Republican Left of Catalonia
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Republican Left of Catalonia Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya | |
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Elections |
The Republican Left of Catalonia (
ERC, a party of relevant Catalan politicians including
History
Republic and first Catalan self-government (1931–1936)
After the fall of
In September 1932, the Spanish Republican Cortes approved the
On 6 October 1934, Lluís Companys, who had been elected by the Parliament of Catalonia as the new President of the Generalitat after the death of Francesc Macià in December 1933, following the entry of right-wing ministers of the
In 1936, at the dawn of the
Civil War, Francoism and clandestinity (1936–1976)
During the Spanish Civil War ERC, as the leading force of the Generalitat, tried to maintain the unity of the Front in the face of growing tensions between the
The party was declared illegal (along with all other participants in the Popular Front) by Francisco Franco after he came to power in 1939. The former president of the Catalan Generalitat, Lluís Companys, was arrested by Nazi German agents[35] in collaboration with Vichy France, returned to Spain and executed on 15 October 1940 in Montjuïc Castle, Barcelona.[36]
Since 1939, despite the weak situation of the party, almost disbanded after the
Transition to democracy and the years of decline (1976–1987)
After the death of General Franco (1975), ERC celebrated in July 1976 the 8th National Congress, in which Barrera was confirmed as leader. In the election to Constituent Cortes of 1977, ERC went into coalition, as it was not yet legalized because of its status as a Republican party. ERC had requested registration in the register of political parties on 14 March of that year, but the Ministry of Interior - a month after the elections - responded: "The name proposed by the entity, referring to a political system incompatible with the one that is legally valid in Spain, can represent an assumption of inadmissibility ".[37] The party tried a coalition with Left Front or with Democratic Convergence, although finally it allied with the Party of Labour of Spain. The name of the electoral coalition was Left of Catalonia–Democratic Electoral Front (Esquerra de Catalunya-Front Electoral Democràtic). The coalition won a seat (Barrera). Some of the electoral promises were the Statute of Autonomy or a referendum about the Monarchy.
In October 1977, President
Recovering (1986–1996)
In 1987, the National Call manifesto was published, signed by personalities like Àngel Colom and Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira, who wanted ERC to bring together the new generation of independentists that aroses as a result of the disenchantment with the Spanish Transition. The entrance of these young people dynamizes the party, and in the Catalan election of 1988 obtained 6 seats. In 1989 a new direction led by Àngel Colom assumed the independence of Catalonia as a political aim. As a result of this new orientation, in 1990, the National Front of Catalonia, a historic organization founded in exile in 1940, joined ERC. In 1991, the organization Terra Lliure reconsidered its strategy, and abandoned the armed struggle, where some of its members joined ERC and many of those who formed Catalunya Lliure were incorporated too. These facts turned ERC, de facto, into the reference of the left-wing Catalan independentism.
The results obtained in the 1992 election to the Parliament of Catalonia placed ERC as the third political force of Catalonia, with the support of more than 210,000 voters and the obtaining of 11 seats, after a campaign in which, for the first time a party that appeared as a pro-independence party was widely popular. The 18th National Congress of ERC, held in June 1992, approved the reform of its statutes in the face of electoral growth, militancy and territorial presence. ERC advocates in its first statutory article the territorial unity and independence of the Catalan Countries, building its own state within the European framework and together with an ideological position of the left that takes the defense of democracy and environment, human rights and rights of the peoples, and based its ideology and political action on social progress and solidarity.
In the 1993 Spanish general election, ERC recovered its presence in the Congress of Deputies. The same year, Jordi Carbonell and Avel·lí Artís i Gener "Tísner", Left Nationalists members, joined ERC.[39] The local elections of 28 May 1995 represented an important quantitative and qualitative leap of the institutional presence of the party. ERC recovered the presence in many local councils of Catalonia, reaching more than 550 elected councillors and 32 mayors, and thus becomes the third municipal political force. In the 1995 Catalan election, ERC obtained the best result in number of votes since the Republic era, more than 305,000 voters and 13 seats.
In 1996, after a serious internal crisis, Àngel Colom, along with
New era with Carod Rovira and return to the Government
In November 1996, the 21st National Congress of ERC was held. The militants chose a new direction for the party, with
On 16 November 2003, in the
ERC became part of the tripartite government of the Generalitat, chaired by the socialist
Despite having been one of the main forces behind the movement for amendment, the party eventually opposed the 2006 changes to the
Political principles and representation
Its basic political principles are defined in the Statement of Ideology approved at the 19th National Congress in 1993. This is organised into the three areas that give the organisation its name:
The party is also federated with parties in the Balearic Islands and in Northern Catalonia in France, as well as with Republican Left of the Valencian Country in the Valencian Community. Except for their Balearic counterpart, none of the latter currently have any parliamentary representation in their respective territories, though they do have eight municipal councillors in the Balearic Islands[42] and six councillors in the Valencian Community.[42] Occitan Republican Left, formed in 2008, acts as the Aranese section of the party.
The Republican Left of Catalonia is the oldest political party in Catalan politics that has supported the idea of a sovereign Catalan nation for the entirety of its existence. From the inception of ERC in 1931, they have always been in favor of statehood for Catalonia.[43]
After the
Presidents
- Francesc Macià (1931–1933)
- Lluís Companys (1933–1935)
- Carles Pi i Sunyer (1933–1935)
- Lluís Companys (1936–1940)
- Heribert Barrera (1993–1995)
- Jaume Campabadal (1995–1996)
- Jordi Carbonell (1996–2004)
- Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira (2004–2008)
- Joan Puigcercós (2008–2011)
- Oriol Junqueras (2011–present)
General Secretaries
- Joan Lluís Pujol i Font (March 1931 – April 1931)
- Josep Tarradellas (April 1931 – March 1932)
- Joan Tauler (March 1932 – 1938)
- Josep Tarradellas (1938 – 1957)
- Joan Sauret (1957–1976)
- Heribert Barrera (1976–1987)
- Joan Hortalà (1987–1989)
- Àngel Colom Colom (1989–1996)
- Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira (1996–2004)
- Joan Puigcercós (2004–2008)
- Joan Ridao i Martín (2008–2011)
- Marta Rovira i Vergés(2011–present)
Electoral performance
Parliament of Catalonia
Parliament of Catalonia | |||||||
Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Leading candidate | Status in legislature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1932 | 224,800 | 47.1 | 1st | 56 / 85
|
— | Francesc Macià | Government |
Francoist dictatorship
| |||||||
1980 | 240,871 | 8.90% | 5th | 14 / 135
|
— | Heribert Barrera | Confidence and supply |
1984 | 126,943 | 4.41% | 5th | 5 / 135
|
9 | Heribert Barrera | Coalition (CiU–ERC) |
Opposition (from Feb. 1987) | |||||||
1988 | 111,647 | 4.14% | 5th | 6 / 135
|
1 | Joan Hortalà | Opposition |
1992 | 210,366 | 7.96% | 3rd | 11 / 135
|
5 | Àngel Colom | Opposition |
1995 | 305,867 | 9.49% | 5th | 13 / 135
|
2 | Àngel Colom | Opposition |
1999 | 271,173 | 8.67% | 4th | 12 / 135
|
1 | Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira | Opposition |
2003 | 544,324 | 16.44% | 3rd | 23 / 135
|
11 | Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira | Coalition (PSC–ERC–ICV–EUiA) |
Opposition (from May 2006) | |||||||
2006 | 416,355 | 14.03% | 3rd | 21 / 135
|
2 | Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira | Coalition (PSC–ERC–ICV–EUiA) |
2010 | 219,173 | 7.00% | 5th | 10 / 135
|
11 | Joan Puigcercós | Opposition |
2012 | Within ERC–CatSí | 19 / 135
|
9 | Oriol Junqueras | Confidence and supply | ||
2015 | Within JxSí | 24 / 135
|
5 | Oriol Junqueras | Coalition (CDC/PDeCAT–ERC) | ||
2017 | Within ERC–CatSí | 30 / 135
|
6 | Oriol Junqueras[a] | Coalition (JxCat–ERC) | ||
Coalition (Junts–ERC) (from Sep. 2020) | |||||||
2021 | 605,529 | 21.29% | 2nd | 33 / 135
|
3 | Pere Aragonès | Coalition (ERC–Junts) (2021-Oct. 2022) |
Government (from Oct. 2022) |
Parliament of the Balearic Islands
Parliament of the Balearic Islands | |||||||
Election | Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Leading candidate | Status in legislature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 2,082 | 0.55% | 7th | 0 / 59
|
— | No seats | |
1999 | 1,106 | 0.30% | 8th | 0 / 59
|
0 | No seats | |
2003 | 1,667 | 0.39% | 9th | 0 / 59
|
0 | Catalina Gelabert | No seats |
2007 | Within Bloc
|
1 / 59
|
1 | Biel Barceló | Coalition (PSIB–Bloc–UM) | ||
Coalition (PSIB–Bloc; from Feb. 2010) | |||||||
2011 | 5,325 | 1.27% | 8th | 0 / 59
|
1 | Joan Lladó | No seats |
2015 | 766 | 0.18% | 17th | 0 / 59
|
0 | Josep Antoni Prats | No seats |
Cortes Generales
Nationwide
Cortes Generales | |||||||||
Election | Congress | Senate | Leading candidate | Status in legislature | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Seats | +/– | |||
1977 | Within EC–FED | 1 / 350
|
— | 1 / 208
|
— | Heribert Barrera | Opposition | ||
1979 | 123,452 | 0.69% | 13th | 1 / 350
|
0 | 2 / 208
|
1 | Heribert Barrera | Opposition |
1982 | 138,118 | 0.66% | 9th | 1 / 350
|
0 | 2 / 208
|
0 | Francesc Vicens | Opposition |
1986 | 84,628 | 0.42% | 12th | 0 / 350
|
1 | 0 / 208
|
2 | Francesc Vicens | No seats |
1989 | 84,756 | 0.41% | 16th | 0 / 350
|
0 | 0 / 208
|
0 | Joan Hortalà | No seats |
1993 | 189,632 | 0.80% | 9th | 1 / 350
|
1 | 0 / 208
|
0 | Pilar Rahola | Opposition |
1996 | 167,641 | 0.67% | 9th | 1 / 350
|
0 | 0 / 208
|
0 | Pilar Rahola | Opposition |
2000 | 194,715 | 0.84% | 9th | 1 / 350
|
0 | 1 / 208
|
1 | Joan Puigcercós | Opposition |
2004 | 652,196 | 2.52% | 5th | 8 / 350
|
7 | 3 / 208
|
2 | Josep Lluís Carod-Rovira
|
Opposition |
2008 | 298,139 | 1.16% | 7th | 3 / 350
|
5 | 3 / 208
|
0 | Joan Ridao | Opposition |
2011 | Within ERC–CatSí | 3 / 350
|
0 | 0 / 208
|
3 | Alfred Bosch | Opposition | ||
2015 | Within ERC–CatSí | 9 / 350
|
6 | 6 / 208
|
6 | Gabriel Rufián | Opposition | ||
2016 | Within ERC–CatSí | 9 / 350
|
0 | 10 / 208
|
4 | Gabriel Rufián | Opposition | ||
2019 (Apr) | Within ERC–Sobiranistes | 14 / 350
|
5 | 11 / 208
|
1 | Oriol Junqueras[b] | Opposition | ||
2019 (Nov) | Within ERC–Sobiranistes | 12 / 350
|
2 | 11 / 208
|
0 | Gabriel Rufián | Opposition | ||
2023 | 462,883 | 1.89% | 5th | 7 / 350
|
6 | 3 / 208
|
8 | Gabriel Rufián | Confidence and supply |
Regional breakdown
|
|
European Parliament
European Parliament | |||||||||||
Election | Total | Catalonia | Balearic Islands | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | # | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | # | Votes | % | # | |
1987 | Within CEP | 0 / 60
|
— | 112,107 | 3.70% | 6th | 533 | 0.16% | 16th | ||
1989 | Within PEP | 0 / 60
|
0 | 78,408 | 3.29% | 6th | — | ||||
1994 | Within PEP | 0 / 64
|
0 | 141,285 | 5.52% | 5th | 2,350 | 0.81% | 8th | ||
1999 | Within CN–EP | 0 / 64
|
0 | 174,374 | 6.06% | 4th | — | ||||
2004 | Within EdP | 1 / 54
|
1 | 249,757 | 11.80% | 4th | 7,498 | 2.87% | 5th | ||
2009 | Within EdP–V | 1 / 54
|
0 | 181,213 | 9.20% | 4th | 7,651 | 2.97% | 4th | ||
2014 | Within EPDD | 1 / 54
|
0 | 595,493 | 23.69% | 1st | 19,602 | 7.26% | 5th | ||
2019 | Within AR | 2 / 59
|
1 | 727,039 | 21.21% | 3rd | 20,464 | 4.90% | 6th |
See also
- List of political parties in Catalonia
- Republican Youth of Catalonia
- Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia
Notes
- ^ At the time of the election, Junqueras was in preventive detention in Estremera (Madrid).
- ^ At the time of the election, Junqueras was in preventive detention in Soto del Real (Madrid).
References
- ^ Guibernau, Montserrat (2004), Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, transition and democracy, Routledge, p. 82
- ^ a b Hargreaves, John (2000), Freedom for Catalonia?: Catalan Nationalism, Spanish Identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games, Cambridge University Press, p. 84
- ^ a b The ERC is widely described as pro-independence:
- Buffery, Helena; Marcer, Elisenda (2011), Historical Dictionary of the Catalans, Scarecrow Press, p. 198
- Paluzie, Elisenda (2010), "The costs and benefits of staying together: the Catalan case in Spain", The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows: Measurement, Determinants and Effects on Country Stability, Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 367
- Hooghe, Liesbet; Marks, Gary; Schakel, Arjan H. (2010), The Rise of Regional Authority: A Comparative Study of 42 Democracies, Routledge, p. 194
- Schrijver, Frans (2006), Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom, Vossiuspers, Amsterdam University Press, p. 112
- McLaren, Lauren M. (2008), Constructing Democracy in Southern Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Italy, Spain, and Turkey, Routledge, p. 184
- Roller, Elisa (2004), "Conflict and Cooperation in EU Policy-Making: The Case of Catalonia", The EU and Territorial Politics Within Member States: Conflict Or Co-Operation?, Brill, p. 80
- S2CID 234853239. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ Alonso, Sonia (2012), Challenging the State: Devolution and the Battle for Partisan Credibility, Oxford University Press, p. 77
- ^ Ramiro, Luis; Morales, Laura (2007), "European integration and Spanish parties: Elite empowerment amidst limited adaptation", The Europeanization of National Political Parties: Power and organizational adaptation, Routledge, p. 146
- ^ Moreno, Luis; Colino, César (2010), "Kingdom of Spain", Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries, McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 299
- ^ "ERC diferencia el seu republicanisme del del PDC". El Món. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ "PONÈNCIA POLÍTICA 27è Congrés Nacional" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ Guibernau, Montserrat (2004), Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, transition and democracy, Routledge, p. 82
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Catalonia/Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ Canal 2018, p. 85 "Convivían en su seno desde tendencias obreristas hasta el filofascismo declarado de Josep Dencàs, conformando una opción catch-all tan atractiva como difícil de mantener al margen de riñas y escisiones internas"
- ^ Tardà i Coma, Joan (3 October 2018), "Si ofrecieran un buen Estatuto de Autonomía confederal es posible que muchos independentistas lo votaran"
- ^ Tardà i Coma, Joan (8 March 2019), "La mejor manera de desactivar al adversario es más república y menos estelada"
- ^ Rufián Romero, Gabriel, 4-6-19 GABRIEL RUFIAN: Yo no soy nacionalista y tampoco independentista, archived from the original on 21 December 2021
- ^ Catalan trial turns into pro-independence show of force. Politico. Author - Diego Torres. Published 2 February 2017. Updated 9 February 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
- ^ Catalan separatists projected to win snap election. Al Jazeera. Published 21 December 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Spain election: Socialists win amid far-right breakthrough". BBC News. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ Stothard, Michael (11 December 2017). "Catalan separatist focuses on fairer society over independence". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ "Catalan separatists projected to win majority in regional polls". Al Jazeera. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
The opinion poll showed that the two main rival separatist parties – the left-wing Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC) and the centre-right Together for Catalonia (Junts per Catalunya) would get 36-38 and 30-33 seats, respectively, in the 135-seat assembly.
- ^ Stone, Jon (20 September 2017). "Spanish police storm Catalan government buildings to stop independence referendum". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
Catalonia's provincial government is a broad church of separatist parties from the left and right, ranging from the left-wing Republican Left of Catalonia to the centre-right Democratic Convergence of Catalonia.
- S2CID 233589244. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
The other party in the Catalan government, the left-wing Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), indulged in Torra's strongest lines of attack to a certain extent, but their attitude throughout has been rather more conciliatory.
- ^ Esquerra aconsegueix 359 alcaldies amb Lleida i Tarragona al capdavant. ERC.cat, 2019
- ^ "Estatuts d'Esquerra Republicana" (PDF) (in Catalan). Retrieved 12 January 2019.
El partit assumeix com a marca genèrica Esquerra Republicana
- ^ Jaume Renyer Alimbau, ERC: temps de transició. Per una esquerra forta, renovadora i plural (Barcelona: Cossetània, 2008).
- ^ "ERC pide independizar Cataluña con Valencia, Baleares y parte de Aragón". Diario ABC (in Spanish). 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Qui som". esquerra.cat. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ^ "Temor en ERC: Sangría de militantes desde que Aragonès es presidente - Economía Digital". July 2022.
- ^ Soler Becerro, Raimon (9 January 2014). Les eleccions municipals de 1934 a Catalunya. Apèndix 1: Les eleccions municipals de 1931.
- ^ "The Battle for Spain" Beevor (2006) p.25
- ^ 1932 Parliament of Catalonia election in Historia Electoral
- ^ Rosenberg 1933, p. 212.
- ISSN 1695-2014.
- ^ Moreno Cullell, Vicente. "La victòria del Front Popular". Sàpiens blog. Sàpiens. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-203-86744-0.
- ^ Preston, Paul (2012). The Spanish Holocaust. Harper Press, London p.493
- ^ Moldes, Aleix (19 April 2019). "ERC, un partit il·legal al Congrés de Diputats". Ara: 7.
- ^ Pi, Jaume (20 December 2012). "CiU y ERC se reencuentran 32 años después". La Vanguardia.
- ISBN 846640421X.
- ^ Anuaris.cat, La divisió i la suma d'esforços
- ^ "Declaració ideològica. Esquerra Republicana" (PDF). esquerra.cat.
- ^ a b Dades electorals detallades de les Eleccions Locals 2011, arxiu històric electora, accessed 28 November 2012
- ^ Harris, Simon (2014). Catalonia is Not Spain: A Historical Perspective. S.I. 4 cats book. pp. 197–200.
Sources
- Rosenberg, S. L. Millard (May 1933). "Political News from Spain". Hispania. 16 (2). American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese: 207–218. JSTOR 332731.
- Culla, Joan B. (2012). Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 1931-2012 (1st ed.). La Campana. ISBN 978-84-96735-82-8.
- Canal, Jordi (2018). "Entre el autonomismo y la independencia: nacionalismo, nación y procesos de nacionalización en Cataluña (1980-2015)". In Sepúlveda Muñoz, Isidro (ed.). Nación y nacionalismos en la España de las autonomías. Madrid: ISBN 978-84-340-2494-6.
External links
- Official website (in Catalan)
- Ideological declaration (in English)
- ERC's brief history (in English)
- Joventuts de l'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya Youth section's site (in Catalan)