Catholic theology
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Catholic theology is the understanding of
Major teachings of the Catholic Church discussed in the early councils of the church are summarized in various creeds, especially the Nicene (Nicene-Constantinopolitan) Creed and the Apostles' Creed. Since the 16th century the church has produced catechisms which summarize its teachings; in 1992, the Catholic Church published the official Catechism of the Catholic Church.[3][4]
The Catholic Church understands the living tradition of the church to contain its doctrine on faith and morals and to be protected from error, at times through infallibly defined teaching.[5] The church believes in revelation guided by the Holy Spirit through sacred scripture, developed in sacred tradition and entirely rooted in the original deposit of faith. This developed deposit of faith is protected by the "magisterium" or College of Bishops at ecumenical councils overseen by the pope,[6] beginning with the Council of Jerusalem (c. AD 50).[7] The most recent was the Second Vatican Council (1962 to 1965); twice in history the pope defined a dogma after consultation with all the bishops without calling a council.
Formal Catholic worship is ordered by means of the
According to the Catechism,
Profession of Faith
Human capacity for God
The Catholic Church teaches that "The desire for
In summary, the church teaches: "Man is by nature and vocation a religious being. Coming from God, going toward God, man lives a fully human life only if he freely lives by his bond with God".[14]
God comes to meet humanity
The church teaches God revealed himself gradually, beginning in the Old Testament, and completing this revelation by sending his son, Jesus Christ, to Earth as a man. This revelation started with Adam and Eve,[15] and was not broken off by their original sin.[16] Rather, God promised to send a redeemer.[17] God further revealed himself through covenants between Noah and Abraham.[18][19] God delivered the law to Moses on Mount Sinai,[20] and spoke through the Old Testament prophets.[21] The fullness of God's revelation was made manifest through the coming of the Son of God, Jesus Christ.[22]
Creeds
Creeds (from Latin credo meaning "I believe") are concise doctrinal statements or confessions, usually of religious beliefs. They began as baptismal formulas and were later expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith.
The
The
The
The Athanasian Creed says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons nor dividing the Substance."[31]
Scriptures
Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts (the Old Testament and the New Testament), as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.[32]
Protestants believe the Bible contains all revealed truths necessary for salvation. This concept is known as Sola scriptura.[33][page needed] Catholics do not believe the Bible contains all revealed truths necessary for salvation.
The Catholic Bible includes all books of the Jewish scriptures, the
Catholic theology distinguishes two senses of
The spiritual sense has three subdivisions: the allegorical, moral, and
- The allegorical sense includes parting of the Red Sea being understood as a "type" (sign) of baptism.[38]
- The moral sense understands the scripture to contain some ethical teaching.
- The anagogical interpretation includes eschatology and applies to eternity and the consummation of the world.
Catholic theology adds other rules of interpretation which include:
- the injunction that all other senses of sacred scripture are based on the literal meaning;[39]
- the historical character of the four Gospels, and that they faithfully hand on what Jesus taught about salvation;[40]
- that scripture must be read within the "living Tradition of the whole Church";[41]
- the task of authentic interpretation has been entrusted to the bishops in communion with the pope.[42]
Celebration of the Christian mystery
Sacraments
There are seven
In the
Liturgy
Sunday is a
The Catholic Mass is separated into two parts. The first part is called Liturgy of the Word; readings from the
Eastern Catholic
In the
The liturgical action is seen as transcending time and uniting the participants with those already in the heavenly kingdom. Elements in the liturgy are meant to symbolize eternal realities; they go back to early Christian traditions which evolved from the Jewish-Christian traditions of the early church.
The first part of the Liturgy, or "Liturgy of the Catechumens", has scripture readings and at times a homily. The second part derives from the Last Supper as celebrated by the early Christians. The belief is that by partaking of the Communion bread and wine, the Body and Blood of Christ, they together become the body of Christ on earth, the church.[56]
Liturgical calendar
In the Latin Church, the annual calendar begins with Advent, a time of hope-filled preparation for both the celebration of Jesus' birth and his Second Coming at the end of time. Readings from "Ordinary Time" follow the Christmas Season, but are interrupted by the celebration of Easter in Spring, preceded by 40 days of Lenten preparation and followed by 50 days of Easter celebration.
The
Holy Trinity
The
According to this doctrine, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God (see Perichoresis). The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being unbegotten; the Son being eternal yet begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit 'proceeding' from Father and (in Western theology) from the Son.[65] Regardless of this apparent difference in their origins, the three 'persons' are each eternal and omnipotent. This is thought by Trinitarian Christians to be the revelation regarding God's nature which Jesus Christ came to deliver to the world, and is the foundation of their belief system. According to a prominent Catholic theologian of the 20th century: "In God's self communication to his creation through grace and Incarnation, God really gives himself, and really appears as he is in himself." This would lead to the conclusion that we come to a knowledge of the immanent Trinity through the study of God's work in the "Economy" of creation and salvation.[66]
God the Father
The central statement of Catholic faith, the Nicene Creed, begins, "I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible." Thus, Catholics believe that God is not a part of nature, but that God created nature and all that exists. God is viewed as a loving and caring God who is active both in the world and in people's lives, and desires humankind to love one another.[67]
God the Son
Catholics believe that Jesus is
According to the
God the Holy Spirit
Jesus told his apostles that after his
Soteriology
Sin and salvation
Fall of Man
According to church teaching, in an event known as the "fall of the angels", a number of angels chose to rebel against God and his reign.[80][81][82] The leader of this rebellion has been given many names including "Lucifer" (meaning "light bearer" in Latin), "Satan", and the devil. The sin of pride, considered one of seven deadly sins, is attributed to Satan for desiring to be God's equal.[83] According to Genesis, a fallen angel tempted the first humans, Adam and Eve, who then sinned, bringing suffering and death into the world. The Catechism states:
The account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, but affirms a primeval event at the beginning of the history of man.
— CCC § 390[80]
Original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants. It is a deprivation of original holiness and justice, but human nature has not been totally corrupted: it is wounded in the natural powers proper to it, subject to ignorance, suffering and the dominion of death, and inclined to sin—an inclination to evil that is called concupiscence.
— CCC § 405[82]
Sin
Christians classify certain behaviors and acts to be "sinful," which means that these certain acts are a violation of conscience or divine law. Catholics make a distinction between two types of sin.[84] Mortal sin is a "grave violation of God's law" that "turns man away from God",[85] and if it is not redeemed by repentance it can cause exclusion from Christ's kingdom and the eternal death of hell.[86]
In contrast, venial sin (meaning "forgivable" sin) "does not set us in direct opposition to the will and friendship of God"[87] and, although still "constituting a moral disorder",[88] does not deprive the sinner of friendship with God, and consequently the eternal happiness of heaven.[87]
Jesus Christ as savior
In the
The focus of a Christian's life is a firm belief in
Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus was
Catholics believe in the resurrection of Jesus. According to the
As
Generally, Christian churches accept and teach the New Testament account of the resurrection of Jesus.[101][102] Some modern scholars use the belief of Jesus' followers in the resurrection as a point of departure for establishing the continuity of the historical Jesus and the proclamation of the early church.[103] Some liberal Christians do not accept a literal bodily resurrection,[104][105] but hold to a convincing interior experience of Jesus' Spirit in members of the early church.
The church teaches that as signified by the
Sinning according to the Greek word in scripture, amartia, "falling short of the mark", succumbing to our imperfection: we always remain on the road to perfection in this life.[87] People can sin by failing to obey the Ten Commandments, failing to love God, and failing to love other people. Some sins are more serious than others, ranging from lesser, venial sins, to grave, mortal sins that sever a person's relationship with God.[87][107][108]
Penance and conversion
Grace and free will
The operation and effects of grace are understood differently by different traditions. Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy teach the necessity of the
Forgiveness of sins
According to Catholicism, forgiveness of sins and purification can occur during life – for example, in the sacraments of
The sacrament of
Baptism and second conversion
People can be cleansed from all personal sins through Baptism.[116] This sacramental act of cleansing admits one as a full member of the church and is only conferred once in a person's lifetime.[116]
The Catholic Church considers baptism so important "parents are obliged to see that their infants are baptised within the first few weeks" and, "if the infant is in danger of death, it is to be baptised without any delay."[117] It declares: "The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole 'households' received baptism, infants may also have been baptized."[118]
At the
David MacDonald, a Catholic
Penance and Reconciliation
Since Baptism can only be received once, the sacrament of
Afterlife
Eschaton
The Nicene Creed ends with, "We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come." Accordingly, the church teaches each person will appear before the judgment seat of Christ immediately after death and receive a particular judgment based on the deeds of their earthly life.[128] Chapter 25:35–46 of the Gospel of Matthew underpins the Catholic belief that a day will also come when Jesus will sit in a universal judgment of all humankind.[129][130] The final judgment will bring an end to human history. It will also mark the beginning of a new heaven and earth in which righteousness dwells and God will reign forever.[131]
There are three states of afterlife in Catholic belief.
At the
Prayer for the dead and indulgences
The Catholic Church teaches that the fate of those in purgatory can be affected by the actions of the living.[136]
In the same context there is mention of the practice of indulgences. An indulgence is a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven.[137] Indulgences may be obtained for oneself, or on behalf of Christians who have died.[138]
Prayers for the dead and indulgences have been envisioned as decreasing the "duration" of time the dead would spend in purgatory. Traditionally, most indulgences were measured in term of days, "quarantines" (i.e. 40-day periods as for Lent), or years, meaning that they were equivalent to that length of canonical penance on the part of a living Christian.[139] When the imposition of such canonical penances of a determinate duration fell into desuetude these expressions were sometimes popularly misinterpreted as reduction of that much time of a person's stay in purgatory.[139] (The concept of time, like that of space, is of doubtful applicability to purgatory.) In Pope Paul VI's revision of the rules concerning indulgences, these expressions were dropped, and replaced by the expression "partial indulgence", indicating that the person who gained such an indulgence for a pious action is granted, "in addition to the remission of temporal punishment acquired by the action itself, an equal remission of punishment through the intervention of the Church."[140]
Historically, the practice of granting indulgences and the widespread
Salvation outside the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church teaches that it is the
Reformulated positively, this statement means that all salvation comes from Christ the Head through the Church which is his Body.
Basing itself on Scripture and Tradition, the Council teaches that the Church, a pilgrim now on earth, is necessary for salvation: the one Christ is the mediator and the way of salvation; he is present to us in his body which is the Church. He himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and Baptism, and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the Church which men enter through Baptism as through a door. Hence they could not be saved who, knowing that the Catholic Church was founded as necessary by God through Christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it.
This affirmation is not aimed at those who, through no fault of their own, do not know Christ and his Church [...] but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and, moved by grace, try in their actions to do his will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience – those too may achieve eternal salvation.
Although in ways known to himself God can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the Gospel, to that faith without which it is impossible to please him, the Church still has the obligation and also the sacred right to evangelize all men.[143]
Ecclesiology
Part of a series on |
Christianity |
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Church as the Mystical Body of Christ
Catholics believe the Catholic Church is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth.[144] Jesus told his disciples "Abide in me, and I in you. […] I am the vine, you are the branches".[145] Thus, for Catholics, the term "Church" refers not merely to a building or exclusively to the ecclesiastical hierarchy, but first and foremost to the people of God who abide in Jesus and form the different parts of his spiritual body,[146][147] which together composes the worldwide Christian community.
Catholics believe the church exists simultaneously on earth
One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic
Section 8 of the Second Vatican Council's dogmatic constitution on the Church, Lumen gentium, states: "this Church constituted and organized in the world as a society, subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him, although many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside of its visible structure. These elements, as gifts belonging to the Church of Christ, are forces impelling toward catholic unity."
Devotion to the Virgin Mary and the saints
Catholics believe that the church (community of Christians) exists both on earth and in heaven simultaneously, and thus the Virgin Mary and the Saints are alive and part of the living church. Prayers and devotions to Mary and the saints are common practices in Catholic life. These devotions are not worship, since only God is worshiped. The church teaches the Saints "do not cease to intercede with the Father for us. [...] So by their fraternal concern is our weakness greatly helped."[150]
Catholics venerate Mary with many titles such as "Blessed Virgin",
Ordained ministry: bishops, priests, and deacons
Men become bishops, priests or
The
Many bishops head a
While deacons may be married, only celibate men are ordained as priests in the
Apostolic succession
Apostolic succession is the belief that the pope and Catholic bishops are the spiritual successors of the original twelve apostles, through the historically unbroken chain of consecration (see: Holy orders). The pope is the spiritual head and leader of the Catholic Church who makes use of the Roman Curia to assist him in governing. He is elected by the College of Cardinals who may choose from any male member of the church but who must be ordained a bishop before taking office. Since the 15th century, a current cardinal has always been elected.[165] The New Testament contains warnings against teachings considered to be only masquerading as Christianity,[166] and shows how reference was made to the leaders of the Church to decide what was true doctrine.[167] The Catholic Church believes it is the continuation of those who remained faithful to the apostolic leadership and rejected false teachings.[168] Catholic belief is that the Church will never defect from the truth, and bases this on Jesus' telling Peter "the gates of hell will not prevail against" the Church.[169] In the Gospel of John, Jesus states, "I have much more to tell you, but you cannot bear it now. But when he comes, the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth".[170]
Clerical celibacy
Regarding clerical celibacy, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
All the ordained ministers of the Latin Church, with the exception of permanent deacons, are normally chosen from among men of faith who live a celibate life and who intend to remain celibate "for the sake of the kingdom of heaven." (Matthew 19:12) Called to consecrate themselves with undivided heart to the Lord and to "the affairs of the Lord," (1 Corinthians 7:32) they give themselves entirely to God and to men. Celibacy is a sign of this new life to the service of which the church's minister is consecrated; accepted with a joyous heart celibacy radiantly proclaims the Reign of God.
In the Eastern Churches, a different discipline has been in force for many centuries. While bishops are chosen solely from among celibates, married men can be ordained as deacons and priests. This practice has long been considered legitimate; these priests exercise a fruitful ministry within their communities. Moreover, priestly celibacy is held in great honor in the Eastern Churches and many priests have freely chosen it for the sake of the Kingdom of God. In the East as in the West a man who has already received the sacrament of Holy Orders can no longer marry.[171]
The Catholic Church's discipline of mandatory
In July 2006, Bishop Emmanuel Milingo created the organization Married Priests Now![172] Responding to Milingo's November 2006 consecration of bishops, the Vatican stated "The value of the choice of priestly celibacy [...] has been reaffirmed."[173]
Conversely, some young men in the United States are increasingly entering formation for the priesthood because of the long-held, traditional teaching on priestly celibacy.[174]
Relationship between bishops and theologians
According to the International Theological Commission,[175] Roman Catholic theologians do recognize and obey to the Epicopate Magisterium. Theologians collaborate with bishops to the redaction of Magisterium's documents, while bishops dialogue, intervene, and, if necessary, censor the theologians' works.
Bishops support theological faculties and theologians' associations, and take part to their reunions and activities.
Roman Catholic theologians collaborate each other in the form of the Medieval quaestio or with a peer review and reciprocal correction of their writings. They organize and participate to conferences and events together with specialists of different matters or religions, trying to find what of true and holy exist in non-Christian religions.
Roman Catholic theologians contribuite to the daily life of the Church, interpret and help believers on understanding the truth that God reveals directly to His people (the socalled sensus fidelium), paying attention to their necessities and comments.
Contemporary issues
Catholic social teaching
Creation and evolution
Today, the church's official position remains a focus of controversy and is non-specific, stating only that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict, specifically:[176] the church allows for the possibility that the human body developed from previous biological forms but it was by God's special providence that the immortal soul was given to humankind.[177]
This view falls into the spectrum of viewpoints that are grouped under the concept of
Comparison of traditions
Latin and Eastern Catholicism
The Eastern Catholic Churches have as their theological, spiritual, and liturgical patrimony the traditions of Eastern Christianity. Thus, there are differences in emphasis, tone, and articulation of various aspects of Catholic theology between the Eastern and Latin churches, as in Mariology. Likewise, medieval Western scholasticism, that of Thomas Aquinas in particular, has had little reception in the East.
While Eastern Catholics respect
The doctrine of the
Eastern Orthodox and Protestant
The beliefs of other Christian denominations differ from those of Catholics to varying degrees.
were one attempt to express these differences.See also
- Catholic Reformation
- Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic theological differences
- Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic ecclesiastical differences
- Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church
- General Roman Calendar
- Heroic Act of Charity
- List of Catholic saints
- List of Catholic philosophers and theologians
- Lists of Roman Catholics
- Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
- Scholasticism
- Ten Commandments in Catholic theology
- Theological censure
- Theological notes
- Traditionalist Catholic
References
Note: "CIC 1983" stands for the 1983 Code of Canon Law (from its Latin name, Codex Iuris Canonici); canons are cited thus: "CIC 1983, c. ###".
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The 'synod' or, in Latin, 'council' (the modern distinction making a synod something less than a council was unknown in antiquity) became an indispensable way of keeping a common mind, and helped to keep maverick individuals from centrifugal tendencies. During the third century synodal government became so developed that synods met not only at times of crisis but on a regular basis every year, normally between Easter and Pentecost.
- ISBN 978-0-19-285439-1.
In Acts 15 scripture recorded the apostles meeting in synod to reach a common policy about the Gentile mission.
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- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1855.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1861.
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- Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord, and others.[citation needed][clarification needed]
- ^ Two denominations in which a resurrection of Jesus is not a doctrine are the Quakers and the Unitarians.[citation needed]
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- Paul, and Mary."
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- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 608.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1857.
- ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 77
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1987.
- ^ Westminster Confession, Chapter X Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine; Charles Spurgeon, A Defense of Calvinism Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. "PCA: COF Chapter VI - X". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
- ^ "Catholics and Lutherans Release 'Declaration on the Way' to Full Unity". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1263.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1468.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1030.
- ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 373
- ^ a b Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 308
- ^ CIC 1983, c. 867.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1252.
- ISBN 9781606476017. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1428.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1430.
- ^ David MacDonald (2003). "Are Catholics Born Again?". Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
I think that greater common ground can be found if we compare the Evangelical "Born Again" experience to the Catholic "Second Conversion" experience which is when a Catholic surrenders to Jesus with an attitude of "Jesus, take my will and my life, I give everything to you." This is a spontaneous thing that happens during the journey of faithful Catholics who "get it." Yup, the Catholic Church teaches a personal relationship with Christ: The Catechism says: 1428 Christ's call to conversion continues to resound in the lives of Christians. This second conversion is an uninterrupted task for the whole Church who, "clasping sinners to her bosom, [is] at once holy and always in need of purification, [and] follows constantly the path of penance and renewal." This endeavor of conversion is not just a human work. It is the movement of a "contrite heart," drawn and moved by grace to respond to the merciful love of God who loved us first. 1430 Jesus' call to conversion and penance, like that of the prophets before Him, does not aim first at outward works, "sackcloth and ashes," fasting and mortification, but at the conversion of the heart, interior conversion. The Pope and the Catechism are two of the highest authorities in the Church. They are telling us to get personal with Jesus.
- ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 336
- ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 344
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1310.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1385.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1389.
- ^ a b c d e f Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), pp. 379–86
- ^ a b Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 98, quote: "Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me … amen I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me."
- ^ Matthew 25:35–36
- ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 397
- ^ Luke 23:39–43
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologicum, Supplementum Tertiae Partis questions 69 through 99
- ^ Calvin, John. "Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book Three, Ch. 25". www.reformed.org. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ^ "A Brief History of Political Cartoons". Xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1032.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1471.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1479.
- ^ a b "Indulgences in the Catholic Church". Catholic-pages.com. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ Pope Paul VI, Apostolic Constitution on Indulgences, norm 5
- ^ Section "Abuses" in Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Reformation". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 846–848.
- ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 131
- ^ John 15:4–5
- ^ Norman, The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History (2007), p. 12
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 777–778.
- ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), pp. 113–14
- ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 114
- ^ a b Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 956.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 971.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraph 1577.
- ^ News), Elise Harris (CNA/EWTN. "Pope Francis addresses women's role in the Church - Living Faith - Home & Family - News - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-385-52341-7. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
The difference between the discipleship of the Twelve and the discipleship of the women is obvious; the tasks assigned to each group are quite different. Yet Luke makes clear—and the other Gospels also show this in all sorts of ways—that "many" women belonged to the more intimate community of believers and that their faith—filled following of Jesus was an essential element of that community, as would be vividly illustrated at the foot of the Cross and the Resurrection.
- ^ CIC 1983, c. 42.
- ^ CIC 1983, c. 375.
- ^ Committee on the Diaconate. "Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- ^ CIC 1983, c. 1031.
- ^ CIC 1983, c. 1037.
- ^ a b "Married, reordained clergy find exception in Catholic church". Washington Theological Union. 2003. Archived from the original on 13 October 2003. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
- ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9.
- ISBN 978-1-4426-9728-7.
- ^ a b Coulton, George Gordon (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 601–604.
- ^ Pope Benedict XVI (4 November 2005). "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders". Vatican. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
- ^ Thavis, John (2005). "Election of new pope follows detailed procedure". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ 2 Corinthians 11:13–15; 2 Peter 2:1–17; 2 John 7–11; Jude 4–13
- ^ Acts 15:1–2
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 84–90.
- ^ Matthew 16:18–19
- ^ John 16:12–13
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2019. Paragraphs 1579–1580.
- ^ "Archbishop launches married priests movement". World Peace Herald. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Vatican stands by celibacy ruling". BBC News. 16 November 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Traditional Catholicism Is Winning". Wall Street Journal. 12 April 2012.
- ^ International Theological Commission (2012). "La teologia oggi: prospettive, principi e criteri" [Theology Today: Perspectives, Principia and Criteria]. Holy See (in Italian and English). (at Chapter 2)
- ^ "Adam, Eve, and Evolution". Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
- ^ "Adam, Eve, and Evolution". 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ^ "The Eastern Catholic FAQ: Doctrine: Dormition of Mary". From East to West. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006.
- ^ "The Eastern Catholic FAQ: Doctrine: Immaculate Conception". From East to West. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006.
- ^ http://www.assumptioncatholicchurch.net/ Many Eastern Catholic churches bear the titles of Latin Church doctrines such as the Assumption of Mary.
- ^ Langan, The Catholic Tradition (1998), p. 118
- ^ Parry, The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (1999), p. 292
- ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), pp. 254–60
Works cited
- Code of Canon Law (CIC). Vatican Publishing House. 1983.
Further reading
- Joseph Wilhelm D.D. Ph.D. and Thomas B. Scannell D.D., A Manual of Catholic Theology, Benziger Bros. 1909.