Big tent

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A big tent party, or catch-all party, is a term used in reference to a political party having members covering a broad spectrum of beliefs.[1] This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it.

Examples

Armenia

Main article: Politics of Armenia

Following the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the My Step Alliance rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening Armenia's civil society and economic development.[2]

Australia

Main article: Politics of Australia

The

Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "broad church", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister John Howard. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.[3][4]

Argentina

From its foundation the

left-wing populist Kirchnerists now dominate the party, despite the right-wing
faction still exists.

Juntos por el Cambio is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of Republican Proposal (centre-right), Civic Coalition ARI (centre) and Radical Civic Union (centre), with common goals to oppose Peronist parties. It is considered as part of center-right coalition.

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh Awami League's Grand Alliance (Bangladesh) and BNP's 20 Party Alliance forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.[5]

Brazil

Main article: Centrão

In Brazil, the

Solidarity (SD) and Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS).[9]

Canada

Main articles:
Politics in Canada and Political culture of Canada

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."

Canadian Parliament.[18][19][10]

Colombia

Main article: League of Anti-Corruption Governors

In Colombia, the presumed

extreme right.[21][22]

Finland

The centre-right National Coalition Party has been described as catch-all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes.[23]

France

The

Renaissance party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President Emmanuel Macron has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.[24]

Germany

Both the Christian Democratic Union of Germany/Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) are considered big tent or catch-all parties, known in German as Volksparteien ("people's parties").[25]

India

The Bharatiya Janata Party which is the ruling party of India since 2014 has made a successful coalition of diverse Indian communities of all caste, class and gender denominations. The Indian National Congress attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions supportive of the Indian independence movement.[26] The Janata Party which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to The Emergency.[27]

Ireland

liberal-conservative ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly historical, with those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty
in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those who opposed the treaty having joined Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland.

Italy

In Italy, the

Northern League attracted voters in its early years from all of the political spectrum. Forza Italia, on the centre-right, and the Democratic Party, on the centre-left, are considered to be catch-all parties and were mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds.[citation needed
]

Japan

Main article: Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)

Historically, the

neoliberals. The party developed an intricate factional system to maintain co-operation and to ensure hegemonic success in elections. However, the party has seen some former factions defect or die out since the 1990s, especially the more moderate ones, which has led the party to shift overall towards the right
.

The New Frontier Party, which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.[30]

The former main

conservative groups.[31]

Mexico

The

free-market capitalism and neoliberal policies.[32][33][34]

The

National Regeneration Movement, founded by Andrés Manuel López Obrador, has often been described as a big-tent party because of the various constituents who joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.[35][36] Juntos Hacemos Historia is a big-tent alliance led by the National Regeneration Movement that contested the 2021 Mexican legislative election.[37]

Portugal

The centre-left Socialist Party (PS) and centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.[38]

Romania

Romania's Social Democratic Party has been referred to as a catch-all party. Political analyst Radu Magdin described it in December 2016 as having conservative values, while being economically liberal, and espousing left-leaning rhetoric on public policies.[39]

Spain

conservative views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and Spanish nationalist positions; and many problems by its own leader, Inés Arrimadas. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with Albert Rivera admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the April 2019 Spanish general election, regardless of the results.[40][41][42] Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the People's Party, which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right Vox
to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left".

South Africa

The African National Congress (ANC) has been the governing party of South Africa since the country's first democratic election, in 1994, and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.[43][44][45][46] An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the Tripartite Alliance between the ANC; the South African Communist Party; and the country's largest trade union, COSATU.[44] Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders.

United Kingdom

When

Northern Ireland Secretary (Ashdown turned down the offer).[47][48] The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a government of all the talents" or simply "Brown's big tent".[49]

In Scotland, the

Scottish government continuously since the 2007 Scottish general election
.

All for Unity was a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the 2021 Scottish Parliament election but failed to win any seats.[50]

United States

The Democratic Party was a "big-tent" party during the New Deal coalition, which was formed to support President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the 1930s to the 1960s.[51] The coalition brought together labor unions, working-class voters, farm organizations, liberals, Southern Democrats, African Americans, urban voters, and immigrants.[52][53]

After the 1974

minarchist party.[54]

Other examples

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."[10][11]

References

  1. ^ "Definition of "big tent" in English". oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  2. ^ "Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution". Europe Elects. December 4, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  3. ^ "Divergent views vital to Howard's broad church". Sydney Morning Herald. March 22, 2005.
  4. ^ "Can the Liberal Party hold its 'broad church' of liberals and conservatives together?". The Conversation. April 10, 2018.
  5. ^ "OP-ED: How the house of cards came crashing down". April 8, 2021.
  6. ^ "Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). July 29, 2018.
  7. ^ Benites, Talita Bedinelli, Afonso (December 19, 2017). "PMDB volta a se chamar MDB: retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved September 24, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Deak, Andre (November 12, 2014). "Partidos políticos". Memórias da ditadura (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  9. ^ "O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  10. ^
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  11. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4
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  12. ISBN 978-0-19-541806-4
    . two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled "brokerage politics"
  13. ISBN 978-1-4426-3521-0
    . ...most Canadian governments, especially at the federal level, have taken a moderate, centrist approach to decision making, seeking to balance growth, stability, and governmental efficiency and economy...
  14. ISBN 978-1-317-25478-2
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-4426-0695-1. Canada's party system has long been described as a "brokerage system" in which the leading parties (Liberal and Conservative) follow strategies that appeal across major social cleavages
    in an effort to defuse potential tensions.
  16. ^ Elections Canada (2018). "Plurality-Majority Electoral Systems: A Review". Elections Canada. First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly-based, accommodative, centrist parties...
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  18. S2CID 145773856
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  19. ^ Taub, Amanda (2017). "Canada's Secret to Resisting the West's Populist Wave". The New York Times.
  20. ^ "Elecciones presidenciales en Colombia: la hora de la esperanza". Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - UNLP. May 31, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  21. ^ "La Justicia obliga a Rodolfo Hernández a debatir con Gustavo Petro ante el balotaje en Colombia" (in Spanish). June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  22. ^ Schneider, Aaron. "Colombia's Hernandez is offering a passive revolution from above". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
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  29. ^ a b Valentina Romei, Five Star Movement: the protest party explained in charts: Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity, Financial Times (January 10, 2017).
  30. ISBN 9781317745976
    . The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch-all party, the Shinshinto (New Frontier Party), got founded by Ozawa and others.
  31. ^ Spremberg, Felix (November 25, 2020). "How Japan's Left is repeating its unfortunate history". International Politics & Society Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2021. The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan's version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a 'big tent party' for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.
  32. ^ "Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich". El Universal. January 11, 2018.
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  35. ^ Schettino, Macario (June 6, 2018). "Mexico 2018: How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2018. Morena's star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies. The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro, young leftist academics, former PRI leaders, evangelical Christians, actors, athletes, and even the odd business tycoon or two. In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI, which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power.
  36. ^ Graham, Dave (March 20, 2018). "Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2018. In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador's National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.
  37. ^ "Morena, PT y PVEM presentan alianza 'Juntos hacemos historia' para elecciones de 2021". El Financiero (in Spanish). December 24, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  38. ISBN 978-1-317-92945-1
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  39. ^ Păun, Carmen (December 13, 2016). "Pragmatism is a winner for Romanian Left". Politico. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  40. ^ "¿Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas?" (in Spanish). May 15, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  41. ^ "Albert Rivera: "No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sánchez, les echaremos y punto"" (in European Spanish). March 3, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  42. ^ Orriols, Lluís. "¿Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha? Sí, pero quizás no tanto" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  43. ^ Grootes, Stephen (May 5, 2019). "2019 Elections - ANALYSIS: Curiouser and Curiouser – the strange case of the 2019 elections". Daily Maverick. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  44. ^ a b Campbell, John (July 18, 2017). "A Political Opening in South Africa". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  45. ^ Shoki, William (April 2019). "South Africa's Third Way revival". africasacountry.com. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  46. ^ Herskovitz, Jon (September 15, 2010). "ANC stability shakes SA's economic future". The M&G Online. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
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  48. ^ "The fallout from Brown's job offer". BBC News. June 21, 2007.
  49. ^ "First 100 days: Gordon Brown". BBC News. October 5, 2007.
  50. ISSN 0140-0460
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  51. Joseph S. Nye, Philip Zelikow, David C. King
    : Harvard University Press, 1997).
  52. ^ Lisa Young, Feminists and Party Politics (University of Michigan Press, 2000), p. 84.
  53. ^ Holly M. Allen, "New Deal Coalition" in Class in America: An Encyclopedia (Vol. 2: H-P), ed. Robert E. Weir (ABC-CLIO, 2007), p. 571: "During the 1930s liberals, labor unions, white ethnics, African Americans, farm groups, and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition. Though never formally organized, the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s. Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964. The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, the increasing segmentation of the labor force, and waning influence of unions, and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition's erosion in the late 1960s."
  54. ^ Paul Gottfried, The conservative movement: Social movements past and present , Twayne Publishers, 1993, p. 46.
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  62. ^ Ditrych, Ondrej (July 2013). "The Georgian succession" (PDF). European Union Institute for Security Studies. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2016. ...GD as a catch-all movement...
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  73. ^ David Torrance, "Scotland's Progressive Dilemma," The Political Quarterly, 88 (2017): 52–59. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12319.
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  76. ^ Stojić, Marko (2017). Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans: Transformation, Opposition or Defiance?. Springer. p. 135.
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  81. ^ a b "Junts pel Sí (Together for Yes): "We are all in, we've reached the end of the line"". Ara. July 21, 2015.
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