Cashew
Cashew | |
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Ripe fruit and attached drupe, which contains the edible seed | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Anacardiaceae |
Genus: | Anacardium |
Species: | A. occidentale
|
Binomial name | |
Anacardium occidentale |
Cashew is the common name of a tropical evergreen tree Anacardium occidentale, in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to South America and is the source of the cashew nut and the cashew apple, an accessory fruit. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres (46 feet), but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew nut is edible and is eaten on its own as a snack, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter. The nut is often simply called a 'cashew'. Cashew can cause allergies triggered by the proteins found in the nuts.
In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India the leading producers. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and, starting in World War II, arms production.[1][full citation needed] The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor.
Description
The cashew tree is large and
The fruit of the cashew tree is an
The true fruit of the cashew tree is a
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Botanical illustration
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Tree in Mozambique, southeastern Africa
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Trunk in Bangladesh
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Flowers
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Young fruits
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Fruits sold as produce
Etymology
The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupi word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".[3][4]
The
The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range,[4] including anacardier (French) with the fruit referred to as pomme de Cajou,[13] caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), or acaju (Portuguese).[3][4]
Distribution and habitat
The species is native to Northeastern Brazil, and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by
Cultivation
Cashew production (with shell) 2021 | |
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Country | Production (tonnes) |
Côte d'Ivoire | 837,850 |
India | 738,000 |
Vietnam | 348,504 |
Philippines | 255,931 |
Tanzania | 210,786 |
World | 3,708,153 |
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[16]
|
The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive.[17] The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin.[citation needed]
More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards.[citation needed]
Production
In 2021, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 3.7 million tonnes, led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 43% of the world total (table).
Trade
The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea.
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
World | 2.8B | 2.8B | 1.9B | 2.0B | 1.3B |
Ghana | 253.2M | 455.7M | 222.6M | 340.7M | 172.7M |
Tanzania | 530.0M | 426.8M | 221.4M | 362.0M | 159.0M |
Guinea-Bissau | 318.0M | 129.0M | 122.8M | 128.5M | 143.6M |
Nigeria | 69.3M | 191.1M | 74.5M | 94.4M | 138.8M |
Ivory Coast | 1.0B | 1.1B | 730.8M | 612.0M | 129.7M |
Burkina Faso | 144.8M | 198.9M | 81.0M | 53.3M | 96.0M |
Senegal | 3.4M | 33.2M | 60.5M | 38.6M | 92.3M |
Indonesia | 112.7M | 84.4M | 121.0M | 102.4M | 70.7M |
UAE | 103.1K | 74.5M | 586.3K | 3.4M | 55.2M |
Guinea | 161.6M | 41.2M | 45.2M | 35.7M | 53.1M |
Source:[18] |
From 2017 to 2021, the top ten exporters of cashew nuts (shelled; HS Code 080132) were Vietnam, India, the Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, and the United States.
In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Ivory Coast made this country the top African exporter.[19] Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry.[20][21][22] Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts.[23] One of the goals of the African Cashew Alliance is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry.[24]
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
World | 5.5B | 5.1B | 4.7B | 4.5B | 4.2B |
Vietnam | 3.4B | 3.2B | 3.0B | 2.9B | 2.7B |
India | 959.9M | 673.6M | 569.6M | 407.9M | 437.8M |
Netherlands | 302.8M | 304.3M | 248.3M | 266.0M | 281.8M |
Germany | 168.1M | 179.8M | 174.5M | 202.3M | 183.2M |
Brazil | 114.2M | 117.0M | 121.3M | 91.0M | 96.8M |
Ivory Coast | 73.2M | 97.1M | 68.4M | 110.4M | 81.8M |
Nigeria | 12.0M | 20.2M | 37.3M | 20.1M | 45.0M |
Indonesia | 60.2M | 55.6M | 57.0M | 45.7M | 40.7M |
Burkina Faso | 12.1M | 13.8M | 18.9M | 16.3M | 21.6M |
United States | 33.5M | 26.3M | 22.7M | 21.1M | 19.8M |
Source:[25] |
Toxicity
Some people are
The
Uses
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 553 kcal (2,310 kJ) |
30.19 g | |
Starch | 23.49 g |
Sugars | 5.91 g 0.00 g |
Dietary fiber | 3.3 g |
43.85 g | |
Saturated | 7.783 g |
Monounsaturated | 23.797 g |
Polyunsaturated | 7.845 g |
18.22 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 7% 1.062 mg |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 17% 0.86 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 32% 0.417 mg |
Folate (B9) | 6% 25 μg |
Vitamin B12 | 0% 0 μg |
Vitamin C | 1% 0.5 mg |
Vitamin D | 0% 0 μg |
Vitamin E | 6% 0.90 mg |
Vitamin K | 32% 34.1 μg |
Copper | 110% 2.2 mg |
Iron | 51% 6.68 mg |
Magnesium | 82% 292 mg |
Manganese | 79% 1.66 mg |
Phosphorus | 85% 593 mg |
Potassium | 22% 660 mg |
Selenium | 28% 19.9 μg |
Zinc | 61% 5.78 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 5.20 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults.[35] |
Raw cashews are 5% water, 30%
Nut and shell
Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts.[3][6]
Cashews are commonly used in
In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing
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Women shelling cashews in Burkina Faso, West Africa
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A woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand, wearing gloves to protect against contact dermatitis
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Salted, roasted cashew nuts
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Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked
Husk
The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two cotyledons, each representing around 20–25% of the weight of the nuts. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane, approximately 5% of the total nut called a husk (testa). Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an adsorbent, composites, biopolymers, dyes and enzyme synthesis.[39]
Apple
The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid[40] or an alcoholic drink.[6] It is also used to make preserves, chutneys and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil.[6] In many countries, particularly within South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.[3][2]
In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and the fruit pulp are used in the production of sweets, juice, mixed with alcoholic beverages such as cachaça, and as a flour, milk, or cheese.[41] In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón (marañón being a Spanish name for cashew).[42]
Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life.[43] Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices.[43]
When consumed, the apple's
In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt.[13]
Alcohol
In the Indian state of Goa, the ripened cashew apples are mashed and the juice is extracted and kept for fermentation[6] for a few days which is called neero. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called urrak, which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof).[45] In Tanzania, the cashew apple (bibo in Swahili) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called gongo.[46]
Nut oil
Cashew nut oil is a dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower value broken chunks created accidentally during processing), and is used for cooking or as a salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing.[47]
Shell oil
Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil (
Its composition varies depending on how it is processed.- Cold,
- Heating CNSL hydroxyl group than cardanol).[50] This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerizationof the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL.
- Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials.[49][50]
These substances are skin allergens, like lacquer and the oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing.[48]
This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased
CNSL may be used as a resin for
Animal feed
Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be fed to livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees.[52]
Other uses
As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal.[13] The shells yield a black oil used as a preservative and water-proofing agent in varnishes, cements, and as a lubricant or timber seal.[6] Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and charcoal.[6] Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink.[6]
See also
- List of culinary nuts
- Semecarpus anacardium (the Oriental Anacardium), a native of India and closely related to the cashew
References
- ^ Jostock, "Cashew Industry", p. 5.
- ^ a b c d "Cashew". Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2. Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)". CABI. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- S2CID 83230755.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n James A Duke (1983). "Anacardium occidentale L." Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ Kapinga, F. A.; Kasuga, L. J. F.; Kafiriti, E. M. "Growth and production of cashew nut" (PDF). Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0.
referring to the shape of the fruit
- ^ Merriam-Webster: "from the heartlike shape of the top of the fruit stem"
- ^ George Milbry Gould (1898). An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ... P. Blakiston. p. 73.
ἀνά, up; καρδία, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds
- ISBN 978-1-77009-040-8.
(Greek ana = upwards + kardia = heart); applied by 16th century apothecaries to the fruit of the marking nut, Semecarpus anacardium, and later used by Linnaeus as a generic name for the cashew.
- ^ "Occidental". The Free Dictionary. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 34.
- ^ "Cashew". Department of Horticulture, Cornell University. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ Carolyn Joystick, "Cashew Industry" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- FAOSTAT of the UN. 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ "Cultivating Cashew Nuts". ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ "2022 Raw Cashew Nut global market overview today". Tridge.
- ^ Bavier, Joe (29 October 2014). "War-scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ "Tanzania riots over cashew nut payments". BBC. 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
- ^ Lamble L. (2 November 2013). "Cashew nut workers suffer 'appalling' conditions as global slump dents profits". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Wilson B. (4 May 2015). "'Blood cashews': the toxic truth about your favourite nut". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Nelle, Patrick (28 February 2022). "Can Africa cash in on its cashew nut domination?". How we made it in Africa. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Nigeria, Guardian (29 September 2023). "ACA seeks creation of cashew development fund to enhance raw nuts processing in Africa". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ "2022 Cashew Nut Kernel global market overview today". Tridge.
- PMID 8153790.
- PMID 29618933.
- ^ S2CID 36209553.
- ^ a b "Cashew Allergies". Informall Database – funded by European Union. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010.
- ^ "Food allergies" (PDF). World Health Organization, International Food Safety Authorities Network. 2006.
- ^ "Cashew - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester)". research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
- PMID 8153790.
- ^ "Why Cashews Aren't Sold In The Shell". Moment of Science, Indiana Public Media. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
- ^ PMID 25894225.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service (2019). "FoodData Central". Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12087, Nuts, cashew nuts, raw, database version SR 27". Agricultural Research Service – United States Department of Agriculture. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ^ Osborn M (26 August 2015). "Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers". Consumer Goods Technology. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- OCLC 519442115.
- ISSN 2772-8269.
- ^ Africa, Nigeria (17 July 2022). "How Nigeria can turn its huge cashew waste into valuable citric acid". Moneyweb. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ Edi Souza (28 July 2018). "It's cashew time at the fair and on the plate (translated)" (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ O, Odalys (15 October 2011). "Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá: Dulce de Marañón". Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ Azam-Ali and Judge (2004). Small-scale cashew nut processing (PDF). FAO, United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
- ^ "Cashew Drink Stages". www.goaonline.in. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Eating in Tanzania". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ "Cashew Oil". Smart Kitchen. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55963-370-3.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c "Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ Ferri, Enrico (22 May 2011). "Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil". MaterialsToday. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Hassoun, P.; Bastianelli, D.; Lebas, F. (2017). "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products". Feedipedia. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
External links
- Media related to Anacardium occidentale at Wikimedia Commons