Catholic Church in Indonesia
National polity | |
---|---|
Classification | Catholic |
Orientation | Christianity |
Scripture | Bible |
Theology | Catholic theology |
Governance | Bishops' Conference of Indonesia |
Pope | Francis |
Archbishop | Ignatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo |
Apostolic Nuncio | Piero Pioppo |
Region | Indonesia |
Language | Indonesian, Latin |
Headquarters | Jakarta |
Origin | 1534[1] Maluku Islands, Portuguese Moluccas |
Official website | Official KWI webpage |
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The Catholic Church in Indonesia (
The Church is organised into 10 archdioceses and 27 dioceses, all of which are members of the Indonesian Catholic Bishops Conference (KWI)
Catholicism in Indonesia began with the arrival of the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands in the 16th century. Currently, East Nusa Tenggara is the only province in Indonesia where Catholicism is the majority, around 55% of its population.[4] There are also significant Catholic populations in North Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Papua, South Sulawesi, Maluku and Central Java, especially in and around Muntilan.
History
Overview
In the 14th century, the first Catholic mission that reached Indonesia was led by
In the 16th century, the Portuguese sailed east to Asia and eventually captured
It was not until 1808 under H.W. Daendels, as governor-general, that Catholics were permitted freedom of worship in the Dutch Indies, though this measure was mainly intended for European Catholics since Daendels ruled under the authority of Napoleonic France. This freedom was consolidated by Thomas Raffles.
From 1835 the Catholic Church was affiliated with the colonial state: clergy received a salary from the colonial government which in turn had the right to reject church appointments. In 1846, clashes over policy led the Dutch authorities to expel all but one of the Catholic priests in the colony. In 1848 there were Catholic churches in only four centres in the colony.[5]
Active mission work resumed in the second half of the 19th century and was concentrated in a few areas. Larantuka in the island of Flores was a particularly important mission field under the Jesuits because the freedom of the Catholic Church was guaranteed there under an 1859 treaty with Portugal, which settled conflicting territorial claims in the region. Bengkulu, Bangka, West Borneo, and the islands south of New Guinea were also important. In other regions, Catholic mission work was banned. Many Batak people in the interior of North Sumatra adopted Catholicism at this time, even though authorities banned Catholic missionaries in other parts of the province. In 1898, a mission program also began in Muntilan, though the first ethnic Javanese priest was not installed until 1926.[5]
After Indonesian independence, the Church grew steadily although the Dutch and other Europeans were expelled. Catholicism and other religions grew phenomenally after the
Portuguese era
Portuguese
VOC era
Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman who sailed east to modern-day Indonesia, in 1595. Although his expedition could be considered a commercial failure, it showed the Dutch they were able to sail east in search of the spices. In 1602 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was created. The Netherlands, like Britain, had a staunchly Protestant government at the time, which extended to the VOC; even though there were many Dutch Catholics, they had little influence. Ambon was conquered and occupied by the VOC in 1605, and the Catholics were forced to convert to Protestantism. The same happened in Manado and the islands of Sangihe-Talaud. In 1613 Solor also fell to the Dutch, and Catholic mission activity was reduced in Flores and Timor, which were still under Portuguese administration.[5]
The Catholic priests were replaced with Protestant clergy from the
Father
At the end of the 18th century Western Europe saw intense warfare between France and Great Britain and their respective allies. The sympathies of the people of the Netherlands were divided, and the Netherlands lost its independence. In 1799 the VOC went bankrupt and was dissolved. In 1806 Napoleon assigned his brother Louis Bonaparte, a Catholic, to the throne of the Netherlands.
East Indies era
The change of politics in the Netherlands, mainly because of the accession of Louis Bonaparte, a fervent Catholic, brought a positive effect. Religious freedom was recognised by the government. On 8 May 1807, the pope in Rome was given permission from King Louis to establish an Apostolic Prefecture of East Indies in Batavia.
On 4 April 1808, two Dutch priests arrived in Batavia. They were Fr. Jacobus Nelissen and Fr. Lambertus Prinsen. Nelissen became the first
Governor-General
Van Lith era
Catholicism started to spread in
Van Lith also established a school for teachers in Muntilan called "Normaalschool" in 1900 and "Kweekschool (also for teachers)" in 1904. In 1918, all Catholic schools were put under the jurisdiction of an institute named "Yayasan Kanisius", which produced the first priests and bishops of Indonesia. In the 20th century, the Catholic Church grew quickly.
In 1911, Van Lith established the "Seminari Menengah" (minor seminary). Three out of the six candidates that were at the school during 1911–1914 were received into the priesthood in 1926–1928. Those priests were FX Satiman SJ, Adrianus Djajasepoetra SJ, and Albertus Soegijapranata SJ.
World War II and the War of Independence
Albertus Soegijapranata SJ became the first Indonesian bishop in 1940 and later Archbishop of
On 20 December 1948, Father Sandjaja and Brother Hermanus Bouwens SJ were killed in a village called Kembaran, near Muntilan, when Dutch soldiers attacked Semarang. Father Sandjaja is recognised as a martyr by the Indonesian Catholics, (not officially canonized or approved by the Holy See). Monsignor Soegijapranata with Bishop Willekens SJ faced Japanese colonial rule. They managed, however, to keep Saint Carolus Hospital operating normally.
Some of the most notable Indonesian national heroes are Catholics, including
Post-independence era
The first Indonesian archbishop to be made
The head Archdiocese of Jakarta ("Keuskupan Agung Jakarta"), is Archbishop
In 1965, after the
Catholicism and other minority religions have experienced enormous growth especially in areas inhabited by large numbers of Chinese Indonesians and ethnic Javanese. For example, in 2000 in Jakarta alone there were 301,084 Catholics, while in 1960 there were only 26,955. This means the Catholic population increased elevenfold while in the same period the population of Jakarta merely tripled, from 2,800,000 to 8,347,000.[10] This growth may also be attributed to increased migration to the capital from Christian parts of Indonesia when in 1960 there were not so many from the regions residing in Jakarta as now.
The dramatic increase of the number of Catholics in particular, and Christians in general, has led to enmity and unfounded allegations of "Christianization".[11]
The second half of the 1990s and beginning of the 2000s were also marked by violence against Catholics in particular and Christians in general. However, former president
As recently as 2010, there were incidents where Catholics and other Christians were banned from celebrating Christmas services.[12][13][14]
Demographics
The Indonesian Central Statistic Bureau (BPS) conducts a census every 10 years. Data available from 2000 drew on 201,241,999 survey responses. BPS estimated that the census missed 4.6 million people. The BPS report indicated that 85.1 per cent of the population label themselves Muslim, 9.2 per cent Protestant, 3.5 per cent Catholic, 1.81 per cent Hindu, 0.84 per cent Buddhist, and 0.2 per cent "other," including traditional indigenous religions, other Christian groups, and Judaism. The country's religious composition remains a politically charged issue; as some Christians, Hindus, and members of other minority faiths argue that the census undercounted non-Muslims.
List of Catholic provinces and dioceses in Indonesia
Ecclesiastical Province of Jakarta
Ecclesiastical Province of Ende
Ecclesiastical Province of Kupang
Ecclesiastical Province of Makassar
Ecclesiastical Province of Medan
Ecclesiastical Province of Merauke
- Archdiocese of Merauke
- Diocese of Agats
- Diocese of Jayapura
- Diocese of Manokwari-Sorong
- Diocese of Timika
Ecclesiastical Province of Palembang
Ecclesiastical Province of Pontianak
Ecclesiastical Province of Samarinda
Ecclesiastical Province of Semarang
See also
- List of Catholic dioceses in Indonesia
- List of church buildings in Indonesia
- Holy See–Indonesia relations
- Religion in Indonesia
- Christianity in Indonesia
- Demographics of Indonesia
Notes
- ISBN 9789004254022. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Catholic Church in Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia)". www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ Statistics Indonesia [Central Statistics Bureau] (2012), Statistik Indonesia, Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2011, Jakarta.
- ^ a b c d Robert Cribb, Historical Atlas of Indonesia (2000:48)
- ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- ^ a b "Katedral Jakarta Website" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ Gonggong 2012, p. 138.
- ^ In Central Java, the mass killings were carried out by the army much while in East Java the mass killings were also carried out by others. Robert Cribb (2000:170).
- ^ a b Adolf Heuken (2005:107)
- ^ For instance, when Pope John Paul II visited Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 1989, he received a letter full of such accusations. The letter was written by Moh. Natsir, K.H. Masykur, K.H. Rusli Abd Wahid, and H.M. Rasyidi. These gentlemen were prominent Muslim leaders at that time. Panji Masyarakat 31-10-1989. This information is cited from Adolf Heuken (2005:107)
- ^ "Christmas Mass barred in Indonesian province : News Headlines". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ "Java: Catholics will defy ban on Christmas Mass : News Headlines". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
- ^ Christians refuse to cancel Christmas Archived 2013-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia". unhcr.org. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
- ^ Max M Richter; Ivana Prazic. "Religious Census in Indonesia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
References
- Robert Cribb, Historical Atlas of Indonesia. London: Curzon Press, Singapore: New Asian Library (2000) ISBN 981-04-2771-9
- Gonggong, Anhar (2012). Mgr. Albertus Soegijapranata SJ: Antara Gereja dan Negara [Mgr. Albertus Soegijapranata SJ: Between the Church and the State] (in Indonesian) (Revised ed.). Jakarta: Grasindo. ISBN 978-979-081-803-3.
- Adolf Heuken, 'Archdiocese of Jakarta - a Growing Local Church (1950–2000)' in Een vakkracht in het Koninkrijk. Kerk- en zendingshistorie opstellen onder redactie van dr. Chr.G.F. de Jong (2005:104-114) ISBN 90-5829-611-3
- Leopold Maria van Rijckevorsel S.J., Pastoor F. van Lith S.J. : de stichter van de missie in Midden-Java, 1863-1926. Nijmegen: Stichting St.Claverbond (1952)
- Karel Steenbrink, Catholics in Indonesia, 1808-1942 : a documented history. Leiden:KITLV Press ISBN 90-6718-141-2
- Karel Steenbrink, 'A Catholic Sadrach: the contested conversions of Madrais adherents in West Java between 1960-2000' in Een vakkracht in het Koninkrijk. Kerk- en zendingshistorie opstellen onder redactie van dr. Chr.G.F. de Jong (2005:286-307) ISBN 90-5829-611-3