieter (1981). Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period: Royal Imagery. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 29.
kerman .
- Jacobs, Bruno (2006). "ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Kasheff, M. (1982). "ABARKĀVĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Klíma, O. (1988). "Bahrām IV". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Lendering, Jona (1997). "Carmania". Livius.
- MacKenzie, D. N.; Chaumont, M. L. (1989). "ĀMĀRGAR". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ISBN 9781108078658.
- Morony, Michael (1986). "ARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Morony, Michael (2006). "IRAQ i. IN THE LATE SASANID AND EARLY ISLAMIC ERAS". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ISBN 9780199875757.
- Oberling, P.; Hourcade, Bernard (1986). "ARAB iv. Arab tribes of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Planhol, Xavier de; Pārīzī, M.-E. Bāstānī (1988). "BAM (2)". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Planhol, Xavier de; Hourcade, Bernard (2014). "KERMAN ii. Historical Geography". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - Polybius (1889). Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, ed. Histories.
- Rawlinson, George (1875). The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 5: Persia.
- Roaf, M. (2012). "Karmana". Pleiades.
- Schmitt, Rüdiger (1990). "CARMANIA". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1986). "ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1987). "ASPASTES". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Stronach, David; Gopnik, Hilary (2009). "PASARGADAE". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Walbank, Frank W. (2015). "Alexander the Great". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Wiesehöfer, Josef (2006). "Carmania". Brill´s New Pauly.