Castell y Bere
Castell y Bere | |
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Welsh Wars Prince Madoc's Rebellion |
Castell y Bere is a
History
1220–40
Castell y Bere was built in the 1220s by Llywelyn the Great on a rocky
Llywelyn the Great initially controlled the princedom of Gwynedd, but grew more powerful over the course of his reign, extending his influence over much of Wales during the early years of the 13th century.[4] Llywelyn was faced by several challenges, including dealing with the threat from the kings of England, and maintaining his authority over the native Welsh.[5]
In 1221 Llywelyn took control of neighbouring
1240–1300
Following Llywelyn's death in 1240, Gwynedd's power declined and many of its eastern lands were taken by Henry III of England in 1247.[8] Llywelyn's grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, took power in 1255 and imprisoned his brother Owain ap Gruffudd before extending his power across Wales.[8] Llywelyn extended the castle with an additional tower to the south, similar to that built at Dolforwyn, probably in order to provide additional accommodation.[9][nb 1]
The conflict between the Welsh princes and the English kings continued in the reign of
Edward continued to invest money and time in Castell y Bere; he visited three times in 1284, establishing a small town alongside the castle, possibly just to the east.[15] Reflecting the anti-Semitic attitudes of Edward, the 1284 town charter stated that "Jews shall not sojourn in the borough at any time".[16] Walter of Huntercombe was appointed the constable of the castle by Edward in 1284 and spent £47 building a new chamber there, potentially for the king to use during visits.[15][nb 2] Another £262 was spent between 1286 and 1290, most of this in the year following the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd.[15] A pair of linking walls to the south tower was probably built around this time, and the external barbican and gate towers may also have been built at this time.[18]
In 1294, however, the Welsh leader
14th–21st century
Following the revolt Castell y Bere and the new English town were both abandoned.
After many years, the site was finally cleared of undergrowth in the 1850s, revealing more of the castle's remains, and William Wynne, the owner of the site, carried out the first archaeological investigations.[24] In 1949 Charles Corbett, the last private owner of the ruins, placed them into the guardianship of the state.[25] In the 21st century the site is in the care of Cadw and is protected as a scheduled monument and maintained as a tourist attraction. In the light of Welsh devolution and other political changes, the history of Castell y Bere and similar Welsh castles has become increasingly prominent. In response, Cadw have noted that they intend to give an increased priority to communicating the history of these castles and the Welsh princes.[26]
Architecture
Today the ruins of Castell y Bere still stand on a rocky outcrop, with protective ditches cut into the stone on the south and east sides.[27] The entrance to the castle lies on the west side, where the barbican, probably built by Edward I, contains two gatetowers, overlooking the stone steps approaching the inner gate.[27] Through the barbican is the castle courtyard, containing a large well and the remains of several internal buildings of uncertain date.[28]
The north tower is an apsidal, or "D-shaped", design that is characteristic of Welsh castles of the early 13th century.[28] Originally it may have contained either a hall or a chapel.[29] What is today the middle tower was originally the southernmost part of the defences, but now leads through the Edwardian ditch yard to the south tower, another apsidal design that once contained spacious accommodation.[30] Both the apsidal towers lacked fireplaces in the main chambers, instead using central heaths to heat the rooms.[31]
Unusually for an early Welsh castle, there is evidence of decorative sculpture, including statues of soldiers, having been built into the castle, along with decorative floor tiles. Castell y Bere is the only castle, other than Criccieth, to display such features.[32] Historian Lawrence Butler considers that the castle has delivered some of "some of the finest stone carving from thirteenth-century Wales".[33]
Cultural references
- "Castell y Bere", with words by Myrddin ap Dafydd set to a tune by Brian Warfield, is the first track on the album Rhown Garreg ar Garreg (1981) by the Welsh folk group Plethyn.
- Castell y Bere plays a key role in Sharon Kay Penman's Welsh Princes trilogy, particularly in The Reckoning (1991).
- Castell y Bere was visited by legendary rock singers Life on the Road series. The Castle is not far from Bron-Yr-Aur.
See also
Notes
- ^ Earlier dating of the south tower has been less certain; Richard Avent, for example, previously considered that Llywelyn the Great, rather than his grandson, might have built this tower.[7]
- ^ It is impossible to accurately compare 13th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, the average annual income of a baron of the period was approximately £668.[17]
References
- ^ Avent, p. 12.
- ^ Avent, p. 3.
- ^ Avent, p. 4.
- ^ Avent, p. 6.
- ^ Avent, p. 7.
- ^ Avent, p. 8; Butler, p. 31.
- ^ a b Avent, p. 8.
- ^ a b Avent, p. 14.
- ^ Butler, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Avent, p. 16.
- ^ Taylor, pp. 62, 76.
- ^ Taylor, p. 76, quoting manuscript C 47/2/2
- ^ Avent, p. 19
- ^ Taylor, pp. 76, 127
- ^ a b c d Avent, p. 19.
- ^ Hillaby & Hillaby 2013, p. 143.
- ^ Pounds, p. 147.
- ^ Avent, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Avent, p. 19; Taylor, p. 76.
- ^ Avent, p. 19; Taylor, p. 77.
- ^ Avent, p. 20.
- ^ Pounds, p. 173.
- ^ Butler & Dunning, p. 79.
- ^ Wynne, pp. 105–108; Butler & Dunning, p. 80.
- ^ Avent, p. 21.
- ^ Jones, pp. 200–201.
- ^ a b Avent, p. 37.
- ^ a b Avent, p. 38.
- ^ Avent, p.39.
- ^ Avent, pp.39-40.
- ^ Avent, p. 40.
- ^ Davis, p. 43; Butler, p. 32.
- ^ Butler, p. 35.
Bibliography
- Avent, Richard. (2010) Dolwyddelan Castle, Dolbadarn Castle, Castell y Bere. Cardiff: Cadw. ISBN 978-1-85760-205-0.
- Butler, Lawrence and Dunning, G. C. (1974) "Medieval finds from Castell-y-Bere, Merioneth," Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 1974 pp. 78–112.
- Butler, Lawrence. (2010) "The Castles of the Princes of Gwynedd," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
- Davis, Paul R. (2007) Castles of the Welsh Princes. Talybont, UK: Y Lolfa Cyf. ISBN 978-0-86243-970-5.
- Jones, Alan Ffred. (2010) "King Edward' I's Castles in North Wales – Now and Tomorrow," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
- Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History. Basingstok: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230278165.
- King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00350-4.
- ISBN 978-0-907628-71-2.
- Williams, Diane M. and John R. Kenyon. (eds) (2010) The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0.
- Wynne, W. W. E. (1861) "Castell y Bere, Merionethshire," Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 16 pp. 105–110.