Castilian War
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Castilian War | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Francisco de Sande Pengiran Seri Lela or † Pengiran Seri Ratna † | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
1,000 men (royal guards) an unknown number of indigenous warriors 62 guns 50 ships |
2,200 men:
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Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown 170galleys captured[2] |
Unknown; presumably heavy[3] 17 men dead (by dysentery)[4] |
The Castilian War, also called the Spanish Expedition to Borneo, was a conflict between the
Background
History of Brunei | ||
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Pre-Sultanate | ||
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After the
Spanish arrival in the Philippines
In 1565, Spain began to send several expeditions to the Philippines from their ports in Mexico. Under Miguel López de Legazpi, they settled in Cebu, which soon became the Spanish capital of the archipelago and its primary trading post.[citation needed]
The Spanish settlements soon began to encroach on the aspirations that Brunei had in the Philippines. Between 1485 and 1521, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei had established the puppet state of Kota Serudong (also called the Kingdom of Maynila) to oppose the indigenous Kingdom of Tondo on the island of Luzon.[5] The Islamic presence in the region was also strengthened by the arrival of traders and missionaries from the areas of Malaysia and Indonesia.[6]
Despite Bruneian influence, Spanish colonization continued in the archipelago. In 1571, Miguel López launched an expedition from his capital in Cebu to conquer and Christianize the city of
War
Governor-General Francisco de Sande officially declared war against Brunei in 1578, and began preparations for an expedition to Borneo. De Sande assumed the title of
In addition to native
While early fighting was fierce, in the Siege of Kota Batu, Spain was quickly able to invade and conquer the capital of Brunei, by 16 April 1578. Spain enlisted the help of two disgruntled Bruneian
With the fall of his capital, Sultan Saiful Rijal and his court fled to the nearby town of Jerudong, where they prepared to launch a counterattack and retake Kota Batu. While the Bruneians were gathering themselves for an assault, the Spanish force occupying the capital greatly weakened by an outbreak of cholera and dysentery.[16][17] After a short time, Saiful Rijal manage to make a force of around a thousand native warriors and was led by Bendahara Sakam in the Battle of Kota Batu, Bendahara Sakam were able to drive out the outnumbered and outgunned Spaniards. Before their retreat, they burned and destroyed the city's mosque. After just 72 days, the Spanish returned to Manila on 26 June.[citation needed]
Aftermath
While the Spanish were unable to immediately subjugate Brunei, they did manage to prevent it from regaining a foothold in Luzon.[18] Relations between the two nations later improved and trade resumed, as evidenced by a 1599 letter from Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán in which he asked for a return to a normal relationship.[19] With the end of hostilities, Spain was able to focus its attention towards the ongoing Spanish-Moro Wars in the Philippines.
As a result of the conflict, Brunei ceased to be an empire at sea. It gradually set aside its policies of territorial expansion and developed into a city-state, surviving to the modern day as the oldest continuously Islamic political entity.[20]
Notes
- ^ a b c d "Brunei Civil War". Borneo History.
- ISBN 967-65-3049-2.
- ISBN 967-65-3049-2.
- ISBN 9789832643746.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ^ "Pusat Sejarah Brunei" (in Malay). Government of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 22
- ^ McAmis 2002, p. 35.
- OCLC 4777019.
- Government Printing Office. p. 379.
- ^ Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620 (From the Spanish Archives of the Indies): "The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered."
- ^ McAmis 2002, p. 33
- ^ "Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia by Nicholas Tarling p.39
- ^ Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792 by Jeremy Black p.16 [1]
- ^ Melo Alip 1964, p. 201,317
- ^ Frankham 2008, p. 278
- ^ Atiyah 2002, p. 71
- ^ Oxford Business Group 2009, p. 9
- ^ "The era of Sultan Muhammad Hassan". The Brunei Times. 1 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ Donoso, Isaac (Autumn 2014). "Manila y la empresa imperial del Sultanato de Brunei en el siglo XVI". Revista Filipina, Segunda Etapa. Revista semestral de lengua y literatura hispanofilipina. (in Spanish). 2 (1): 23. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
References
- Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), History of the Filipino people, R.P. Garcia, ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4
- McAmis, Robert Day (2002), Malay Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8
- Saunders, Graham E. (2002), A history of Brunei, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1698-2
- Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964), Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2
- The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009, Oxford Business Group, 2009, ISBN 978-1-907065-09-5
- Frankham, Steve (2008), Footprint Borneo, Footprint Guides, ISBN 978-1-906098-14-8
- Atiyah, Jeremy (2002), Rough guide to Southeast Asia, Rough Guide, ISBN 978-1-85828-893-2