Catarrhini

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Catarrhines
Temporal range: Late Eocene–Holocene
Stump-tailed macaques
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Walter Zoo, Gossau, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
É. Geoffroy, 1812[1][2]
Superfamilies


sister:

Platyrrhini

Synonyms

The

parvorder
are called catarrhines.

The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the

Platyrrhini.[16][17][18][19]
Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean.

Description

The technical distinction between the

dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3,[20]
indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups.[citation needed] Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal,[20] and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

The apes – in both traditional and

Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons; and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus
.

Classification and evolution

According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between

great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya.[21]

According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.[22]

Catarrhini lost the enzyme

Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against the pathogen and survived.[23][24]

The distinction between apes and

monkeys: apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus, in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms like ape and monkey in English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian, the same term is used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes.[25]

Cladogram

Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

Crown Simians
 (37)

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini (35)

Oligopithecidae (†34 Mya)

Propliopithecoidea (35)

Taqah Propliopithecid (†31)

(33)
Propliopithecoidea s.s. (†31)

Propliopithecus (†30)

Aegyptopithecus (†30)

(33)

Kamoyapithecus (†25)

Pliopithecoidea (†6)

Micropithecus (†17)

Crown Catharrhini (31)

Hominoidea

(29)

Saadanioidea
(†28)

Cercopithecoidea
 (24)

Victoriapithecinae (†19)

Crown Cercopithecoidea

The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g. the Oligopithecidae.[32] The Saadanioidea may be sister to the Propliopithecoidea s.s., and Micropithecus may be sister to the Taqah Propliopithecids.[33]

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^ a b c d Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812). "Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 19. Paris: 85–122. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  3. ^ a b c d Martin, W.C. Linnaeus (1841). A General Introduction to The Natural History Mamminferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of Man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys. London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 339, 340, 361.
  4. ^
    OCLC 500576914
    .
  5. ^ Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc comte de (1827). Oeuvres complètes de Buffon: avec les descriptions anatomiques de Daubenton, son collaborateur (in French). Verdière et Ladrange. p. 61. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  6. ^
    ISSN 1422-6405
    .
  7. ^ "Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab.: Die Gibbons (Hylobatidae): Eine Einführung". www.gibbons.de. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  8. ^ "Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. 2017-06-21. Archived from the original on 2023-05-26. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  9. from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  10. .
  11. .
  12. from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  13. from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  14. .
  15. ^ Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1758). Caroli Linnaei...Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Archived from the original on 2017-03-25. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  16. S2CID 3268953
    .
  17. .
  18. .
  19. .
  20. ^ a b "Catarrhini Infraorder". ChimpanZoo (The Jane Goodall Institute). Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  21. PMID 12832653
    .
  22. .
  23. .
  24. ^ "Did An Ancient Pathogen Reshape Our Cells?". YouTube. Public Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeys and apes". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
  26. from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  27. (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
  28. .
  29. .
  30. (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
  31. from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  32. .
  33. .

Further reading

  • Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). "Primate Evolution" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  • Raaum, Ryan L.; Sterner, Kirstin N.; Noviello, Colleen M.; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2005). "Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (3): 237–257.
    PMID 15737392
    .

External links