Lima Metropolitan Cathedral

The Basilica Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima and Primate of Peru, otherwise Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, is a

When Francisco Pizarro founded Lima, he assigned a plot of land to the church, making Sinchi Puma renounce his assets on paper certified by a notary, so that the occupation of the site chosen for the church would not mean usurpation of ownership.

In 1535, Pizarro laid the first stone

After the disputes between

On 8 October 1549, the Cabildo of Lima discussed that it would be convenient for the cathedral to have a clock and decreed that one be purchased that had been brought from Spain at the time.^[1]

With the changes introduced by the peacemaker

A large cathedral

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  The City of the Kings of Lima, in the foreground the unfinished Cathedral, painting of 1615 by the

  Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.^[2]
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  The unfinished cathedral of Lima in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. Museo de América (Madrid).^[3]
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  Lima’s Main Square in 1843 by Johann Moritz Rugendas. Lima Art Museum.^[4]
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  The Cathedral and the Plaza Mayor in 1850
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  The Cathedral of Lima and the Renaissance fountain at the Plaza Mayor in 1860 by Henri Godard and Jardinet.^[5]

Later, when the city of Lima became an Archbishopric, the construction of a new cathedral was considered in accordance with the rise in status of the episcopate of Lima, as well as with its population growth. In 1564

When Viceroy Martín Enríquez de Almanza arrived, in 1581, being Archbishop of Lima Toribio de Mogrovejo, arranged for a new cathedral to be built and in 1585 the Trujilloan architect Francisco Becerra, who had made plans for several buildings in Mexico and Quito, was called from Cusco, where, at the time, he was working, and was in charge of the construction of the third cathedral. Becerra made a new plan (considered to be the plan on which the existing cathedral is based) that took, in part, the cathedrals of Jaén and Seville as models. The first had three naves, like the one in Lima, the second had five, but there are doors in the arms of the crossing, three doors in the main façade and a side courtyard called, as in the Cathedral of Lima, the Patio de los Naranjos, which is reached through the side door that is to the left. The definitive layout of the cathedral, made by Becerra, resulted in a Renaissance-style church, with a wide floor plan and 3 large naves and two side chapels.^[1]

The Cathedral of Lima is a temple with three naves with two more chapels and a flat closing wall. (...) The three naves are of the same height, as in the one in Jaén. This last one was the immediate precedent of the two Peruvian cathedrals.

— Taken from El Arte Hispanoamericano (1988).

In 1602, the church was still "an old shack-type, covered with straw with much indecency" according to a letter that Philip III of Spain sent to Archbishop Toribio de Mogrovejo in which he urged him to hurry up with the construction work.

In 1604 the first part of the third cathedral was inaugurated. When Becerra died in 1605, only half of the church was built.

The final plan was designed immediately after the 1606 earthquake, although another in 1609 threatened to destroy the entire building, damaging the vaults of the built part. Discussions were held on the best means of defense against seismic movements: the Chief Architect, Juan Martínez de Arrona, supported the idea of brick vaults, but several members of the Cabildo or Municipal Council considered that it would be better to cover the cathedral with wood. Tired of the need to find a solution to the problem, they appointed Bartolomé Lorenzo as Advisor to Arrona. Finally, in October 1625, the naves of the main part of the third cathedral were consecrated. The main entrance (designed by Arrona) was completed in 1632, and the towers in 1649. The 1687 earthquake caused much damage to the cathedral, and despite all the precautions taken in construction, the 1746 earthquake damaged the structure again and almost reduced it to ruins, requiring a new reconstruction, the Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco ruled at the time, who ordered a new cathedral to be built in the same place in 1758. The existing building is a reconstruction, which, by order of the Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, undertook -following the old plans- the Jesuit Juan Rher (born in Prague).

Rher took full advantage of the use of wood and quincha in the ribbed vaults, rebuilt the Renaissance stone doorway and advanced the work quite a bit, leaving the bell towers unfinished for a long time.

The reconstruction was carried out in three parts, the first culminated in 1755, the second in 1758 and the last in 1778. Between the years 1794 and 1797 the current bell towers of the cathedral, which remained unfinished, were rebuilt being finished by the Presbyter Matías Maestro.

In the left tower is the bell called "la Cantabria", which weighs 300 quintals and was cast in Lima. On the right "la Purísima", of 150 quintals, and "la Vieja", of 55 quintals.

In its interior aspect as in the exterior, the first church of Peru, which holds the title of Metropolitan Basilica, has undergone many notable changes. Baroque, Gothic and Neoclassical elements have been mixed in this way. A substantial change was the transfer of the choir to the presbytery as well as the removal of most of the Baroque altars and ornaments that it originally had for the early-19th century Renaissance ones. These transformations began in 1804, in accordance with the neoclassical currents prevailing at the time. In 1891, the supposed remains of the founder of Lima (Francisco Pizarro) were moved to the cathedral and placed in the Chapel of la adoración de los Reyes, the third on the left hand side, where they rested until the mausoleum was built in which, currently, The authentic remains found in 1977 are preserved.

On 28 May 1921, recognition was conferred as a

The earthquake of 1940 caused damage to the cathedral and for this reason a restoration work was undertaken whose direction was entrusted to Emilio Harth Terré.

The cathedral in the Historic Center of Lima

Since 1991 the cathedral has been included as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is in the Historic Center of Lima and its visit is de rigueur at the time of tourism in Peru.

Description of the façade and determination of its style

The façade of the Cathedral of Lima is in the Renaissance style with Plateresque decorations. Its tall towers with slate spires are Neoclassical with stylistic influences from El Escorial School and Northern Europe.

It has three doors, as in most cathedrals. The main one (the one in the center) is called Puerta del Perdón, the right side is called Puerta de la Epístola and the left side is called Puerta del Evangelio.

There are also two side doors, one that leads to the Calle de Judíos (right side) and another that leads to the Patio de los Naranjos (inner courtyard attached to the cathedral). In the back of the cathedral (Calle de Santa Apolonia) there are 2 other portals: Santa Apolonia and San Cristóbal.

On the main façade you can see statues of the Apostles, and in the central

Next to the cathedral are the Church del Sagrario (one of the oldest in Lima) and the Archbishop's Palace, seat of the ecclesiastical government of Lima.

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  Image of Matthew the Apostle on the main portal of the Lima Metropolitan Cathedral.
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  Sculpture of Andrew the Apostle
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  Image of Jesus and colonial decorations on the front of the cathedral.
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  A bell tower

Description of its interior

The Cathedral of Lima shows several styles, from

Originally its altars were Baroque in style, some of them being replaced by Neoclassical altars. The choir stalls, although presenting a Renaissance tradition, have an eclectic layout. In its chapels and sacristy it preserves works by the most famous sculptors of the colonial era in Peru.

The cathedral itself is a perfect synthesis of the architectural styles that were developed in the city of Lima from its origins to the present day.^{[citation needed]}

Naves

The Cathedral of Lima has three naves and two additional naves where the side chapels open.

Along the side naves, large-format paintings of the

Chapels

Chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza

In the left nave we can see, in the first chapel, the old

The next is the one that currently receives the name of the Chapel of la Antigua, as the one located in the

The next is the Chapel of the Peruvian Saints, presided over by the image of Saint Rose of Lima, the first saint in the Americas, together with those of Saint Martin de Porres, Saint John Macias and Saint Francisco Solano, Peruvian saints. It was originally dedicated to Rose of Lima shortly after her canonization, and was initially located in the now defunct Church of Belén. In it is the tomb of Mons. Emilio Lissón, 27th Archbishop of Lima, currently in the process of beatification.

Then, over the door that leads to the Patio de los Naranjos you can see the monumental pipe organ commissioned by the 20th Archbishop of Lima Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro, built in Belgium by the organ builder Hippolyte Loret (1810-1879), and is disused for more than 60 years.

Chapel of la Inmaculada Concepción

Next is the impressive Chapel of la Inmaculada Concepción, this is one of the few chapels that retains its primitive

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  Cathedral choir stalls.
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  Male saints and female saints of the choir stalls.
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  Upper detail of the choir stalls

Crypt of Francisco Pizarro

In the right nave, starting again from the entrance, is first the crypt of Francisco Pizarro, completely covered with mosaics alluding to the Conquest. On one of the walls you can see the coat of arms of Lima. In the sarcophagus it is seen that the head is separated from the body, possibly detached by multiple manipulations to which its remains were exposed. The original body was discovered in the early 20th century. In front of the sarcophagus, there is a small chest containing earth from his hometown, Trujillo.

Formerly, when entering the Cathedral of Lima, it was always thought that Pizarro's body was the one that was presented in a glass urn located in an altar of the Cathedral itself. Precisely the tourist guides indicated the right side, near the entrance, the altar was made of marble, and there was a mummified skeleton, of a saffron color. In 1891, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of his death, it was decided to publicly display his remains in this place, and since then it has been a must for everyone who visits Lima.

In 1977 the cathedral is subjected to a restoration inside, and that is when some workers of the crypt of the cathedral, accidentally came across a lead box with some blurred inscriptions, they could not imagine that It was about the true remains of the Spanish founder of Lima. Behind a wall was a niche where they found the box. The inscription read: Here is the head of the Lord Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, who discovered and won the kingdoms of Peru and placed in the Royal Crown of Castile. Next to it was found a coffin lined on the inside with velvet, containing a large number of bones. A team of scientists managed to determine that those remains belonged to a woman, two children, a mature man who was later found to be Pizarro. In addition, these scientists worked long months to determine the origin of these remains. Archaeologists, anthropologists, pathologists, radiologists, chemists, and historians joined forces to obtain data and details related to Pizarro's hectic political and military life.

In this chapel was originally the altarpiece of the Cristo del Auxilio, now in the Chapel of Santa Ana.

Chapel of San Juan Bautista

Then there is the Chapel of San Juan Bautista, whose altarpiece presents

Chapel of la Virgen de la Candelaria

Next is the Chapel of the Virgen de la Candelaria, whose altarpiece is a masterful work of the priest Maestro. His style is Baroque-Neoclassical transition.

Chapel of Saint Turibius of Mogrovejo

Then the Chapel of Saint Turibius of Mogrovejo, second Archbishop of Lima and Patron of the Latin American episcopate, whose remains are preserved in the Cathedral^[1] (a reliquary with his relics can be seen on this altar). In this chapel other reliquaries with episcopal ornaments of the saint can be seen on the walls. On the left is the tomb of Cardinal Juan Landázuri Ricketts, 30th Archbishop of Lima, and on the right, a large painting that shows the episode of the theft of some hosts from the neighboring Church del Sagrario (the hosts were miraculously found, it is said, in the neighboring Rímac District, where the Church of Santa Liberata currently stands, there is another painting that shows the moment of the discovery). Like the altarpiece of Saint Rose of Lima, it originally belonged to the now defunct Church de Belén.

Then, above the side door, is the gallery for the choir, with its organ.

Chapel of San Juan Evangelista

Follow the Chapel of San Juan Evangelista (formerly Chapel of Santa Ana). On the left wall is the tomb of Nicolás de Ribera the Elder, the first mayor of Lima. Its altarpiece is one of the most beautiful in this cathedral, its style is Baroque-Neoclassical transition.

Chapel la Visitación

Then, we see the Chapel of la Visitación or of las Ánimas, with the group of the Visitation presiding over it. To the left is a Risen Christ who leaves in triumphal procession on

Chapel of las Ánimas

Next is the sepulcher chapel of the Archbishop of

Finally, the last chapel is dedicated to Saint Joseph, with polychrome reliefs on the altarpiece alluding to his life. Some reliefs of the life of the Virgin are also exhibited in this area of the nave. The sculptural group of the Holy Family that presides over the altar is due to the sculptor Pedro Muñoz de Alvarado.

Sacristy and Chapter House

Returning to the Sacristy and already entering it, we find ourselves in the ante-sacristy, also called the room of zodiac, since on its walls there are 12 paintings painted in the Bassano workshop, alluding to the 12 zodiacal signs. Attached is the Sala Mons. Alberto Brazzini, inaugurated in honor of the prelate, who died on 29 May 2001, who was the Auxiliary Bishop of Lima. Numerous objects of religious art are exhibited here, his heritage and donated by the family to the cathedral; besides some of his episcopal ornaments and jewels.

Moving on to the

Finally, we arrived at the

It was in the back room of the church. In its main altarpiece was originally the canvas of Our Lady of la Antigua, now in the chapel of the Kings. A text from the 17th century describes the original Baroque altarpiece, mentioning the existence of twelve Solomonic columns and thirty paintings of the Virgin, in addition to the canvas that is the title of the altarpiece. The chapel disappeared with the reforms undertaken at the end of the 19th century, together with four other auxiliary chapels of the first one, which were located on the sides of the choir.

The Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima today

In recent years, under the pastoral care of Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne and with the support of private companies, numerous and meticulous restoration works have been carried out on the cathedral and its works of art, as well as the improvement of its illumination, culminating the works in 2004, year of the 400th anniversary of the inauguration of the first built part of the third Cathedral.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005 new lighting was installed (so that its façade is enhanced at night) as part of the project called "Circuito Turístico de la Luz", carried out at the initiative of the mayor of Lima Luis Castañeda Lossio to improve the Historic Centre of Lima.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to the Cathedral of Lima, the Government Palace and the Palacio Municipal de Lima were also considered within the group of buildings illuminated by the Municipality of Lima and the Grupo Endesa.^{[citation needed]}

During the week, the cathedral offers tourists the religious site as a museum, which preserves notable artistic works from colonial times.^{[citation needed]}

Cathedral of Lima and Treasure of Lima

A well known urban legend is that in 1820 a vast amount treasure the so-called Treasure of Lima was hidden in the cathedral by the citizens of Lima and that to save it from José de San Martín revolutionary armies it was placed on a British vessel which was supposed to anchor in the Harbor; instead the ships Captain killed the guards and fled to Cocos Island where he buried the treasure and that years later treasure hunters still tried to find legendary lost treasure of Lima. Underscoring this legend are several facts:

• 1] In 1855 a New York Newspaper printed an 1854 letter from San Francisco California which recounted that there was going a treasure expedition to Cocos Island based on a near deathbed confession-only the treasure did not come from Lima but was alleged to be from a Spanish gallon that had been captured in 1816 by pirates and buried on Cocos Island^[6]
• 2] August Gissler who lived on Cocos Island from 1889 to 1908; his quest for treasure was also unsuccessful: in over twenty years he never found more than six gold coins despite diligent searching
• 3] By 1929 the version of the so-called Cathedral of Lima/Treasure of Lima was printed in an American newspaper^[7]

Burials

• Francisco Pizarro
• Archbishop of La Plata and Lima, and Viceroy of Peru, Friar Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón
• Saint Turibius of Mogrovejo^[1]
• Jerónimo de Loayza
• Augusto Vargas Alzamora
• Luigi Arrigoni
• Juan Guevara
• Antonio de Mendoza
• Juan Landázuri Ricketts

See also

• List of buildings in Lima
• Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lima Cathedral.

• (in Spanish) La Catedral de Lima website by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima