Cassivellaunus
Cassivellaunus | |
---|---|
King of the Catuvellauni | |
Predecessor | Unknown |
Successor | Tasciovanus |
Born | England |
Died | England |
Burial | Unknown (In legend: York) |
Occupation | Chief commander of the British resistance during Caesar's second invasion of Britain |
Cassivellaunus was a historical
Cassivellaunus made an impact on the British consciousness. He appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of the Britons, and in the Mabinogi, Brut y Brenhinedd and the Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr.
Name
The Common Brittonic personal name Cassiuellaunos stems from the word uellaunos ('chief, commandant').[1] The meaning of the prefix cassi- has been debated, but it possibly signifies 'tin, bronze'. Cassivellaunus may thus been translated as 'Chief-of-Tin', that is to say 'the inflexible'. The personal name Ver-cassivellaunus ('True-Chief-of-Tin') is related.[2]
History
Cassivellaunus appears in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, having been given command of the combined British forces opposing Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Caesar does not mention Cassivellaunus's tribe, but his territory, north of the River Thames, corresponds with that inhabited by the tribe named the Catuvellauni at the time of the later invasion under Claudius.[citation needed]
Caesar tells us that Cassivellaunus had previously been in near-constant conflict with his neighbours, as was typical of the British tribes in this period, and had recently brought down the king of the Trinovantes, the most powerful tribe in Britain at the time. The king's son, Mandubracius, fled to Caesar in Gaul. Despite Cassivellaunus's harrying tactics, designed to prevent Caesar's army from foraging and plundering for food, Caesar advanced to the Thames. The only fordable point was defended and fortified with sharp stakes, but the Romans managed to cross it. Cassivellaunus dismissed most of his army and resorted to guerilla tactics, relying on his knowledge of the territory and the speed of his chariots.
Five British tribes, the Cenimagni, the Segontiaci, the Ancalites, the Bibroci and the Cassi, surrendered to Caesar and revealed the location of Cassivellaunus's stronghold. (Possibles sites include Hexton and the Devil's Dyke, Wheathampstead). Caesar proceeded to put the stronghold under siege.[3] Cassivellaunus managed to get a message to the four kings of Kent, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus and Segovax, to gather their forces and attack the Roman camp on the coast, but the Romans defended themselves successfully, capturing a chieftain called Lugotorix. On hearing of the defeat and the devastation of his territories, Cassivellaunus surrendered. The terms were mediated by Commius, Caesar's Gallic ally. Hostages were given and a tribute agreed. Mandubracius was restored to the kingship of the Trinovantes, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to wage war against him. All this achieved, Caesar returned to Gaul [4] where a poor harvest had caused unrest. The Roman legions did not return to Britain for another 97 years.
The Greek author Polyaenus relates an anecdote in his Stratagemata that Caesar overcame Cassivellaunus's defence of a river crossing by means of an armoured elephant.[5] This claim may derive from a confusion with the Roman conquest of 43 AD,[original research?] when Claudius is supposed to have brought elephants to Britain.[6]
Legend
Historia Regum Britanniae
Cassivellaunus appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th century work
After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar sets his sights on Britain, and sends a letter to Cassibelanus demanding tribute. Cassibelanus refuses, citing the Britons' and Romans' common
Two years later, Caesar invades again with a larger force. Cassibelanus, forewarned, had planted stakes beneath the waterline of the Thames which gut Caesar's ships, drowning thousands of men. The Romans are once again quickly put to flight.
The leaders of the Britons gather in Trinovantum to thank the gods for their victory with many animal sacrifices and celebrate with sporting events. During a wrestling bout, Cassibelanus's nephew Hirelglas is killed by Androgeus's nephew Cuelinus. Cassibelanus demands that Androgeus turn his nephew over to him for trial, but Androgeus refuses, insisting he should be tried in his own court in Trinovantum. Cassibelanus threatens war, and Androgeus appeals to Caesar for help, agreeing to accept him as liege and sending his son as a hostage.
Caesar invades a third time, landing at Richborough. As Cassibelaunus's army meets Caesar's, Androgeus attacks Cassibelaunus from the rear with five thousand men. His line broken, Cassibelanus retreats to a nearby hilltop. After two days siege, Androgeus appeals to Caesar to offer terms. Cassibelanus agrees to pay tribute of three thousand pounds of silver, and he and Caesar become friends.
Six years later, Cassibelanus dies and is buried in York. Androgeus has gone to Rome with Caesar, so Tenvantius succeeds as king of Britain.
Welsh literature
Cassivellaunus appears as Caswallawn, son of
Caswallawn is referenced frequently in the Welsh Triads. Triad 51 describes his conflict with "Afarwy" (Mandubracius/Androgeus) as described in Geoffrey of Monmouth,[12] while Triad 95 references the story of Caradawg son of Bran's death as told in the Mabinogion.[13] However, other triads (35, 36, 38, 59, 67, and 71) refer to a tradition about Caswallawn not drawn from either Roman nor existing medieval sources.[14] Triad 38 names his horse as Meinlas ("Slender Gray") and calls him one of the Three Bestowed Horses of the Island of Britain;[15] this is echoed in Triad 59, in which the decision to allow the Romans to land in Britain in exchange for Meinlas is called one of the Three Unfortunate Counsels of the Island of Britain.[16] Triad 35 indicates that Caswallawn left Britain with 21,000 men in pursuit of Caesar and never returned.[17]
Triads 67 and 71 portray Caswallawn as a great lover, who competed with Caesar over the beautiful Fflur. He is named as one of the Three Golden Shoemakers of the Island of Britain in relation to his trip to Rome seeking his love; context suggests he disguised himself as a shoemaker.[18] A later collection of triads compiled by the 18th-century Welsh antiquarian Iolo Morganwg gives an expanded version of this tradition, including the details that Caswallawn had abducted Fflur from Caesar in Gaul, killing 6,000 Romans, and that Caesar invaded Britain in response.[19] As with the rest of Morganwg's Triads, however, the provenance of these references is suspect. However, the 12th-century poet Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr knew of some version of the Fflur story, writing that Caesar's love for her was costly.[20]
Welsh scholar Rachel Bromwich suggests the fragmentary allusions to Caswallawn in the Triads relate to a narrative of the character that has been lost.[14] This may have been in the form of a romance detailing the king's adventures, but would have been largely uninfluenced by the classical accounts.
Notes
- ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 311.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, pp. 109–110.
- ^ A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 19
- ^ Polyaenus, Strategemata 8.23.5
- Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.21
- ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae 3.20, 4.1-11
- Orosius's Histories Against the Pagans, an influential 4th-century Christian history.
- ^ The Mabinogion: "Branwen, daughter of Llyr"
- ^ Jeffrey Gantz, The Mabinogion, p.80.
- ^ Jeffrey Gantz, The Mabinogion, pp. 84–86, 88.
- ^ Rachel Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 138–145. This is the only triad which draws its content entirely from Geoffrey. References to the Welsh Triads use Bromwich's numbering; Bromwich's 51 forms part of #5 from the Red Book of Hergest.
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, p. 242.
- ^ a b Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 305–306.
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 103 – 104. Hergest Triad 50.
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 168 – 170. Hergest Triad 21.
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 81–89. Peniarth Triad 32; Hergest Triad 5
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, pp. 185–188. Peniarth Triad 32.
- ^ Iolo Morganwg, Triads of Britain 8, 14 17, 24, 102, 124
- ^ Bromwich, Trioedd Ynys Prydein, p. 354.
References
- Bromwich, Rachel (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University Of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.
- ISBN 9782877723695.
- Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.