Catholic Church in Australia
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (June 2017) |
Bible | |
---|---|
Theology | Catholic theology |
Polity | Episcopal |
Governance | Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference |
Pope | Pope Francis |
President of ACBC | Timothy Costelloe SDB |
Region | Australia |
Language | English, Latin |
Origin | 1788 Sydney, New South Wales |
Number of followers | 5,886,980 (2021) |
Official website | catholic.org.au |
Part of a series on the |
Catholic Church by country |
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Catholicism portal |
The Australian Catholic Church or Catholic Church in Australia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual and administrative leadership of the Holy See. From origins as a suppressed, mainly Irish minority in early colonial times, the church has grown to be the largest Christian denomination in Australia, with a culturally diverse membership of around 5,075,907 people, representing about 20% of the overall population of Australia according to the 2021 ABS Census data.[1]
The church is the largest non-government provider of welfare and education services in Australia.
The church in Australia has five provinces: Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. It has
Demographics
Since the 1980s, Catholicism has been largest Christian denomination in Australia constituting around one quarter of the overall population becoming slightly larger than the
This was repeated again in 2021, with the numbers dropping to 5,075,907 people, representing about 18.9% of the overall population of Australia according to the 2021 ABS Census data.[1]Until the
At the 2016 Census, the ancestries that Australian Catholics most identified with were English (1.49 million), Australian (1.12 million), Irish (577,000), Italian (567,000) and Filipino (181,000).
Despite a growing population of Catholics, weekly
There are seven
State/Territory[18] | % 2016 | % 2011 | % 2006 | % 2001 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australian Capital Territory | 22.3 | 26.1 | 28.0 | 29.1 |
New South Wales | 24.7 | 27.5 | 28.2 | 28.9 |
Northern Territory | 19.9 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 22.2 |
Queensland | 21.7 | 23.8 | 24.0 | 24.8 |
South Australia | 18.0 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 20.8 |
Tasmania | 15.6 | 17.9 | 18.4 | 19.3 |
Total | 22.6 | 25.3 | 25.8 | 26.6 |
Victoria
|
23.2 | 26.7 | 27.5 | 28.4 |
Western Australia | 21.4 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 24.7 |
History
Arrival and suppression
Since time immemorial, indigenous people in Australia had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religions of the
The permanent presence of Catholicism in Australia came rather with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic, and at least half of them were born in Ireland.[13] A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic.
Just as the British were setting up the new colony, French captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse arrived off Botany Bay with two ships.[22][23][24] La Pérouse was 6 weeks in Botany Bay, where the French, besides other things, held Catholic Masses.[25] The crew conducted the first Catholic burial, that of Father Louis Receveur, a Franciscan friar who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay.[26]
Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of Catholicism for the first three decades of settlement.[27]
Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans.
The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire. The government therefore endorsed the English
Emancipation and growth
The
The church's most prominent early leader was
At Polding's request, the
Establishing themselves first at
Despite anti-Irish lobbying by English Catholic bishops and the British government, Irish cleric
In Rome in 1884, Moran had met the Venerable Mary Potter and invited her to send a group of her newly established Little Company of Mary sisters to Australia in order to establish a local congregation. Six pioneering sisters arrived in Sydney in November 1885, commencing work caring for the sick and dying. Establishing a convent at Lewishman, they had nearly fifty members within just five years. In 1889 they opened a small hospital at Lewisham. Under the leadership of Mother Mary Xavier Lynch from 1899, the hospital would grow to be one of Sydney's leading general hospitals and nursing schools.[41] Mother Mary Xavier established a new hospital at Adelaide in 1900 and Wagga Wagga in 1926, and despatched sisters to found hospitals in New Zealand and South Africa.[41] In 1922 she became the order's first provincial of Australasia, and is remembered as one of Australia's most noted hospital and nursing administrators.[42]
The Catholic Church also became involved in mission work among the Aboriginal people of Australia during the 19th century as Europeans came to control much of the continent.[43] According to Aboriginal anthropologist Kathleen Butler-McIlwraith, there were many occasions when the Catholic Church attempted to advocate for Aboriginal rights, but the missionaries were also "functionaries of the Protection and Assimilation policies" of the government and so "directly contributed to the current disadvantage experienced by Indigenous Australians".[44][45] The missionaries themselves argued that they protected children from dysfunctional aspects of indigenous culture.[46]
With the withdrawal of state aid for church schools around 1880, the Catholic Church, unlike other Australian churches, put great energy and resources into creating a comprehensive alternative system of education. It was largely staffed by sisters, brothers and priests of religious institutes, such as the Christian Brothers (who had returned to Australia in 1868); the
Federation
The
The Catholic Church was rooted in the working class Irish communities. Moran, the Archbishop of Sydney from 1884 to 1911, believed that Catholicism would flourish with the emergence of the new nation through Federation in 1901, provided that his people rejected "contamination" from foreign influences such as anarchism, socialism, modernism and secularism. Moran distinguished between European socialism as an atheistic movement and those Australians calling themselves "socialists"; he approved of the objectives of the latter while feeling that the European model was not a real danger in Australia. Moran's outlook reflected his wholehearted acceptance of Australian democracy and his belief in the country as different and freer than the old societies from which its people had come.[52] Moran thus welcomed the Labor Party and the Catholic Church stood with it in opposing conscription in the referendums of 1916 and 1917.[53] The hierarchy had close ties to Rome, which encouraged the bishops to support the British Empire and emphasize Marian piety.[54]
Between the Wars
Another Irish cleric, Archbishop
The Australian congregation known as Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor was founded by Melbourne born mystic Eileen Rosaline O'Connor and Fr Edward McGrath in a rented home at Coogee in 1913. The deeply religious youth had suffered a damaged spine when she was three years old and lived in a wheelchair with a painful disability. The parish priest of Coogee Fr Edward McGrath had found accommodation for her widowed mother and family, and been impressed by her courage. O'Connor told McGrath that she had experienced a visitation from Mary, and McGrath shared with her his hope to establish a congregation of nurse to serve the poor. Eventually, a group of seven lay-women gathered around O'Connor and elected her as their first superior. Directed by the largely bed-ridden O'Connor, they visited the sick poor and nursed the frail aged. O'Connor died in 1921 of chronic tuberculosis of the spine and exhaustion. She was 28.[59] Initially a lay-group, the Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor later formed themselves into a religious community of sisters under vows, and their work continues in Sydney, Newcastle, and Macquarie Fields. In 2018, Australia's bishops voted to initiate her cause for sainthood, and the Holy See granted her the title Servant of God.[60]
In October 1916, the Catholic Women's Social Guild (now Catholic Women's League) was formed in Fitzroy, Victoria, and Dr Mary Glowrey became the inaugural president.[61] Dr Glowrey was one of the first women to study medicine at Melbourne University, and later went to India to become a missionary nun, founding the largest non-government healthcare system in that country. She was accorded the title Servant of God in 2013, and her cause for sainthood is underway.[62]
The Australian Army Chaplains Department was promulgated in 1913, and 86 Catholic chaplains went on to serve in the army during World War One. As well as conducting church parades and religious services, chaplains organised activities to improve the morale and welfare of the troops. Fr John Fahey from Perth was the longest-serving front-line chaplain of the conflict. Assigned to the 11th battalion, he was the first chaplain ashore on Gallipoli, after disregarding orders to stay on the ship.[63]
During the Second World War, the Australian administered
Post War Immigration: A more diverse Church
Until about 1950, the Catholic Church in Australia was overwhelmingly Irish in its ethos. Most Catholics were descendants of Irish immigrants and the church was mostly led by Irish-born priests and bishops.
For a long time, Irish-Australians had a close political association with the Labor Party.
Post Second Vatican Council
Since the
Following Vatican II, new styles of ministry were tried by Australian religious. Some rose to national prominence. Fr
The year 1970 saw the first visit to Australia by a Pope,
In 1988, the Archbishop of Sydney, Edward Bede Clancy was created a cardinal and during the Australian Bicentenary celebrations led the religious ceremonies for the opening of Parliament House, Canberra. Pope John Paul II visited Australia for the second time in 1995, to perform the rite of beatification for Mary MacKillop, founder of Australia's Josephite Sisters, before a crowd of 250,000.
From the late 1980s,
In 2001, in Rome, Pope John Paul II apologised to Aboriginal and other indigenous people in Oceania for past injustices by the church: "Aware of the shameful injustices done to indigenous peoples in Oceania, the Synod Fathers apologised unreservedly for the part played in these by members of the church, especially where children were forcibly separated from their families." Church leaders in Australia called on the Australian government to offer a similar apology.[88]
In 2001, George Pell became the eighth Archbishop of Sydney and, in 2003, became a cardinal. Pell supported Sydney's bid to host World Youth Day 2008. In July 2008, Sydney hosted the massive youth festival led by Pope Benedict XVI.[89][90] Around 500,000 welcomed the pope to Sydney and 270,000 watched the Stations of the Cross. More than 300,000 pilgrims camped out overnight in preparation for the final Mass,[91] where final attendance was between 300,000 and 400,000 people.[92][93][94]
In February 2010, Pope Benedict XVI announced that Mary MacKillop would be recognised as the first Australian
In the late 20th and early 21st century, Catholicism in Australia has been growing numerically, while remaining relatively stable as a proportion of the population and facing a long-term decline in numbers of people following vocations to the religious life. In 2016, the Catholic education sector ran 1,738 schools, accounting for some 20.2% of Australian school students.[5][99] There were also two Catholic universities – University of Notre Dame Australia and the Australian Catholic University. Catholic Social Services Australia, the church's peak national body for social services, had 52 member organisations providing services to hundreds of thousands of people each year.[100] Catholic Health Australia was the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community, and aged care services.[101]
The church was among the secular and religious institutions examined at the 2013-2017 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, which reported that abuse cases by Catholic personnel had peaked in the 1970s, with around 4400 cases and alleged cases over the 6 decades prior to the inquiry. In 2017, there were 5.5 million Australian Catholics.[102][103][104] Gerard Henderson stated that statistics presented to the Royal Commission indicated that children were safer in a Catholic religious institution in Australia during the years studied than in any other religious institution (state institutions were not studied, so a statistical comparison could not be made).[105]
Social and political engagement
Introduction
Catholic people and charitable organisations, hospitals and schools have played a prominent role in welfare and education in Australia ever since colonial times
Welfare
A number of Catholic organisations are providers of
Health
Catholic Health Australia is the largest non-government provider grouping of health, community and aged care services in Australia. These do not operate for profit and range across the full spectrum of health services, representing about 10% of the health sector and employing 35,000 people.[111]
Religious institutes founded many of Australia's hospitals. Irish
The English
The
In 1895, Perth's Bishop
Education
By 1833, there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies.
As with other classes of non-government schools in Australia, Catholic schools receive funding from the Commonwealth Government.
The Australian Catholic University opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia. These institutions had their origins in the 1800s, when religious institutes became involved in preparing teachers for Catholic schools and nurses for Catholic hospitals.[121] The University of Notre Dame Australia opened in Western Australia in December 1989 and now has over 9,000 students on three campuses in Fremantle, Sydney and Broome.[122]
Politics
Church leaders have often involved themselves in political issues in areas they consider relevant to Christian teachings. In early Colonial times, Catholicism was restricted but Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors.[123] Early Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system, publishing a pamphlet, The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People, in Britain in 1837.[124] Sydney's first archbishop, John Bede Polding, was influential in the preparation of the Australian bishops' pastoral letter on Aboriginal People in 1869 which advocated for Aboriginal rights and dignity.[125]
Australia's first Catholic
In 1999, Cardinal
- Australian Catholic politicians
Australia elected its first Catholic prime minister,
The
The three Liberal Party Leaders of the Opposition between 2007-2013 - Brendan Nelson, Malcolm Turnbull and Tony Abbott - were all Catholics. Abbott brought the Party to office in 2013 and was succeeded by Turnbull as Prime Minister in 2015. As the connection of the conservative parties to Catholicism has increased in recent decades, so the formerly strong connection between Labor and Catholicism has waned. Nevertheless, since losing office in 2013, the Labor Party has been led by Jesuit educated Bill Shorten and the current Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, who describes himself as a "cultural Catholic".[140] Shorten, now an Anglican, wrote in his book The Common Good, that he is grateful for his Jesuit education and takes inspiration from the invocation of the Jesuit Pedro Arrupe to be "men for others".[141] Politicians including Prime Minister Tony Abbott, and NSW Premier John Fahey studied for the priesthood before politics. Michael Tate served as a minister in the Labor Hawke government and then, after politics, became a Catholic priest.[142]
Arts and culture
Architecture
Most towns in Australia have at least one Christian church.
Wardell's overall design was in Gothic Revival style, paying tribute to the mediaeval cathedrals of Europe. Largely constructed between 1858 and 1897, the nave was Early English in style, while the remainder of the building is in Decorated Gothic.Adelaide, the capital of
Along with community attitudes to religion, church architecture changed significantly during the 20th century. St Monica's Cathedral in
-
The Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane
-
St Christopher's Cathedral, Canberra
-
Mary MacKillop Chapel, in North Sydney
-
St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill Chapel, 1940
-
St Patricks Church Murrumbeena in Victoria
Film and television
Australian films on Catholic themes have included:
- Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement on the Hawaiian island of Molokai.
- Mary (1994), written and directed by Kay Pavlou and starring Lucy Bell, a biopic recounting the life and works of Mary MacKillop, Australia's first saint of the Catholic Church.
- Traditionalist Catholicin Australia).
- Oranges and Sunshine (2010), directed by Ken Loach and starring Emily Watson, Hugo Weaving and David Wenham. The film is based on the true story of Margaret Humphreys, an English social worker who uncovers the scandal of a scheme to forcibly relocate poor children to Australia and Canada. Many of the children suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse at the hands of the Christian Brothersin Australia.
- The Devil's Playground (1976) directed by Fred Schepisi and starring Simon Burke, Nick Tate, Arthur Dignam and John Frawley. The film is semi-autobiographical and tells the story of 13-year-old Tom Allen, training to be a religious Brother in the De La Salle Order.
Television programs on Catholic themes have included:
- Revelation (2020) directed by Nial Fulton and Sarah Ferguson. A three-part documentary on the sexual abuse of children by priests and religious brothers. Ferguson interviewed Father Vincent Ryan and Brother Bernard McGrath during their criminal trials in Sydney.
- The Devil's Playground (2014), directed by Rachel Ward and Tony Krawitz and starring Simon Burke, John Noble, Don Hany, Jack Thompson and Toni Collette. The series picks up 35 years after the events of Fred Schepisi's film. Tom Allen, now in his 40s is a respected Sydney psychiatrist and father of two children. After accepting an offer to counselling priests, he uncovers a scandal.
- Sisters of War (2010) is a telemovie based on the true story of two Australian women, Lorna Whyte, an army nurse and Sister Berenice Twohill, a Catholic nun from New South Wales who survived as prisoners of war in Papua New Guinea during World War II.
- Brides of Christ (1991), starring Naomi Watts and guest starring Russell Crowe, was a television miniseries produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Set in a Sydney convent school, it dealt with the struggles of both the nuns and the young students to adapt to the many social changes taking place within the church and the outside world during the 1960s.
- The Abbey (2007), an ABC documentary series filmed in the Jamberoo Benedictine Abbey, followed five women from very different backgrounds and with very different views about spirituality as they lived a 33-day program introduction to monastic living devised and implemented by the nuns.[152]
Coverage of religion is part of the ABC's Charter[
Literature
The body of literature produced by Australian Catholics is extensive. During colonial times, the
Notable Catholic poets have included Christopher Brennan (1870–1932); James McAuley (1917–1976);[155] Bruce Dawe (1930-2020) and Les Murray (1938–2019). Murray and Dawe were among Australia's foremost contemporary poets, noted for their use of vernacular and everyday Australian themes. Emblematic of the Christian poets could be McAuley's rejection of Modernism in favour of Classical culture:[156]
- Christ, you walked on a sea
- But you cannot walk in a poem,
- Not in our century.
- There's something deeply wrong
- Either with us or with you.[157]
Many Australian writers have examined the lives of Christian characters, or have been influenced by Catholic schooling. Australia's best-selling novel of all time, The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCullough, writes of the temptations encountered by a priest living in the Outback. Many contemporary Australian writers have attended or taught at Catholic schools[citation needed]
Catholic news publications have existed since 1839.
Music
Australian Christmas carols like the Three Drovers or Christmas Day by John Wheeler and William G. James place the Christmas story in an Australian context of warm, dry Christmas winds and red dust and are popular at Catholic services. As the festival of Christmas falls during the Australian summer, Australians gather in large numbers for traditional open-air evening carol services and concerts in December, such as Carols by Candlelight in Melbourne and Carols in the Domain in Sydney.[162]
Art
The story of Christian art in Australia began with the arrival of the first British settlers at the end of the 18th century. During the 19th century,
Saints and other venerated Australians
Some of the Australians honoured by the Catholic Church to be saints or whose cause for canonisation is still being investigated include:
Saints
- Mary MacKillop, founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
- Venerated: 13 June 1992
- Beatified: 19 January 1995
- Canonised: 17 October 2010
Servants of God
- Caroline Chisholm, a married laywoman of the Archdiocese of Canberra-Goulburn
- Eileen Rosaline O'Connor, a laywoman of the Archdiocese of Sydney and founder of the Society of Our Lady's Nurses for the Poor
- Mary Glowrey (Mary of the Sacred Heart), a professed religious of the Society of Jesus Mary Joseph
- Constance Helen Gladman (Mary Rosina), a professed religious of the Daughters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart
Other open causes
- Ellen Whitty, a professed religious of the Sisters of Mercy
- Irene McCormack, a professed religious of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart
Visits of saints' relics
Australia has hosted the major relics of a number saints:
- protomartyrof the South Seas (4 May 1849 to 1 February 1850)
- Therese of Lisieux (2002), and together with her parents Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin(2020)
- Margaret Mary Alacoque (2005)
- Pier Giorgio Frassati for the Sydney World Youth Day (2008)
- Francis Xavier (2013)
Visits by saints during their lifetime
- Teresa of Calcutta(1969, 1981)
- Pope Paul VI(1970)
- Pope John Paul II(1986, 1995)
Organisation
Within Australia the church hierarchy is made of metropolitan archdioceses and suffragan sees. Each diocese has a
The church in Australia has five provinces: Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are seven archdioceses: Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra and Goulburn, Hobart, Melbourne and Perth. There are 35
Australian Catholic Bishops Conference
The
Archdioceses and dioceses
- Archdiocese of Adelaide
- Archdiocese of Brisbane
- Archdiocese of Melbourne
- Diocese of Ballarat
- Diocese of Sale
- Diocese of Sandhurst
- Ukrainian Eparchy of Ss Peter and Paul
- Archdiocese of Perth
- Archdiocese of Sydney
- Diocese of Armidale
- Diocese of Bathurst
- Diocese of Broken Bay
- Diocese of Lismore
- Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle
- Diocese of Parramatta
- Diocese of Wagga Wagga
- Diocese of Wilcannia-Forbes
- Diocese of Wollongong
- Immediately subject to the Holy See:
- Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn (attached to the Province of Sydney)
- Archdiocese of Hobart(attached to the Province of Melbourne)
- Catholic Diocese of the Australian Defence Force(attached to Sydney)
- Chaldean Eparchy of Saint Thomas the Apostle(attached to Sydney)
- Maronite Diocese of St Maroun(attached to Sydney)
- Melkite Eparchy of St Michael, Archangel(attached to Sydney)
- Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross
- St Thomas the Apostle Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne
Catholic Religious Australia
Australia's autonomous
See also
- Catholic Church by country
- Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Australia
- Christianity in Australia
- List of Catholic cathedrals in Australia
- List of Catholic dioceses in Australia
- List of saints from Oceania
- Religion in Australia
- Category:Catholic Church in South America
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- O'Farrell, Patrick (1977). The Catholic Church and community in Australia: a history. West Melbourne, Australia: Thomas Nelson. p. 463.
- Campion, Edmund (1987). Australian Catholics. Ringwood, Australia: Penguin. p. 280.
- ISBN 9781922815354.
- Brennan, Frank (12 July 2008). "The Australian Religious Landscape through Catholic Eyes, on the Eve of World Youth Day 2008". Eureka Street. Jesuit Communications Australia. Archived from the originalon 5 March 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
External links
- Catholic Church in Australia's official website
- Australian Catholic Bishops Conference official website
- Australian Catholic Historical Society
- Timeline of Australian Catholic History
- Australian Catholic Biographies
- Website of Patrick O'Farrell, historian of Catholic Australia
- "Catholic Church in Australia". Catholic-Hierarchy.