Casimir Pulaski
Casimir Pulaski | |
---|---|
Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |
Years of service | 1762–1779 |
Rank | Brigadier general |
Unit | Pulaski's Legion |
Battles/wars |
|
Signature | |
Coat of arms |
Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski (Polish pronunciation:
Born in Warsaw and following in his father's footsteps, he became interested in politics at an early age. He soon became involved in the military and in revolutionary affairs in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against the Commonwealth's foreign domination. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile.
Following a recommendation by
Pulaski is remembered as a hero who fought for independence and freedom in Poland and the United States. Numerous places and events are named in his honor, and he is commemorated by many works of art. Pulaski is one of only eight people to be awarded honorary United States citizenship.
Personal life
Pulaski was born on March 6, 1745, in the
The Pułaski family was
There is some circumstantial evidence that Pulaski was a Freemason. When Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the monument erected in Pulaski's honour in Monterey Square in Savannah in 1824, a full Masonic ceremony took place with Richard T. Turner, High Priest of the Georgia chapter, conducting the service. Other sources claim Pulaski was a member of the Masonic Army Lodge in Maryland. A Masonic Lodge in Chicago is named Casimir Pulaski Lodge, No.1167, and a brochure issued by the lodge claims he obtained the degree of Master Mason on June 19, 1779, and was buried with full Masonic honours. To date, no surviving documents of Pulaski's actual membership have been found.[10]
Military career
In 1762, Pulaski started his military career as a
Bar Confederation
He took part in the 1764 election of the new Polish monarch,
On March 6, he received a
He retreated to a monastery in
In 1769, Pulaski's unit was again besieged by numerically superior forces, this time in the old fortress of
Despite no decisive military successes, he was able to assemble a 4,000-strong army and deliver it back to a Confederate staging point. This excursion received international notice and gained him a reputation as the most effective military leader in the Bar Confederation. Next, he moved with his unit towards
In February 1770, Pulaski moved near Nowy Targ, and in March, helped to subdue the mutiny of Józef Bierzyński. Based in Izby, he operated in southern Lesser Poland. On May 13 his force was defeated at the Battle of Dęborzyn. Around June 9–10 in Prešov, in a conference with other Confederate leaders, he met Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who complimented Pulaski on his actions. On July 3–4, Pulaski's camp was captured by Johann von Drewitz, and he was forced to retreat into Austria. Early in August he met with the French emissary, Charles François Dumouriez. He disregarded an order to take Lanckorona and instead cooperated with Michał Walewski in a raid on Kraków on the night of August 31.[12][13]
He then departed for
Between September 10, 1770, and January 14, 1771, Pulaski, Walewski and Józef Zaremba commanded the Polish forces during the siege of Jasna Góra monastery. They successfully defended against Drewitz in a series of engagements, the largest one on November 11, followed by a siege from December 31 to January 14. The defense of Jasna Góra further enhanced his reputation among the Confederates and abroad.[13] A popular Confederate song taunting Drewitz included lyrics about Pulaski and Jasna Góra.[14] Pulaski intended to pursue Drewitz, but a growing discord between him and Zaremba prevented this from becoming a real option.[13]
In February 1771, Pulaski operated around Lublin. On February 25 he was victorious at Tarłów and on the night of February 28 and March 1, his forces besieged Kraśnik. In March that year he became one of the members of the Confederates' War Council. Dumouriez, who became a military adviser to the Confederates, at the time described him as "spontaneous, more proud than ambitious, friend of the prince of Courland, enemy of the Potocki family, brave and honest" as well as popular among other commanders. This was due to his refusal to follow orders and adhere to discipline. Jędrzej Kitowicz who met him as well around that time described him as short and thin, pacing and speaking quickly, and uninterested in women or drinking. He enjoyed fighting against the Russians above everything else, and was daring to the extent he forgot about his safety in battles, resulting in his many failures on the battlefield.[13]
In May 1771, Pulaski advanced on Zamość, refusing to coordinate an operation with Dumouriez against
In October his responsibilities in the War Council were increased, and the same month he became involved with the plan to kidnap King Poniatowski.[15] Pulaski was initially opposed to this plan but later supported it on the condition that the king would not be harmed.[16] The attempt failed, weakening the international reputation of the Confederates. When Pulaski's involvement with the attempted kidnapping became known, the Austrians expelled him from their territories.[15][17] He spent the following winter and spring in Częstochowa, during which time several of his followers were defeated, captured or killed.[15]
On May 31, 1772, Pulaski, increasingly distanced from other leaders of the Confederation, left the Jasna Góra monastery and went to Silesia in Prussia.[15] In the meantime, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with most fighting ending around the summer.[17] Overall, Pulaski was seen as one of the most famous and accomplished Confederate leaders.[12][13] At the same time, he often acted independently, disobeying orders from Confederate command, and among his detractors, which included Dumouriez, had a reputation of a "loose cannon".[13][15] The First Partition of Poland occurred in 1772.
Leaving Prussia, Pulaski sought refuge in France, where he unsuccessfully attempted to join the French Army. In 1773, his opponents in Poland accused him of attempted regicide, and proceedings began at the Sejm Court on June 7.[15][18] The Partition Sejm had been convened by the victors to validate the First Partition.
Poniatowski himself warned Pulaski to stay away from Poland, or risk death.
In the United States
Northern front
Franklin was impressed by Pulaski, and wrote of him: "Count
On August 20, he met Washington in his headquarters in
When the Continental Army troops began to yield, he reconnoitered with Washington's bodyguard of about 30 men, and reported that the enemy were endeavoring to cut off the line of retreat.[20] Washington ordered him to collect as many as possible of the scattered troops who came his way and employ them according to his discretion to secure the retreat of the army.[23] His subsequent charge averted a disastrous defeat of the Continental Army cavalry,[20][22][24] earning him fame in America[25] and saving the life of George Washington.[26]
As a result, on September 15, 1777, on the orders of Congress, Washington commissioned Pulaski a brigadier general in the Continental Army cavalry.[21] At that point, the cavalry was only a few hundred men strong organized into four regiments. These men were scattered among numerous infantry formations, and used primarily for scouting duties. Pulaski immediately began work on reforming the cavalry, and wrote the first regulations for the formation.[22]
On September 16, while on patrol west of Philadelphia, Pulaski spotted significant British forces moving toward the Continental position. Upon being informed by Pulaski, Washington prepared for a battle, but the encounter was interrupted by a major storm before either side was organized.[27][28] On October 4, Pulaski took part in the Battle of Germantown. He spent the winter of 1777 to 1778 with most of the army at Valley Forge. Pulaski argued that the military operations should continue through the winter, but this idea was rejected by the general staff. In turn, he directed his efforts towards reorganizing the cavalry force, mostly stationed in Trenton.[22]
While at Trenton his assistance was requested by General Anthony Wayne, whom Washington had dispatched on a foraging expedition into southern New Jersey. Wayne was in danger of encountering a much larger British force sent to oppose his movements. Pulaski and 50 cavalry rode south to Burlington, where they skirmished with British sentries on February 28. After this minor encounter the British commander, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Stirling, was apparently convinced that he was facing a much larger force than expected, and prepared to withdraw his troops across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania at Cooper's Ferry (present-day Gloucester City). Pulaski and Wayne joined forces to attack Stirling's position on February 29 while he awaited suitable weather conditions to cross.[29] In the resulting skirmish, which only involved a few hundred men out of the larger forces on either side, Pulaski's horse was shot out from under him and a few of his cavalry were wounded.[30]
American officers serving under Pulaski had difficulty taking orders from a foreigner who could scarcely speak English and whose ideas of discipline and tactics differed enormously from those to which they were accustomed. This resulted in friction between the Americans and Pulaski and his fellow Polish officers.[23][31] There was also discontent in the unit over delays in pay,[22] and Pulaski's imperious personality was a regular source of discontent among his peers, superiors, and subordinates.[32] Pulaski was also unhappy that his suggestion to create a lancer unit was denied.[22] Despite a commendation from Wayne, these circumstances prompted Pulaski to resign his general command in March 1778, and return to Valley Forge.[22][23]
Pulaski went to
The "father of the American cavalry" demanded much of his men and trained them in tested cavalry tactics. He used his own personal finances when money from Congress was scarce, in order to assure his forces of the finest equipment and personal safety.[34][35] However, later that year a controversy arose related to the Legion's finances, and its requisitions from the local populace.[22] His troubles with the auditors continued until his death. Pulaski complained that he received inadequate funds, was obstructed by locals and officials, and was forced to spend his own money. He was not cleared of these charges until after his death.[36]
In the autumn Pulaski was ordered to
Southern front
Pulaski arrived in
When the British advanced on May 11, Pulaski's Legion engaged forward elements of the British force, and was badly mauled in the encounter. The Legion infantry, numbering only about 60 men before the skirmish, was virtually wiped out, and Pulaski was forced to retreat to the safety of the city's guns.[42] Although some historians credit this action with Prevost's decision to withdraw back toward Savannah the next day, despite ongoing negotiations of a possible surrender of Charleston, that decision is more likely based on news Prevost received that Lincoln's larger force was returning to Charleston to face him, and that Prevost's troops had gone further than he had originally intended. One early historian criticized Pulaski's actions during that engagement as "ill-judged, ill-conducted, disgraceful and disastrous".[43] The episode was of minor strategic consequence and did little to enhance the reputation of Pulaski's unit.[44]
Although Pulaski frequently suffered from
Death and burial
While attempting to rally fleeing French forces during a cavalry charge, Pulaski was mortally wounded by grapeshot.[36][47] The reported grapeshot is on display at the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah. The Charleston Museum also has a grapeshot reported to be from Pulaski's wound.[48] Pulaski was carried from the field of battle and taken aboard the South Carolina merchant brig privateer Wasp, under the command of Captain Samuel Bulfinch,[49][50] where he died two days later, having never regained consciousness.[21][36] His heroic death, admired by American Patriot supporters, further boosted his reputation in America.[47]
Pulaski never married and had no descendants. Despite his fame, there have long been uncertainties and controversies surrounding both his place and date of birth, and his burial. Many primary sources record a burial at sea. The historical accounts for Pulaski's time and place of burial vary considerably. According to several contemporary accounts there were witnesses, including Pulaski's aide-de-camp, that Pulaski received a symbolic burial in Charleston on October 21,[36] sometime after he was buried at sea.[51] Other witnesses, including Captain Samuel Bulfinch of the Wasp, claimed that the wounded Pulaski was actually later removed from the ship and taken to the Greenwich Plantation in the town of Thunderbolt, near Savannah, where he died and was buried.[52]
In March 1825, during his
Exhumation and analysis of remains
In 1853, remains found on a bluff above Augustine Creek on Greenwich Plantation were believed to be the general's. These bones were reinterred at the Casimir Pulaski Monument in Savannah, Georgia. They were exhumed in 1996 and examined during a forensic study.[54] The eight-year examination, including DNA analysis, ended inconclusively, although the skeleton was consistent with Pulaski's age and occupation. A healed wound on the skull's forehead was consistent with historical records of an injury Pulaski sustained in battle, as was a bone defect on the left cheekbone, believed to have been caused by a benign tumor.[55] In 2005, the remains were reinterred in a public ceremony with full military honors, including Pulaski's induction into the Georgia Military Hall of Fame.[56]
A later study funded by the
However, there is no conclusive argument or evidence that Pulaski was intersex.[62] The question remains unsettled due to the limited understanding of how an intersex condition might be revealed in the analysis of a skeleton.[63] There is no way to prove that Pulaski was born intersex without a DNA test.[64][d]
Tributes and commemoration
The United States has long commemorated Pulaski's contributions to the American Revolutionary War, and already on October 29, 1779, the
In 1929, Congress passed another resolution, this one recognizing October 11 of each year as "
In Poland, in 1793 Pulaski's relative, Antoni Pułaski, obtained a cancellation of his brother's sentence from 1773. He has been mentioned in the literary works of numerous Polish authors, including Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. Adolf Nowaczyński wrote a drama "Pułaski w Ameryce" (Pulaski in America) in 1917.[36] A museum dedicated to Pulaski, the Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka, opened in 1967.[68]
Throughout Poland and the United States, people have celebrated anniversaries of Pulaski's birth and death, and there exist numerous objects of art such as paintings and statues of him.[36][69] In 1879, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death, Henri Schoeller composed "A Pulaski March". Twenty years earlier, Eduard Sobolewski composed his opera, "Mohega", about the last days of Pulaski's life. Commemorative medals and stamps of Pulaski have been issued. Several cities, towns, townships and counties in United States are named after him, as are numerous streets, parks and structures.
Although his statue stands in Savannah's Monterey Square, the city's Pulaski Square is named for him.[70]
The Pulaski Bridge in New York City links Brooklyn to Queens; the Pulaski Skyway in Northern New Jersey links Jersey City to Newark, and the Pulaski Highway traverses the city of Baltimore, Maryland.
Michigan designated US Highway 112 (now US 12) as Pulaski Memorial Highway in 1935.[71]
There are also a number of educational, academic, and
A statue commemorating Pulaski stands at the eastern end of Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C. There is an equestrian statue of Pulaski in Roger Williams Park in Providence, Rhode Island, as well as one in the center of Pulaski park in Manchester, New Hampshire. A statue by Granville W. Carter depicting Pulaski on a rearing horse signaling a forward charge with a sword in his right hand is erected in Hartford, Connecticut.[76] There is a Pulaski Monument in Patterson Park in Baltimore, Maryland. There is also a statue in Buffalo, NY near the intersection of Main and S. Division St. A statue of Pulaski sculpted by Sidney Waugh resides in Philadelphia, on the slope behind the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Fairmount Park.
The villages of Mt. Pulaski, Illinois, Pulaski, New York, and Pulaski, Wisconsin, are named for him, as is the city of Pulaski, Tennessee. Pulaski High School and Casimir Pulaski High School, both in Wisconsin, are also named after him, as is Pulaski Middle School in New Britain, Connecticut. Pulaski County in Virginia, Pulaski County in Arkansas, Pulaski County in Georgia, Pulaski County in Missouri, Pulaski County in Kentucky, and Pulaski County in Indiana are named after him as well.
Polish historian Władysław Konopczyński, who wrote a monograph on Pulaski in 1931, noted that he was one of the most accomplished Polish people, grouping him with other Polish military heroes such as Tadeusz Kościuszko, Stanisław Żółkiewski, Stefan Czarniecki, and Prince Józef Poniatowski.[69]
-
Monument in Baltimore, Maryland
In popular culture
- Michigan-born songwriter Sufjan Stevens released a song called "Casimir Pulaski Day" on his album Illinois. The song interweaves his memories of a friend's battle with bone cancer with an account of the holiday.[77]
- In a downloadable content of Age of Empires III, twelve Uhlan cavalry units can be summoned by the player by clicking on a shipment button called Pulaski's Legion.[78]
- An account of Pulaski's death and burial is used as the background and setting for the family reunion of two
See also
- Casimir Pulaski Foundation - leading Polish think tank specialized in foreign policy and national security
- Johann de Kalb, a Bavarian-born French officer who served as a general in the Continental Army
- Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, a French officer who served as a general in the Continental Army
- The General Was Female?, documentary film about Pulaski's possible intersex status
- Intersex people and military service in the United States
- Knight of Freedom Award, an award established in honour of General Pulaski
- Michael Kovats de Fabriczy, a Hungarian nobleman and cavalry officer who served in the Continental Army
- List of Poles
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian drill master who served in the Continental Army
Explanatory notes
- ^
- ^
- ^ Also rendered: "Orzechowo", "Orekhovo". Three hundred and twenty (320) officers and men overall against 2,000–3,000 Poles; both sides had two guns each. Pulaski's brother Franz lost his life to a pistol shot from Russian squadron leader count Castelli whose target was Casimir himself. This translation is from the Russian Wikipedia Page, ru:Сражение под Ореховом ('Battle of Orekhovo') — which is supported by reliable sources in Russian, including the letters and official reports on the matter made by Suvorov himself.
- ^ The DNA needed to verify biological sex and intersex variance is usually not available from skeletal remains, due to degradation.[64]
Citations
- ^ a b c d Makarewicz, 1998
- ^ Pastusiak, 1977, p. 47
- ^ Hammack, Bill (1976). "Pulaski and the Siege of Savannah". Outdoors in Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
- ^ Przegląd historyczny (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 1910. p. 241.
- ^ Weinstein, Quinton. "Casimir Pulaski". Mount Vernon.
- ^ a b c Poles in America Foundation, 2012
- ^ "Casimir Pulaski (1745–1779)". Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Szczygielski, 1986, p. 386
- ^ Griffin, 1907, p. 4
- ^ Denslow, 2004, p. 370
- ^ a b c Szczygielski 1986, p. 387
- ^ a b c d Szczygielski 1986, p. 388
- ^ a b c d e f g Szczygielski, 1986, p. 389
- ^ Maciejewski, 1976, p. 381
- ^ a b c d e f g h Szczygielski, 1986, p. 390
- ^ Storozynski, 2010, p. 23
- ^ a b Stone, 2001, p. 272
- ^ a b Szczygielski, 1986, p. 391
- ^ a b "Pulaski Day". Castle.eiu.edu. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Storozynski, 2010, p. 56
- ^ Pub. L.111–94 (text) (PDF)U.S. Government Printing Office
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Szczygielski, 1986, p. 392
- ^ a b c d e Appletons Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Pickering-Sumter, 1898, p. 133
- ^ Kazimierz Pulaski Granted U.S. Citizenship Posthumously, 2009
- ^ Storozynsky 2010, p. 57 Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ 111th Congress Public Law 94
- ^ Sokol, 1992, pp. 31–36
- ^ McGuire, 2006, pp.31–36
- OCLC 11518827.
- ^ Griffin, 1907, pp. 50–54
- ^ Kajencki, 2005, p. 47
- ^ Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. XXIV No. 4 Fall 1994, pp. 876–77
- ^ Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America (1943). Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 451. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ Seidner, Stanley S. (1976). In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An Inquiry for the Polish Community (Report). New York: IUME, Teachers College, Columbia University. ERIC ED167674. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- ^ Storozynsky 2010, p. 60 Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Szczygielski 1986, p. 393.
- ^ Stryker, 1894, p. 16
- ^ Wilson, 2005, pp. 107–108
- ^ Wilson, 2005, pp. 101–102
- ^ Wilson, 2005, p. 103
- ^ Russell, 2000, p. 106
- ^ Wilson, 2005, p. 108
- ^ Griffin, 1907, p. 95
- ^ Russell, 2000, p. 107
- ^ Colcock, 1883, p. 378
- ^ Kajencki, 2005, p. 93
- ^ a b Storozynski, 2010, p. 91
- ^ Kajencki, 2005, p. 163
- ^ WASP, 2011
- ^ Pinkwoski, 1997
- ^ American Council for Polish Culture
- ^ Polish American Journal, 1996
- ^ Szymański, 1979, p. 301
- ^ Pula, James S. (2016). "Whose Bones Are Those?: The Casimir Pulaski Burial Controversy". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 100 (1): 68.
- ^ a b The Pulaski Mystery, 2008
- ^ "Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah". Poles.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- ^ Glenza, Jessica (April 6, 2019) Polish general who fought with Washington may have been a woman Archived April 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine in The Guardian. Retrieved April 7, 2019
- ^ Virginia Hutton Estabrook, Melissa A Powell (November 18, 2016). "The Female Pelvis of Casimir Pulaski: Misidentified Skeleton or Intersex War Hero?". American Anthropological Association. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
- ^ Mary Landers (March 3, 2016). "A tale of two Pulaskis: Savannah to celebrate historic general's birthday". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
- ^ Siemaszko, Corky (April 5, 2019). "Revolutionary War hero Casimir Pulaski might have been a woman or intersex". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ Schoenberg, Nara (April 3, 2019). "'It's a woman. It's not Pulaski.': New documentary argues Revolutionary War hero was intersex". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
- ^ Spotting, E., & Inc, C. A. (2020). Changing Perspectives. Georgia Southern University.
- ^ Race, S. G. K. (2019). Anthropology Professor Investigates Remains of General Pulaski. Georgia Southern University.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-78775-266-5.
- ^ "Sculpture". Joseph Kiselewski. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ S.J.Res. 5
- ^ Seattle Times, Nov 10, 2009
- ^ "Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka". Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ a b Szczygielski 1986, p. 394.
- ^ City of Savannah's monuments page Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine This page links directly to numerous short entries, many accompanied by photographs, discussing a variety of monuments, memorials, etc., in the squares and elsewhere. Accessed June 16, 2007.
- OCLC 57425393.
- ^ USRC Pulaski, 1825-1833, 78′ Marion Class Schooner
- ^ "Marynarka Wojenna" (in Polish). Mw.mil.pl. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- ^ "Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- ^ "History: USAG Rheinland-Pfalz". home.army.mil. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "Hartford War Memorials" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- ^ Thompson, Stephen (August 13, 2008). "Weeping At The Wheel: Crushingly Sad Songs". NPR. National Public Radio®. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition - United States Civilization Overview". YouTube.
- ISBN 978-0-593-49719-7.
General bibliography
- Pastusiak, Longin (1977). Kościuszko, Pułaski i inni: o udziale Polaków w osadnictwie amerykańskim i w walce o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych (in Polish). Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 47.
- Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America (1943). Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. p. 451. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- "The Pulaski Mystery". Poles.org. April 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- "Casimir Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- Denslow, William R. (2004). 10,000 Famous Freemasons V3, K to P, Volume 3.
Kessinger Publishing, prepared by the Missouri Lodge of Research. ] - Maciejewski, Janusz (1976). Literatura barska (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- "Marynarka Wojenna" (in Polish). Mw.mil.pl. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- Nelson, Paul David (1985). Anthony Wayne: Soldier of the Early Republic. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 73–74. OCLC 11518827.
- "Casimir Pulaski Polish and American Hero. Project of documentary film by Jolanta Kessler-Chojecka" (PDF). American Council for Polish Culture. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
- Szczygielski, Wacław (1986). "Pułaski Kazimierz". Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXIX (in Polish). Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk. p. 386. ISBN 83-04-00148-9.
- "Pulaski Day". Castle.eiu.edu. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- "Pulaski's Grand Burial in Savannah". Poles.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
- Stanley S. Sokol; Sharon F. Mrotek Kissane; Alfred L. Abramowicz (January 1, 1992). The Polish Biographical Dictionary: Profiles of Nearly 900 Poles Who Have Made Lasting Contributions to World Civilization. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-86516-245-7. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- Storozynski, Alex (August 3, 2010). The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-312-62594-8. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
- Griffin, Martin (1907). Catholics and the American Revolution. Ridley Park, Pennsylvania: self-published, 385 pages.
- McGuire, Thomas (2006). Battle of Paoli. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 31–36. ISBN 978-0-8117-3337-3.
- Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 106. OCLC 248087936.
- Russell, David Lee (2000). The American Revolution in the Southern Colonies. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 107. OCLC 248087936.
- Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 101–102. OCLC 232001108.
- Szymański, Leszek (1979). Kazimierz Pulaski in America: A Monograph, 1777–1779. Contra Publishers.
- Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. p. 103. OCLC 232001108.
- Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 107–108. OCLC 232001108.
- Wilson, David K (2005). The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. p. 108. OCLC 232001108.
- Jones, Charles Colcock (1883). The history of Georgia: Revolutionary epoch. Vol. 2. Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 540 pages. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1898). Pulaski, Casimir. Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Pickering-Sumter. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- "Casimir Pulaski Birthday Commemoration. The Real Date of Casimir Pulaski's Birth" (PDF). Poles in America Foundation. March 6, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- Pinkowski, Edward (February 1996). "General Pulaski's Age. Baptism Record Verifies Historian's Hunch". Polish American Journal. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- Pub. L.111–94 (text) (PDF)Proclaiming Casimir Pulaski to be an honorary citizen of the United States.
- Makarewicz, Father Stanislaw (1998). "The Four Birth Records of Kazimierz Pulaski". Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Koscielne. 70. translated by Peter Obst and Alexandra Medvec. The Catholic University of Lublin (KUL). Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- Seidner, Stanley S. (1976). In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An Inquiry for the Polish Community (Report). New York: IUME, Teachers College, Columbia University. ERIC ED167674. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- "Kazimierz Pulaski Granted U.S. Citizenship Posthumously (11 March 2009) – U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw, Poland". U. S. Department of State. March 11, 2009. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- "Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka". Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. XXIV No. 4 Fall 1994, pp. 876–77
- Mann, William C. (November 10, 2009). "Revolutionary War hero becomes honorary US citizen". The Seattle Times.
- William Scudder Stryker; Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey (1894). The affair at Egg Harbor, New Jersey, October 15, 1778. Naar, Day & Naar. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- "Pulaski, 1825; U.S. Coast Guard" (PDF). U. S. Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- "Hartford War Memorials" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
- Kajencki, Annmarie Francis (2005). Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, A Hero's Fight for Liberty. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-2646-3. Url
- "WASP". American War of Independence – At Sea. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- Pinkowski, Edward (1997). "General Pulaski's Body". Pulaski Museum in Warka, Poland. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Further reading
- Jones, Charles Colcock (1885). Sepulture of Major General Nathanael Greene : and of Brig. Gen. Count Casimir Pulaski.
- Collins, David R. (1997). Hero on Horseback: The Story of Casimir Pulaski. Los Angeles: Pelican Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4556-0570-5. Url
- Kerner, Robert Joseph (1936). Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, A Hero of the American Revolution. San Francisco: Slavonic Alliance of California.
- OCLC 459864667.
- Shepherd, Joshua, Soldiers: Casimir Pulaski, Warfare History Network, February 13, 2019
- Stefaniak, Iwona, ed. (2007). 40 lat Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce: bohater, historia i perspektywy rozwoju: materiały z polsko-amerykańskiego sympozjum w Warce-Winiarach, 13–16 października 2007 [Forty Years of the Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka: The Hero, History and Perspectives for Development: Papers from the Polish-American Symposium in Warka-Winiary, October 13–16, 2007]. Warka: Casimir Pulaski Museum in Warka. p. 347. OCLC 212815661.
External links
- A Chronology of Casimir Pulaski's Life 1745–1779
- One More Funeral of Kazimierz Pulaski 221 Years After his Death
- Biography from Catholic Encyclopedia
- Casimir Pulaski Day, the Office of Civil Rights and Diversity at Eastern Illinois University. Leszek Szymański, Casimir Pulaski: A Hero of the American Revolution, E207.P8 S97 1994.
- "KAZIMIERZ PUŁASKI" [Casimir Pulaski biography on Casimir Pulaski's Museum in Warka, Poland] (in Polish). Muzeum im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Warce. Archived from the original on August 17, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- Casimir Pulaski Foundation