Catacomb Church
The Catacomb Church (
The historian Mikhail Shkarovsky argues that "the catacombness of the Church does not necessarily mean its intransigence. This term covers all unofficial and therefore not state-controlled church activities".[3]
Organizationally, the Catacomb Church communities were usually not interconnected.[4]
Origin
The death of
Opposition to Sergius' declaration was based not only on his political concessions, but also on canonical and theological disagreements.[citation needed]
Terminology
The earliest documented use of the word "catacombs" to describe the Russian realities of the 20th century is found in the letters of abbess Athanasia (Gromeko) to Metropolitan
The use of the expressions "
Meanwhile, in the 1920s and 1930s, the term "catacomb church" was not widely used; other expressions were used more often. In letters sent during 1923 to the Commission for Religious Cults under the
The term "Catacomb Church" began to be actively used in the works of Ivan Andreyev , a figure of the Josephite movement who fled to Western Europe in 1944, under the influence of whose works this term became widespread in emigrant periodicals. Other emigrants of the second wave of Russian emigration noted the purely foreign nature of the expression "catacomb church".[1] Since its resumption in 1947, the magazine Orthodox Russia had been running the column "And the Light Shines in Darkness" with the subtitle "Soviet Catacombs of the Spirit", in which everything related to the everyday side of the underground Soviet church life was published. The catacomb church was described as the only force opposing the godless regime.[6] In the works of Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) authors, the typical image of the catacomb church was formed: ecclesiastical and political opposition to the leadership of the Moscow Patriarchate, illegality from the point of view of Soviet legislation, and consistent anti-Soviet sentiments of its members. Such "catacombists" were perceived as a staunch fighter against the regime. In this form, the expression "catacomb church" became an instrument of ideological polemics used by the ROCOR. According to the ideologists of the ROCOR, the powerful underground church in the USSR which was in opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate proved the illegitimacy of the official hierarchy.[1]
In journalism, this term has passed into the official documents of the ROCOR. The ROCOR
In 1974,
In the 1960s and 1970s, through illegal literature published abroad, and then through samizdat, the concepts of "catacombs" and "catacomb church" returned to the USSR. After that, some authors in the USSR used the word "catacomb" to designate ecclesiastical opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate, while others used it as a technical term as a synonym for the epithet "illegal" from the point of view of Soviet legislation. Since the second half of the 1980s, in connection with the policy of glasnost, the concept of "catacombs" has returned to journalism.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Беглов А. Л. Понятие «катакомбная церковь»: мифы и реальность // Меневские чтения. 2006. Научная конференция «Церковная жизнь XX века: протоиерей Александр Мень и его духовные наставники». — Сергиев Посад, 2007. — С. 51-59.
- ISBN 978-1-4051-6658-4.
- ^ Шкаровский 1999, p. 247.
- ^ В. Г. Пидгайко. ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ // Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.
- .
- ISBN 978-5-9765-3504-6.
- ISBN 978-5-7429-0931-6.
- ^ диакон Андрей Псарев Стремясь к единству: экклезиология РПЦЗ в отношении Московского Патриархата (1927—2007 гг.) Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine // bogoslov.ru, 24 января 2018
- ^ Кашеваров А. Н. «Православная Русь» — «церковно-общественный орган» Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей // bogoslov.ru, 10 февраля 2016
- ^ Кострюков 2020, p. 122.
- ^ "Letter to the Third Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad - ROCOR Studies". rocorstudies.org. 12 December 2012.
- ^ Кострюков 2020, p. 125.
- ^ Кострюков 2020, p. 126-127.
Literature
- "Introduction to Russia's Catacomb Saints". Orthodox Christian Information Center.
- Шкаровский, Михаил (1999). Русская Православная Церковь при Сталине и Хрущеве [The Russian Orthodox Church under Stalin and Khrushchev] (PDF). Moscow: Крутицкое Патриаршее Подворье, Общество любителей церковной истории.
- Беглов, Алексей (2008). В поисках «безгрешных катакомб». Церковное подполье в СССР [In search of "sinless catacombs". The Church underground in the USSR]. Moscow: Издательский Совет Русской Православной Церкви, «Арефа». ISBN 978-5-94625-303-1.
- ISBN 978-0-674-05391-5.
- В. Г. Пидгайко. ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ // Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.
- Маковецкий А. В. , "Роль участников катакомбного движения в организационном оформлении епархий Русской Православной Церкви заграницей на канонической территории Московского Патриархата (1982—1994 гг.)" // Церковно-исторический вестник. 2013—2014. — № 20/21. — С. 218—225
- Кострюков, Андрей (2020). К истории взаимоотношений между Русской Зарубежной Церковью и катакомбным движением на родине в 1970—1980-х гг. [On the History of the Relationship between the Russian Church Abroad and the Catacomb Movement at Home in the 1970s and 1980s] (PDF). Церковь и время. 1 (90): 118–136.
- Moss, Vladimir (1991-12-01). "The true orthodox church of Russia". Religion in Communist Lands. 19 (3–4): 239–250. ISSN 0307-5974.